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 1.ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
General form of an A.P : 𝑎𝑎 , (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑), (𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑑𝑑) … … ..

The first term is ′𝑎𝑎′ ,common difference is ′𝑑𝑑′ then nth term is

𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑑

The first term is ′𝑎𝑎′ ,common difference is ′𝑑𝑑′ sum to n terms is

𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = [ 2𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑑 ]
2

The first term is ′𝑎𝑎′ , and nth term is ′𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 then sum to n terms is
𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ( 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 )
2
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛+1)
Sum to first ′𝑛𝑛′ terms of positive integers (natural numbers) Sn=
2

a +b
If a,A,b are in Arithmetic progression then A =
2

𝒔𝒔𝟏𝟏 = 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏

𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐 = 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐

𝒔𝒔𝟑𝟑 = 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑

TO FIND THE nth TERM OF AN A.P

1) Find the 20th term of 3, 8, 13, 18. . . .
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒂 = 𝟑𝟑, 𝒅𝒅 = 𝟖𝟖−𝟑𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓, 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎=?
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = 𝒂𝒂 + (𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏)𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟑 + (𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟏)𝟓𝟓
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗 ×𝟓𝟓
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟖

For Practice
1) Find the 25th term of 6, 10, 14,.............. using formula.

Page | 1
2) Find the 20th term of 4,7, 10.............. using formula
3) Find the 12th term of 7, 13, 19.........using formula
4)Find the 10th term of 11, 8, 5, 2 ....using formula.
31
5)Find the 10th term of 15, , 16............... using formula.
2
6)Find the 50th term of 7, 12, 17, ............ using formula.
7)Find the 30th term of 5, 8, 11 ................ using formula.
8)Find the 12th term of 2, 5, 8.................... using formula.

To find the sum to ‘ n’ terms of an Arithmetic progression

1) F ind the sum to first 10 terms of 2, 7, 12, ............. using formula
𝒂𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝒅𝒅 = 𝟕𝟕−𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓, 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 =? 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑛𝑛
𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏= [𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒂 + (𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏)𝒅𝒅]
2
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 = [𝟐𝟐(𝟐𝟐) + (𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟏)𝟓𝟓]
𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟓[𝟒𝟒 + 𝟗𝟗(𝟓𝟓)]
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 5[𝟒𝟒 + 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓]
𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 5 × 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟗
=245

For Practice
1) 2 + 7 + 12 + ……………. Find S20 using suitable formula
2) 5 + 8 + 11 + …………….. Find S10 using suitable formula
3) 5 + 10 + 15 + ……..…….. Find S20 using suitable formula
4) 3, 7, 11, 15,…………….... Find S16 using suitable formula
5) 10, 15, 20,……………….. Find S20 using suitable formula
6) If an = 2n + 1 find the common difference ?
III. Application questions : (3/4 Marks)
1. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th
terms is 44. Find the first three terms of the AP.
2. The 7th term of an AP is 4 times its 2nd term and 12th term is 2 more than 3
times of its 4th term. Find the progression.
3. The sum of five terms of the A.P is 55 and fourth term is 5 more than sum of
first two terms of A.P. Find the terms of the A.P.
4. In an A.P sixth term is one more than twice the third term. The sum of the
fourth and fifth terms is five times the second term of the A.P.
5. The common difference of two different A.P is equal. The first term of the
first progression is 3 more than the first term of second progression. If the 7th
term of first progression is 28 and 8th term of second progression is 29, then
find the both different A.P.
Page | 2
6. The sum of first 9 terms of the A.P is 144 and 9th term is 28. Find the first
term and common difference of the A.P.
7. The sum of 2nd and 4th terms of an AP is 54 and the sum of its first 11 terms is
693. Find the arithmetic progression. Which term of this progression is 132
more than its 54th term?
3. LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

General form: a1x+b1y+c1 = 0

a2x+b2y+c2 = 0

Ratio Graphical Algebraic

representation interpretation
𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 Intersecting lines Exactly one solution
≠
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 (unique)
𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐1 Coincident lines Infinitely many solution
= =
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐2
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 Parallel lines No solution
= ≠
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

Solve the following linear equation by elimination method:

1. 2x+y=10
3x-y=5
Solution:
2x + y =10 ------ (1)
3x – y = 5 ----- (2)
5x = 15 adding 1 and 2
15
x=
5
x=3
Substituting the value of x in equation (1)
2x + y= 10
2(3) + y = 10
6+y = 10
y= 10-6
y=4
x = 3 and y = 4

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For practice :

Solve the following pair of linear equations:

1. x+ y = 14 and x-y=4

2. 2x + y = 11 and x+y = 8
3. 2x+3y = 11 and 2x -4y = -24
4. 3x + 2y = 11 and 5x -2y = 13
5. 2x + 3y = 7 and 2x + y = 5
6. 3x +y = 12 and x +y = 6
7. 2x + y = 8 and x-y = 1
8. 2x + 3y = 7 and 2x + y =5

Solve the linear equation by graphical method

1. 2x+y = 6 and 2x-y = 2

y = 6-2x and Y= 2x-2

X 0 1 3 X 0 1

Y 6 4 0 Y -2 0

Page | 4
For practice

Solve the linear equation by graphical method

1. 2x+y=6 and 4x-2y=4

2. x+y=10 and x-y = 4
3. 2x-2y -2 =0 and 2x +y-6 = 0
4. 2x+y=8 and x-y=1
5. 2x+3y=12 and x-y=1
6. X+y=7 and 3x-y=1
7. 2x+y=8 and x+y =5
8. 2x+y=10 and x+y=6
9. x+y=5 and 2x-y=4
10. x+2y=6 and x+y=5
11. 2x-y =7 and x-y=2

4.CIRCLES

THEOREM

Statement: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through
the point of contact.

Data: ‘O’ is the centre of the circle, XY is the tangent at ‘P’, OP is the
radius of the circle.
To Prove: OP⊥ XY
Construction: Mark a point Q on XY other than P, join OQ
let OQ intersect the circle at R
Proof: OR< OQ
But OP=OR (radii of the same circle)
Therefore OP<OQ
Since Q is the point other than P on XY, OP is the shortest of all the distances from O
to XY
Therefore OP⊥ XY

Page | 5
THEOREM

Statement : Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle
are equal

Data: ‘O’ is the centre of the circle. P is the external point, PQ, PR are the tangents from
an external point P

To prove : PQ=PR

Construction : Join OQ, OR and OP

Proof:

Statement Reasons

In triangle OPQ and triangle OPR Tangents drawn at the point of

contact is perpendicular
∟𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = ∟𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 90°

OP=OP Common side

OQ=OR Radii of the same circle

∆𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 ≅ ∆𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 RHS postulate

PQ=PR CPCT

Page | 6
 5. AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

• Circumference of the circle C = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

• Area of the circle A = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋²
θ
• Length of the arc of a sector of angle 𝜃𝜃 = × 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
360
θ
• Area of the sector of angle 𝜃𝜃 = × 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋²
360
1. In the fig ABCD is a square two semicircles APD and BPC touch each other
externally at P . Length of each semi circles is 11cm . Find the area of the shaded
region.

2. In the fig AXB and CYD are the arcs of two concentric circles. If length of the arc
AXB is 11cm and OC=7cm and ∟𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 30°, find the area of the shaded region
(take 𝜋𝜋 22/7)

Page | 7
 6. CONSTRUCTIONS
I Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle.
1. Construct a triangle of sides 4cm, 5cm, and 6cm and then a triangle
2
similar to a whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the first
3
triangle.

2. Construct a triangle with sides 5cm, 6cm and 7cm and then another
7
triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
5

Page | 8
Exersise:
1. Construct a triangle with sides 5cm, 6cm,and 8cm and then another
triangle whose sides are ¾ of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
2. Construct a triangle with sides 5cm, 6cm and 7cm and then another
3
triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
5
3. Draw a triangle ABC with sides BC = 3cm, AB=6cm and AC=4.5cm,
4
then construct a triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of
3
the triangle.
4. Construct a triangle of sides 6cm, 7cm, and 8cm and other triangle
similar to a whose sides are ¾ of the corresponding sides of the first
triangle.
5. Construct a triangle of sides 4cm, 5cm and 8cm and then a triangle
5
similar to it whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the first
3
triangle.
6. Construct a triangle of sides 4.5cm, 6cm and 8cm and then construct a
5
triangle similar to it, whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the
3
first triangle.
7. Draw a triangle ABC with sides BC = 6cm, AB = 5cm and AC = 4.5cm
4
then construct a triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of
3
the first triangle.

CONSTRUCTION OF TANGNETS FROM AN EXTERNAL POINT TO A CIRCLE.

1. Draw a circle of radius 6cm from a point 10cm away from its centre.
Construct pair of tangents to the circle and measure their length.
Date: d = 10cm, r = 6cm

Page | 9
Exercise:
1. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 4cm, such that the angle
between the tangents is 600.

2. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle 3.5cm which are inclined to each

other at an angle of 800.
3. Draw a pair of tangents to a cicle of radius 3cm such that the angle
between the tangent is 600.
4. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 4cm such that the angle
between the tangents is 700.

Page | 10
5. Draw a circle of radius 3.5cm and draw two radii such that the angle
between the two tangents is 800 and draw tangents to the circle at their
end points.
6. Draw two tangents from a point 8cm from the centre to a circle of radius
3cm.
TO DIVIDE A LINE SEGMENT IN THE GIVEN RATIO

1. Draw a line segment of length 7.6cm and divide in the ration 5:8.
Data: Length of segment 7.6cm and ratio 5:8

Exercise:
1. Draw a line segment of length AB = 8cm and divide in the ratio 3:2
2. Draw a line segment of length 10cm and divide in the ratio 2:3
3. Draw a line segment of length 8.4 cm and divide in the ratio 1:3

7.COORDINATE GEOMETRY

• Distance between two coordinates d=�(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

• Distance between a point (x, y) from the origin : d = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
m 1 x 2 +m 2 x 1 m 1 y 2 +m 2 yx 1
• Section formula (x, y) = (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) =[ , ]
𝑚𝑚 1 +𝑚𝑚 2 𝑚𝑚 1 +𝑚𝑚 2
x2+ x1 y2+ y1
• Mid point formula : (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) =[ , ]
2 2
• Area of triangle formula : ½ [x1(y2-y3)+x2(y3-y1)+x3(y1-y2)]

Page | 11
 Distance between two coordinates

1. Find the distance between (2,3) and (4,1).

Solution: Let A(2,3) and B(4,1)

𝒅𝒅 = �(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
AB = �(4 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2
AB = �(2)2 + (−2)2
AB = √4 + 4
AB = √2 × 4
AB = 2√2 units
Exercise: 1. Find the distance between (2,3) and (4,1).
2. Find the distance between (-5,7) and (-1,3).
3. Find the co-ordinates of the point on the line segment joining the points
(2,3) and (10,-3).
4. Find the distance between the points (3,6) and (5,7) using distance
formula.
5. Find the distance between the points (2,6) and (9,10) using distance
formula.
6. Find the distance between the points (2,3) and (4,1) using distance
formula.
7. Find the distance of a point (3,4) from the origin.
8. Find the distance between (7,-8) and (-3,0).

2 or 3 Marks
1. A circle whose centre is at p(2,3) passes through the points A(4,3) and
B(x,5) then find the value of x.
The points (4,3) and (x,5) are the same distance from the point (2,3)
AP = BP

�(4 − 2)2 + (3 − 3)2 =�(2 − x)2 + (3 − 5)2

4 + 0 = (2-x) 2 + 4

Page | 12
 4 – 4 = (2-x) 2
0 = 2 –x
x=2
2. Show that (8,-4), (9,5) and (0,4) are the vertices of an isosceles Triangle.
Let A (x1, y1) = (8,-4), B (x2, y2) = (9,5) and C (x3, y3)=(0,4)
From the distance formula

AB=�(9 − 8)2 + (5 + 4)2

=�( 1)2 + (9)2

=√82

BC=�(0 − 9)2 + (4 − 5)2

=√81 + 1
=√82
AB = BC
ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Exercise:
1. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line joining (4,-3)
and (8,5) in the ratio 3:1.
2. Find the co-ordinates of the point AB divides internally joining the
points (-1,7) and (4,-3) in the ratio 2:3.
3. (2,x) divides the line joining the points A(-2,2) and B(3,7) internally.
Find the ratio in which it divides and also find the value of x.
4. Find the co-ordinates of the mid point of their line segment joining the
points (2,3) and (4,7).
5. Find the area of triangle whose vertices are (1,-1), (-4,6) and (-3,-5).
6. If (−𝟑𝟑, 𝟐𝟐), (−𝟏𝟏, −𝟒𝟒) and 𝑪𝑪(𝟓𝟓, 𝟐𝟐) are the vertices of ∆ 𝑨𝑨𝑩𝑩𝑪𝑪, 𝑴𝑴 and
𝑵𝑵 are the mid points of 𝑨𝑨𝑩𝑩 and 𝑨𝑨𝑪𝑪 respectively then show that
𝟐𝟐𝑴𝑴𝑵𝑵=𝑩𝑩𝑪𝑪.
7. The points A(1,1), B(3,2) and C(5,3) cannot be the vertices of the
triangle ABC. Justify
Page | 13
 8. In each of the following find the value of ‘k’ for which the points
are collinear. (2,-2), (-4,2) and (-7,k).
9. Find the value of ‘k’ for which the points are collinear (2,3), (4,k) and
(6,-3).
8.REAL NUMBERS

• Euclid’s division lemma : a = (b x q) + r

Dividend = (divisor x quotient) + remainder
• HCF of (a,b) x LCM of (a,b) = a x b

I Prove that 3 + √5 is an irrational number.

Solution: Assume that 3 + √5 is a rational number

𝑝𝑝
∴ 3 + √5 = [𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞 𝜖𝜖 𝑧𝑧, 𝑞𝑞 ≠ 0]
𝑞𝑞

𝑝𝑝
√5 = – 3
𝑞𝑞

𝑝𝑝−3𝑞𝑞
is a rational number,but √5 is an irrational number,
𝑞𝑞

So our assumption is wrong.

∴ 3 + √5 is an irrational number

Exercise:

1. Prove that 5 - √3 is an irrational number.

2. Prove that 3 + √2 is an irrational number.
3. Prove that 5 + √3 is an irrational number.
4. Find the HCF of 24 and 40 by using Euclidis division algorithm. Hence find the
LCM of HCF (24,40) and 20.
5. Given that HCF of (306, 657) is 12. Find the LCM.

9. POLYNOMIALS

General Form

1) Linear polynomial p(x) = ax + b

2) Quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c
3) Cubic polynomial p(x)= ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

Page | 14
GENERAL FORM OF POLYNOMIAL

P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + ………………….. anxn

If 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 are the zeros of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c then,

−𝑏𝑏 −(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥)
Sum of zeros 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = or 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 =
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Product of zerox 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = or 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 =
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2

If 𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾 the zeros of the cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then

−𝑏𝑏 −(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥)

Sum of zeros 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾 = OR
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥2

𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Product of zeros 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 = OR =
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥2

DIVIDEND = DIVISION X QUOTIENT + REMINDER

p(x) = {g(x) x q(x)}+ r(x)

Find the maximum number of zeroes in the following

1) Linear polynomial

2) Quadratic polynomial

3) Cubic polynomial of

4) The degree of P(x)=x5+3 x3 – 7x2-9x+11. is

a) 1 b)2 c)3 d) 5

5) Find the number of zeroes of the polynomial represented in the graph.

Page | 15
6). Find the zeros of the Quadratic Polynomial p(x)=x2 + 7x + 10 and verify the
relationship between zeros and the co-efficient.

Solution: P(x)= x2 + 7x + 10
0= x2 + 5x + 2x + 10
0= x(x+5) + 2(x+5)
x+5 = 0 or x+2 = 0
x = -5 or x= -2
Sum of zeros = (-5) + (-2) = (-7)
−7 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥
=
1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥2

Product of zerox = (-5) x (-2) = 10

10 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
=
1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2

7).Divide 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 by x – 1 – x2 and verify the division algorithm

-x2 + x – 1) –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5 ( x – 2

- x 3 + x2 – x
(+) (-) (+)
2x2 – 2x + 5
2x2 – 2x + 2
(-) (+) (-)
3

Divisor x Quotient + Remainder

= (-x2 + x – 1) (x – 2 ) + 3
= -x3 +x2 – x + 2x2 – 2x + 2 + 3
= -x3 + 3x2 –3x + 5
= dividend

For Practice

1) If one zero of the polynomial p(x) = x2 –6x + k is twice the other.

Find the value of k.
2) Find the polynomial of least degree that should be subtracted from
p(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 3x + 4. So that it is exactly divisible by g(x) = x2 – 3x + 1.
3) If the sum of the zeros of the polynomial p(x) = 2x2 – 6x + k is half of the
product of the zero. Find k.

Page | 16
4) If 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽are the two zeros polynomial p(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 15.
Find 𝛼𝛼 2 + 𝛽𝛽2
5) Write the quadratic polynomial whose sum and product are respectively
¼ and -1
6) The sum and product of the zeros of a quadratic polynomial
p(x) = ax2 + bx – 4 are ¼ and -1 respectively. Then find the value of a and b.
7) If p(x) = 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5 is divisible by g(x), then the quotient and remainder
are respectively. (x – 2) and (-2x + 4). Find g(x).
8) Divide 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 by x – 1 – x2 and verify the division algorithm.

10. QUADRATIC EQUATION

Standard Form of a quadratic equation

ax2 + bx + c = 0 wh a,b,c are real numbers and a≠0

Methods to solve quadratic equation

1) Factorization method
2) Completing the square
3) Using formula method
−𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
x=
2𝑎𝑎
Descriminant of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is b2 – 4ac (∆)

1) If b2 – 4ac > 0 Q.E. has two distinct real roots.

2) If b2 – 4ac = 0 Q.E. has two equal real roots
3) If b2 – 4ac < 0 Q.E. has no real roots

1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 6x2 – x – 2 = 0, by factorization.

6x2 – x – 2 = 0
6x2 + 3x – 4x – 2 = 0
3x(2x+1) – 2 (2x+1) = 0
(3x-2) (2x+1) = 0
3x-2 = 0, 2x+1=0
3x = 2, 2x = -1
2 −1
x= , x=
3 2

Page | 17
2. Solve the quadratic equation 2x2 + x – 528 = 0 by using formula.

2x2 + x – 528 = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0

a = 2, b = 1, c = -528
−𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
x=
2𝑎𝑎

−1±�12 −4(2)(−528)
=
2(2)

−1±√1+4224
=
4

−1±√4225
=
4

−1±65
=
4

−1+65 −1−65
= , or x=
4 4

64 −66
= or x=
4 4

−33
= 16 or x=
2

𝟏𝟏
3. Find the discriment of the quadratic equation 3x2 – 2x + = 0 and hence
𝟑𝟑
find the nature of its roots.

3x2 – 2x + 1/3 = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 3, b = -2, c = 1/3

discriment b2 – 4ac = (-2)2 – 4(3)(1/3)

=4–4
=0
b – 4ac = 0
2

∴ The given equation has two equal real roots.

Exercise:
1) Solve x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 by factorization

Page | 18
 2) Find the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 by applying the
quadratic formula.
3) Find the discriminate of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 and hence find
the nature of the roots.
4) The length of the rectangular field is three times its breadth. The area of the
field is 147 square mt. Find the length and breadth of the rectangular field
5) Sum of two natural numbers is 9. The sum of their reciprocal is 9/20. Find the
numbers.
6) Let the two digit number is four times the sum of its digit and three times the
product of its digits. Find the number.

13. STATASTICS

MEAN 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖
Mean : ∑ OR ∑
𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖

MODE 𝑓𝑓1−𝑓𝑓0
Mode = L + � � × ℎ
2𝑓𝑓1−𝑓𝑓0−𝑓𝑓2

MEDIAN 𝑛𝑛/2−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Median = L +[ ]× ℎ
𝑓𝑓

I Find the mean for the following data:

Class Interval 10 – 25 25 – 40 40 – 55 55 – 70 70 – 85 85 - 100

Frequency 2 3 7 6 6 6

Class Interval Frequency (f) Midpoint (x) fx

10 – 25 2 17.5 35.0

25 – 40 3 32.5 97.5

40 – 55 7 47.5 332.5

55 – 70 6 62.5 375.0

70 – 85 6 77.5 465.0

85 - 100 6 92.5 555.0

Total � 𝑓𝑓 = 30 � 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1860

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1860
Mean x̅ = ∑ = = 62.
𝑛𝑛 30

Page | 19
1). Annual profit carried by 30 shops of a complex in a locality give rise to the

following distribution. Draw more than type Ogive.

Profit ( Rs in Lakhs) Number of shops ( frequency)

More than or equal to 5 30

More than or equal to 10 28

More than or equal to 15 16

More than or equal to 20 14

More than or equal to 25 10

More than or equal to 30 7

More than or equal to 35 3

Scale:
x-axis, 1cm= 5 lakhs
y-axis,1cm=5 Shops

Page | 20
1. The details of marks obtained by students in a unit test held in a school are
as follows. Draw less than type Ogive.
Marks No. of students
(cumulative frequency)

Less than 10 2

Less than 15 14

Less than 20 16

Less than 25 20

Less than 30 23

Less than 35 27

Less than 40 30

Scale:
x-axis, 1cm= 5 marks
y-axis,1cm=5 Shops

Page | 21
Exercise :

`1. Find the Mean for the following data:

Class Interval Frequency

0 – 10 10

10 – 20 18

20 – 30 8

30 – 40 9

40 - 50 5

2. Marks of 10th class students are given below. Find the Mode.

Marks Frequency

0 – 20 6

20 – 40 12

40 – 60 10

60 – 80 9

80 - 100 7

3. Find the Median for the following data:

Marks Frequency

1–4 6

4-7 30

7 - 10 40

10 - 13 16

13 – 16 4

16 - 19 4

Page | 22
4. During the Medical check up of 60 students of a class their weights were
recorded as follows: Draw more than type Ogive.

Weight (in Kg) No. of students

More than or equal to 38 60

More than or equal to 40 48

More than or equal to 42 25

More than or equal to 44 18

More than or equal to 46 10

More than or equal to 48 5

5. During the medical check up of 45 students of a class, their weights were

recoreded as follows: Draw less than type Ogive.

Weight (in Kg) No. of students

Less than 38 0

Less than 40 3

Less than 42 5

Less than 44 9

Less than 46 14

Less than 48 25

Less than 50 35

Less than 52 45

Page | 23
 14. PROBABALITY

Probability of an even 𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴)

P(A) =
𝑛𝑛(𝑆𝑆)

Probability of Sure event 1

Probability of impossible event 0

Formula for Probability of event p(A) + p(A) = 1

and its complementary event

Random experiment with single (S) = {H,T}, n(S) = 2

coin tossed

Random experiment with two (S) = {HH, TT, HT, TH}, n(S) = 4
coin tossed

Random experiment with three (S) = {HHH, TTT, HHT, TTH, HTH, THT, THH, HTT},
coin tossed n(S) = 8

Possible outcome of dice (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6}, n(S) = 6

Possible outcomes when two dice (S) = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)}
of six faces thrown at a time
{(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)}

{(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)}

{(4,1), (4,2),,(4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)}

{(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)}

{(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

n(S) = 36

Exercise:

1. A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 white balls and 8 blue balls. A ball is drawn at
random from the tag. What is the probability of getting,
a) A red ball , b)Not a white ball.
2. A box contains 80 discs which are number from 1 to 80. If one disc is drawn at
random from the box. What is the probability of getting a square number.

Page | 24
 3. A game consist of tossing 1Rs coin 2 times and nothing its outcome each time.
Raghu wins if all the tosses give same result. Two heads or two tails and
looses otherwise. Calculate the probability that Raghu will lose the game..
4. A Die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting,
a) A prime number. b) A number between 2 and 6.
5. Two players Sangeetha and Rekha play a tennis match. It is known that the
probability of Sangeetha winning the match is 0.62 what is the probability that
Rekha will win the match?
6. There are 4 Apples,6 Orenges and some Gouva fruits in a box a fruit is drawn
6
randmly from the box the probability of drawing an Orenge is Find the
13
number of gouva fruit in the box.

15. SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

SOLID (Lateral Surface (Total Surface Area- Volume

Area-L.S.A) T.S.A)

A = 4a2 A = 6a2
CUBE V = a3

CUBOID

A = 2h(l + b) A = 2(lb + bh + hl) V=lbh

CONE
1
A = π rl A = πr(r + l) V = πr2 h
3

FRUSTRUM 1
A = π(r1 + r2)l A = π(r1 + r2)l + π r12 + πr22 V = 3πh(r12 + r22+ r1r2}

4
SPHERE A = 4πr2 A = 4πr2 V = πr3
3

HEMISPHERE A = 2πr2 A = 3πr2

2
V = πr3
3

Page | 25
 1. A show piece is made up of a cube and semisphere the edge of the cube is 5cm
in length and the hemisphere with diameter 4.2cm is at the top of the cube.
22
Find the total surface area [𝜋𝜋 = ]
7

Area of cube = 6 x (side)2

= 6 x 52
150 cm2.
TSA = [ TSA of cube – base of hemisphere + LSA of hemisphere]
= [ 156 - πr2 + 2πr2 ]
= [ 150 + πr2]
= [ 150 + 13.86]
= 163.86 cm2

Exercise:
1. Find the volume and surface area of a frustrumits with base radii 15cm and
8cm and its depth 24 cm.
2. A cone with radius 5cm and height 20cm is melted and recast into the shape of
a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere.
3. The surface area of acone and a cylinder are same. The radius and height of
the cylinder are 7cm and 10 cm respectively. If the slant height of the cone is
14 cm then find the radius of the cone.
4. Find the total surface area and volume of a cuboid of dimissions
10cm x 6cm x 8cm
5. A solid made up of a cone and a hemisphere is immerced in a cylndrical
container with full of water Find the quantity of water retained in the
cylinder

Page | 26
3. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
Proof : We are given two triangles ABC and PQR such that

Hence Proved
4. If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in
the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar. This criterion is
referred to as the AAA (Angle–Angle–Angle) criterion of similarity of two triangles.
 11. Introduction toTrigonometry

(1) Ratios

𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
• Sin (A) = 𝐴𝐶 * cosecant (A) = 𝐵𝐶

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
• Cos (A) = 𝐴𝐶 * sec (A) = 𝐵𝐶

𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
• tan (A) = 𝐴𝐵 * cot (A) = 𝐵𝐶
(b)Standard Angles

1. Ratio of complementary angles

Sin (90°.A) = cos * cosec (90°.A) = sec A
Cos (90°.A) = sin A * sec (90°.A) = cosec A
tan (90°.A) = cot A * cot (90°.A) = tan A
2. Regular equation * sin2 A + cos2 A=1
➢ 1+ tan2 A=sec2 A
➢ Cot2 A +1 = cosec2 A
1. If in ∆ACB, AB =29 units. BC = 21 units and ABC = 𝜃. Find the Value
of (i) cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 (ii) cos2 𝜃 - sin2 𝜃
In ∆ ACB
AC= √𝐴𝐵2 − 𝐴𝐶 2
= √(29)2 – (21)2
= √(29 – 21) – (29 + 21) = √8(50) = √400 = 20 𝑢nits
𝐴𝐶 20 𝐵𝐶 21
Therefore sin 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵 = 29 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃= 𝐴𝐵 = 29
20 21
Now (i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = (29 ) +(29 ) = 202 + 212 = 400+441 = 841 = 1
29 2 841
2 21 20
And (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = ( ) +( ) = (20 + 20)(21 − 20) =
29 29
292 =
41
841

1 1
2. If sin (A-B) = 2. cos (A+B) = 2. 0°, < A+B ≤ 90°. A> B and find
A and B
Sin (A – B) = ½ therefore A – B = 30° __________(1)
Cos (A + B) = ½ therefore A + B 60° __________(2)
Combining (1) and (2) ∴ A = 45° and B = 15°
3. Express cot 85°+ cot 75°. in trigonometric ratios between 0° and 45°
cot 85° + cot 75°
= cot (90° - 5°) + cot (90° - 15°)
= tan 5° + tan 15°
4. Prove that sec A (1 sin A)(sec A + tan A) = 1
LHS sec A (1 sin A)(sec A + tan A)
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=( ) (1 sin 𝐴) ( + )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

= (1- sin A) (1+sinA) = 1-sin2A

cos2 A cos2 A
= cos2 A = 1= RHS
cos2 A
 For practice
1. Find the value of sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, tan 𝜃, and sin ∝ cos ∝. tan ∝

2. Prove that cosec A (1coser A) ( cosec A+ cot A) =1

12
3. Find the value of cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 if sin 𝜃 = 13
4. Express the ratios of cos A, tan A and sec A in the form of sin A
5. Prove that √1 + sin 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
1- sin 𝜃
6. Find the value of sin 60°. Cos30°+sin 30° cos 60°.
7. Prove that cos A + 1 + sin A = 2 sec A
1 + sin A cos A
8. Simplify sin 25º cos 65º + cos 25º sin 65º
9. Prove that sin 𝜃 - 2 sin3 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
2 cos3 𝜃 - cos 𝜃

********************
 12. Some application of trigonometry
Horizontal level

1. In figure CD= 1.5m, find the measure of AB.

AB = AE + BE
= AE + 1.5
DE = CB = 28.5m
𝑨𝑬
Tan 45º = 𝑫𝑬
1 = AE / 28. 5
∴ AE = 28.5m
AB = (28.5 + 1.5) m = 30m

For practice
3. Find the measure of PQ in figure

4. In the figure PS=10m, find the measure of QS and 𝑃𝑅(√3 = 1.732)

3. In the figure AB=8m, measure CP and AC

4. In the figure, GF=20m, find the measures of DE and EF.

****************************