STS

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

MODULE 5: THE GOOD LIFE

Overview:
This module engages the students in reflective and discursive thinking on the role of
science and technology in the pursuit of the good life. This lesson discusses the many
facets of life and what makes everybody’s life good. Various reasons and motivations
about good life as well as why happiness is the ultimate end goal of life will be
presented.
Content:
1. Nicomachean Ethics
2. Eudaimonic Vs Hedonic: What’s The
Difference?
Time Frame Week 5-7 S e p t e m b e r - O c t o b e r
2022
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students can:
1. examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with
innovative, creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical
standards
2. identify how humans attempt to attain what is deemed to be a good life;
3. recognize possibilities available to human being to attain the good life
4. discuss the development of science:
5. identify the different technological advancements in society; and
6. discuss the effects of the interplay between technology and humanity through the
dilemmas they face
Lesson 1: THE GOOD LIFE
Topics:
1. Nicomachean Ethics
2. Eudaimonic Vs Hedonic: What’s TheDifference?

Time Allotment Week 5-7 September 22 – October 17,

2022
Student Learning Outcomes: Expected Outputs
At the end of the lesson, the students can: Timeline on Science and Technology
1. examine shared concerns that make up Achievements
the good life in order to come up with Reflection Paper
innovative, creative solutions to

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 contemporary issues guided by ethical
standards
2. identify how humans attempt to attain
what is deemed to be a good life;
3. recognize possibilities available to
human being to attain the good life
4. discuss the development of science:
5. identify the different technological
advancements in society; and
6. discuss the effects of the interplay
between technology and humanity
through the dilemmas they face
Learning Activities:
I. UNCOVER

Note: Given the picture below, give your personal views on man and his pursuit
ofhappiness.

Note: Answer the following questions/statement.”

1. What are the three (3) three things that make your life well lived?
2. Do you think one can really achieve a good life in a man’s lifetime? How is
itpossible? If yes, how?

II. BRAINSTORM

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 Did you know that?

There are only two paths to choose in life. You can either be a person of
principleor a person of doubt. The first empowers you to act and become a person
of virtue, and hence realize the good life, whereas the latter will make you
choose temporal things, but soon you will succumb to what is called a life of vice.
In the end, ethics is about our ability to answer not only what can make a person
happy but also how one is able to realize the meaning of
this happiness.

What is meant by good life?

It is defined as living in comfort and luxury with few problems or worries.

characterized by happiness from living and doing well content. The achievement of
happiness, according to Aristotle, is the end goal of every man. His reasoning is
thus: All human activities are done in order to attain something that is good. We
don’t do something because we think it will be bad for us. In addition, most of
these activities are not the main objective, but rather a means to a higher end.
Consequently, the activity that is an end in itself, writes the prolific philosopher, is
the highest good, and that good is happiness. We aim at happiness for its own
sake, not because it will achieve something else. Happiness, therefore, is our
greatest mission.
Aristotle starts with the claim that happiness is dependent on virtue. He
describes virtue as a disposition, rather than an activity. The individual needs to be
naturally a ‘virtuous’ person, rather than just acting accordingly. This exemplary
man finds doing virtuous acts pleasurable, which is presumably why he does them.
At this moment our scientific philosopher is uncharacteristically vague.
Virtue exists somewhere in the mean, and therefore is subjective. The right path
lies between excess and deficiency. The man should not be a coward nor rash. He
shouldn’t be wasteful, nor stingy. He shouldn’t be described as boorish nor acting
as a buffoon. The pattern is quick to reveal itself. Plato’s student then clarifies that
one’s actions can only be judged as praiseworthy or blameworthy if they are
voluntary. Oedipus sleeping with his mother unknowingly, therefore, was not sinful.
The decision to act must come from the rational and deliberating agent who
executes the action, and not from some outside

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 third party. This definition does get a little tricky, unfortunately, when considering
actionscommitted under duress or severe threat. Finally, Aristotle advocates a life
with as much contemplation as possible. This is because doing good things will
make good people happy and rational thought is the highest good. The practical
sciences, therefore, should be pursued. They will enable us in finding the right
path in life, as well as help with the practical issues that consume our time and
attention. Essentially, go to a park…but remember to take a book.

Aristotle: one of the greatest thinkers in the history of western science and
philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics,
biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. first to
classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics,
biology, and ethics. founder of the Lyceum, the first scientific institute, based in
Athens, Greece. one of the strongest advocates of a liberal arts education, which
stresses the education of the whole person, including one's moral character,
rather than merely learning a set of skills.

Aristotle argues that what separates human beings from the other animals
is the human reason. So the good life is one in which a person cultivates and
exercises their rational faculties by, for instance, engaging in scientific inquiry,
philosophical discussion,artistic creation, or legislation.

Click the links below on Good Life

1. https://reasonandmeaning.com/2013/12/19/aristotle-on-the-
good-and- meaningful-life/

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra1Dmz-5HjU -good life

3. https://opinion.inquirer.net/112217/meaning-good-life

II. Nicomachean Ethics

All human activities aim at some good. Every art and human inquiry, and
similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this
reason, the good has been rightly declared as that at which all things aim.
A. WHAT ARE ARISTOTLE'S VIRTUES?

The virtues he lists in his Nicomachean Ethics are:

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 1. Courage: The midpoint between cowardice and recklessness. The
courageous person is aware of the danger but goes in any way.
2. Temperance: The virtue between overindulgence and insensitivity. Aristotle
would view the person who never drinks just as harshly as the one who
drinkstoo much.
3. Liberality: The virtue of charity, this is the golden mean between
miserliness andgiving more than you can afford.
4. Magnificence: The virtue of living extravagantly. It rests between
stinginess and vulgarity. Aristotle sees no reason to be ascetic but also
warns against being flashy.
5. Magnanimity: The virtue relating to pride, it is the midpoint between not
giving yourself enough credit and having delusions of grandeur. It is a given
that you also have to act on this sense of self-worth and strive for
greatness.
6. Patience: This is the virtue that controls your temper. The patient person
must neither get too angry nor fail to get angry when they should.
7. Truthfulness: The virtue of honesty. Aristotle places it between the vices
of habitual lying and being tactless or boastful.
8. Wittiness: At the midpoint between buffoonery and boorishness, this is the
virtueof a good sense of humor.
9. Friendliness: While being friendly might not seem like a moral virtue,
Aristotleclaims friendship is a vital part of a life well lived. This virtue lies
between not being friendly at all and being too friendly towards too many
people.
10. Shame: The midpoint between being too shy and being shameless. The
person who has the right amount of shame will understand when they
have committed asocial or moral error but won’t be too fearful not to risk
them.
11. Justice: The virtue of dealing fairly with others. It lies between
selfishness andselflessness. This virtue can also be applied in different
situations and has a whole chapter dedicated to the various forms it can
take.
III. What is EUDAIMONIA?

It came from the Greek word eu meaning “good” and daimon meaning “spirit”.

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 refers to the good life marked by happiness and excellence. flourishing life filled
with meaningful endeavors that empower the human person to be the best version
of himself/herself. Aristotle’s view of good life the activity of the soul in accordance
with virtue. o believed that good for humans is the maximum realization of what
was unique to humans. o the good for humans was to reason well. The task of
reason was to teach humans how to act virtuously, and the exercise faculties in
accordance with virtue. Virtue/s behavior showing high moral standards.
"paragons of virtue" synonyms: goodness, virtuousness, righteousness, morality,
ethicalness, uprightness, upstandingness, integrity, dignity, rectitude, honesty,
honorableness, honorability, honor, incorruptibility, probity, propriety, decency,
respectability, nobility, nobility of soul/spirit, nobleness, worthiness, worth, good,
trustworthiness, meritoriousness, irreproachableness, blamelessness, purity,
pureness, lack of corruption, merit; principles, high principles, ethics "the simple
virtue and integrity of peasant life"

In its simplest form, eudaimonia is often taken to mean happiness. Sometimes

it is translated from the original ancient Greek as welfare, sometimes flourishing,
and sometimes as well-being. The concept of Eudaimonia comes
from Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, his philosophical work on the ‘science of
happiness’

Eudaimonia is about individual happiness; according to Deci and Ryan (2006: 2),
it maintains that:

“…well-being is not so much an outcome or end state as it is a process of fulfilling

or realizing one’s daimon or true nature—that is, of fulfilling one’s virtuous
potentials and living as one was inherently intended to live.”

A Brief History of Eudaimonia

As noted, the concept of Eudaimonia can be traced back to Aristotle’s

Nicomachean Ethics. Prior to this, however, Athenian philosophers such as
Socrates and Plato (Aristotle’s mentor) were already entertaining similar concepts.

A. Socrates on Eudaimonia

Socrates, like Plato, believed that virtue (or arête, the very idea of virtue) was a
form of knowledge—specifically, a knowledge of good and evil (Bobonich, 2010).
That is, he saw numerous virtues—justice, piety, courage as united. That is, all
were one, and they
were all knowledge.

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 Socrates viewed this knowledge as required for us as humans to achieve the
‘ultimate good’, which was eudaimonia. And by ‘us’, Socrates meant the individual
(Waterman, 1993; Deci & Ryan, 2006).

Socrates, as discussed, saw eudaimonia as an ‘ultimate’ goal. Like Aristotle

after him, Socrates emphasized the role and importance of arête very heavily—in
fact, he believed it was both a means and an end to human happiness. In pursuit
of what we now commonly refer to as ‘flourishing’, he encouraged people to ask
themselves, and others, what was ‘good’ for our souls (Cooper, 1996).

Did you know that?

“He believed, it is argued, that eudaimonia was ‘justly living well’, and that in
doing so, we seek not experiential pleasure or ‘honor’ in isolation, but a good and
happy life, guided by our virtues ?

B. Plato and Eudaimonism

In a somewhat similar vein, Plato believed that individuals naturally feel

unhappiness when they do something they know and acknowledge to be wrong
(Price, 2011).Eudaimonia, according to Plato, was the highest and ultimate aim of
both moral thought and behavior.

Nonetheless, while Plato was believed somewhat to have refined the concept, he
offered no direct definition for it. As with Socrates, he saw virtue as
integralto eudaimonia.

One thing is worth noting at this point. If this idea of an ‘ultimate goal’ for
individuals is beginning to sound familiar, rest assured that there is good reason
for thinking so. The similarities between eudaimonia and concepts such as
Maslow’s self- actualization (1968) are indeed widely accepted in the
psychological literature (Heintzelman, 2018).

Plato never distinctly referred to eudaimonia by that term. A lot of what we

know about his stance on the same comes from Republic, his work on justice. In
it, he writes of three friends who talk about what a ‘just’ republic would look like,
and he premised four virtues

1, Temperance (moderation) – or self-regulation, to avoid the vices

and

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 corruption caused by excess;

2. Courage (or fortitude) – to stand up for what we believe is right and

good;
3. Justice – a social consciousness that plays a key part in
maintainingsocietal order; and
4. Wisdom (practical wisdom, or prudence) – the pursuit of knowledge.

Did you know that?

“He believed that happiness was about living in pursuit of these virtues, and
thusvirtue is central to flourishing.”

Please click this link to view the “Philosophy-The Good Life:

Plato: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
oJs5u_GAYA&feature=emb_logo

C. SOCRATES AND EUDAIMONIA

Socrates,saw eudaimonia as an ‘ultimate’ goal. Like Aristotle after him,

Socrates emphasized the role and importance of arête very heavily—in fact, he
believed it was both a means and an end to human happiness. In pursuit of what
we now commonly refer to as ‘flourishing’, he encouraged people to ask
themselves, and others, what was ‘good’ for our souls.

Did you know that?

He believed, it is argued, that eudaimonia was ‘justly living well’, and that in
doingso, we seek not experiential pleasure or ‘honor’ in isolation, but a good and
happy life, guided by our virtues

3 EXAMPLES OF EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING

1. “Knowing who you really are” – Examples of this self-discovery might

include the self-identity knowledge that comes from meditating on your core
beliefs. Or, it could be a good understanding of your personal character
strengths and qualities. It could even be the self-knowledge that comes
from reflecting on your personal development or the values that you hold
important.
2. “Developing these unique potentials” – Someone who scores high on EWB

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 (according to the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-being) makes a
persistent, committed effort to building on this self-knowledge. A little more
on the ‘how’ and the QEWB is covered very shortly.
“Using those potentials to fulfill your life goals” – Someone who is committed
to this pursuit, over the long term, would be a prime example.

“The Hedonistic view of well-being is that happiness is the polar

opposite of suffering; the presence of happiness indicates the absence of
pain. Because of this, hedonists believe that the purpose of life is to
maximize happiness, which minimizes misery. Eudaimonia defines
happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person. Eudaimonists do this
by challenging themselves intellectually or by engaging in activities that
make them spiritually richer people.”

5 TIPS ON HOW TO ACHIEVE EUDAIMONIA

1. Know your ‘life goals’

A terribly lofty goal at first glance, but as we can see from the scale items above,
this doesn’t have to mean a ten-, thirty- or fifty-year plan. It doesn’t mean we need
to aspire to achieve something or ‘die trying’ either. It is seemingly enough to
have, or to strive to have, a sense of the core beliefs which guide you and which
give meaning to your existence.

2. Focus your capabilities and skills towards achieving those goals

Are you a kind person? Great with kids? A talented doctor? Can you direct your
skills towards achieving those goals for the sake of practicing virtue?

3. Developing your best potentials

As above, it’s about being the best you can be, driven by authentic and meaningful
goals.

4. Get engaged in these activities

To derive meaning from this development is to experience eudaimonia. Why?

Because it’s the pursuit itself, and eudaimonia is not an end goal. If this all sounds
very confusing,

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 5. Express yourself

Engaging in behavior that expresses ‘who you are’, not just ‘how you feel. In other
words, doing things because you derive genuine enjoyment from them and
because they’re consistent with your view of yourself, rather than for external
reward.
9 EUDAIMONIC ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE HUMAN FLOURISHING

Flourishing describes people who have both high levels of economic well
being , and hedonic well-being. While activities related to both are shown to be
important for ‘flourishers’, it’s interesting to note that even having the intention to
pursue both may impact on our well-being.

The specific eudaimonic activities they assessed were (Huta & Ryan, 2010):

• Seeking to pursue excellence or a personal ideal;

• Seeking to do what you believe in;
• Seeking to use the best in yourself; and
• Seeking to develop a skill, learn, or gain insight into something.

A. DAILY ACTIVITIES AND BEHAVIORS

In another ‘daily diary’ study by Steger and colleagues (2008: 29), the following
‘eudaimonic behaviors’ were used to assess well-being:

• Volunteering one’s time;

• Giving money to someone in need;
• Writing out one’s future goals;
• Expressing gratitude for another’s actions, either written or verbal;
• Carefully listening to another’s point of view;
• Confiding in someone about something that is of personal importance; and
• Persevering at valued goals in spite of obstacles.

These eudaimonic activities were more strongly correlated than daily

hedonic activities with well-being in terms of ‘daily meaning in life’ that the
participants felt. The same went for daily positive affect and daily life
satisfaction

IV. VIRTUES

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 It is of two kinds, intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in the main
owes its birth and growth in teaching ( for its reason it requires experience and
time). While moral virtue comes about as a result of habit Intellectual virtue
theoretical wisdom (thinking anf truth) practical wisdom understanding. Experience
and time are necessary requirements for the development of intellectual virtue
Moral virtue controlled by practical wisdom (ability to make right judgment) owed
its development to how one nurtured it as habit.

• Please click this link to watch: Aristotle & Virtue Theory: Crash Course
Philosophy #38 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ

➢ HOW CAN ONE BEST PRACTICE VIRTUE?

By choosing the ‘golden mean’, to be succinct. Above, I introduced the

ideas of excess and scarcity using an example of courage. For Plato, that meant
pursuing knowledge as well as the other virtues of temperance, courage, and
justice. To practice this pursuit, we need to exercise self-regulation and rational
thought (Kraut, 2018).

Here is a larger table that goes much further than Plato’s original four virtues
(Papouli, 2018). This gives some good examples of how this virtuous mean,
between excess anddeficiency, can be achieved.
VI. EUDAIMONIC VS HEDONIC: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

The distinction between eudaimonia and hedonia is examined in great depth

by Huta and Waterman in their 2013 review of the happiness literature. For those
after a quick, broad distinction between the two, here are the authors’ given
examples of eudaimonia, based on literature review:

• authenticity;
• excellence;
• meaning; and
• growth.

Contrast and compare these with their examples of hedonia, and you’ll see that
very, very roughly, the second is much less value-laden and somewhat more
experiential:

• an absence of distress;

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 • comfort;
• enjoyment; and
• pleasure.

Diving a bit deeper into things (quite a bit deeper), they highlight several points
that remain unresolved. These include the fact that different definitions tend to be
applied depending on whether researchers are examining the concepts at the
‘state’ or ‘trait’ level. Here, too, there are further differences depending on whether
a philosophical or psychological standpoint is being adopted.

Please click this link for further discussion.

1. Aristotle's Ethics - Happiness, Pleasure, & Friendship

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4RT3zPtrvQ&feature=emb_logo
2. PNTV: The Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWExd bC7A&feature=emb_logo

V. HAPPY LIFE ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE

Happiness to Aristotle "Happiness depends on ourselves.“ central

purpose of human life and a goal in itself. depends on the cultivation of virtue. a
genuinely happy life required the fulfillment of a broad range of conditions,
including physical as well as mental well-being. Happiness as the Ultimate
Purpose of Human Existence happiness is a final end or goal that encompasses
the totality of one's life. It is not something that can be gained or lost in a few
hours, like pleasurable sensations. It is more like the ultimate value of your life as
lived up to this moment, measuring how well you have lived up to your full potential
as a human being.

Instead, happiness is an ‘intermediate’, or a ‘golden mean’ between deficiency and

excess. One example of virtue as a mean between two extremes is courage – as a
virtue, it’s halfway between recklessness and cowardice Here, we see the ‘rational
activity’ aspect of eudaimonia coming back to the fore. When we are faced with
situations, therefore, it can be argued that Aristotle isn’t giving prescriptive advice.
He is, however, telling us how he believes the rational, virtuous pursuit of
eudaimonia might look in an everyday setting.

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 Aristotle acknowledged that fate or luck can play a role in our happiness.
Nonetheless, he also believed that this task of ‘individual self-realization’ is how
we go about it with our ‘own disposition and talent’

Therefore:,

WHY IS IT THAT EVERYONE IS IN THE PURSUIT OF THE GOOD LIFE?

“Life is good! It is only our thoughts, choices and actions towards the situations
we meet in life each moment of time that makes life look bad! The same bad
situation in life that makes one person think badly inspires another to do a noble
thing! The same good situation in life that makes one person feel so good to get
into a bad situation inspires another person to create another good situation
because of the good situation. It is all about thoughts, choices and actions. The
final end of human life is to flourish, to live well, to have a good life. All
actions should aim at this end. Of course, in order to live at all we need food,
clothing, and shelter, but living is itself the means to the end of living well. And
what is living well a means to? Aristotle says that living well is the final end for
humans; it is not a means to anything else. Aristotle thinks this is obvious because
few people want to live poorly.

With these considerations in mind, Aristotle states that the good life consists
in the possession, over the course of a lifetime, of all those things that are
really good for us. Moreover, what is really good for any one of us corresponds to
the natural needs that are the same for all of us. Thus, what is good for one person
is not good for another. In other words, there is a right plan for living well. What are
these real goods that we should all seek to obtain in order to live well?

According to Aristotle, they are:

1) bodily goods – health, vitality, vigor, and

pleasure;
2) external goods – food, drink, shelter, clothing, and sleep;
and
3) goods of the soul – knowledge, skill, love, friendship, aesthetic enjoyment,self-
esteem, and honor.

The first two types of goods are limited goods—we can have more of them than we
need. Goods of the soul are unlimited goods—we cannot have more of them than
we need. But surely the knowledge of the good life isn’t sufficient to actually
living a good life? I may know, for example, that drinking alcohol is bad for me but do

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 it anyway.

So how do we learn to desire these real goods? Aristotle argued that the
way to bridge the gap between knowledge of the good life and actually living it was
through the development of a good moral character. And this entails developing
good habits. A good habit allows us to perform certain actions without effort. We
can have a good habit of playing the piano, studying hard, hitting golf balls, or
thinking well. We can also habitually make good choices to avoid overeating or
drinking too much. Aristotle calls good habits virtues or excellences. Virtues of
the mind are intellectual virtues; while virtues exemplified by a regular disposition
to choose correctly are moral virtues.

For Aristotle, wisdom is the most important intellectual virtue but moral
virtue plays a special role in living well. The reason moral virtue—the habit of
making the right choices—is so important is that our choices determine whether
we live well. And if we make too many bad choices we will live poorly.

In conclusion:

The end, goal, purpose (or meaning) of human life is to live well. We
do thisby accumulating, over the course of our lives, all the real goods that
correspond to our natural needs; and we increase our chances of having
good lives by cultivating good habits. In addition, we also need good luck.

INSTILL :
“Vlog on Good Life”
Prepare a 3 -minute video presentation on your own perspective or view about
“Good Life”.

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION!

1. Can technology lead us to good life?
2. What does Aristotle say about the good life? Does it still stand
in thecontemporary world?
3. How is the progress of science and technology a movement towards the
goodlife?

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1. View the short documentary film titled “That Sugar Film”. Discuss how
production and consumption of sugar affect your journey towards the good life.
2. How does unreflective consumption of goods-in this case, sugar-affect human
life?
VI. REFERENCES:
REFERENCES:
https://www.teachersoftomorrow.org/blog/insights/should-i-be-a-teacher
https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/jan/27/five-top-reasons-
teachers- join-and-quit
https://schools.magoosh.com/schools-blog/should-i-become-a-teacher-10-things-to-
consider
https://www.tebalancecareers.com/why-did-you-decide-to-become-a-teacher-2063855
https://lesley.edu/article/5-signs-you-should-be-a-teacher
https://lesley.edu/article/5-signs-you-should-be-a-teacher
https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/jan/27/five-top-reasons-
teachers- join-and-quit
Nelia G. Prieto, LPT, PhD, et al (2019) Science, Technology and Society, Lorimar
Publishing Inc.
Mc Nacamara, Daniel Joseph, SJ, et al (2018) Science, Technology and Society,
C&EPublishing Company
Aldea, Kathryn Idrisha, et.al. (2018), Science, Technology, and Society, Mandaluyong
City. Books Atbp.Publishing Corp.
Serafica, Janice Patria Javier, 2018. Science, Technology and Society, Rex Book
Store, Inc.

Prepared by:

Dr. Precious Naj C. Alcantara

STS Professor

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