CHAPTER 1: FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Solving First ODE

①Separation of variable
-separate the x with the x, and the y with the y. Later, integrate both sides.

Eg1: Solve

a) (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑦 5
b) + 2𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑦(0) =
𝑑𝑡 2
[l + m)dy ydr t 0
y =3
=

Side=fndn du=y

Study
ky = In (1+n) + C
C
#-
e
In :
en152 ↑
es
·
e

y
=
(+ x7Cx 2y)
= 2t + C
j In 1 -

l C

1 = Cezt
-

2y
y = c

.
coud
; t=0 , y
=

e
z

C =
-

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑥) ↳ 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 =

1
2
+ 2𝑒 −2𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
c) =− ; 𝑦(4) = −3 d) = 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

/ydy f
dy=esuty
=
-
udn

(
2

-E + )x2 =
234224
y2 = -
n2 + 2)
Stdy=Jesu du
Sedy
cord : :
Jesu du
- (412 + 2)
( 3)
=
-

ezyt
a 7 16 =C
- =
7
2
In
-
24
I
In e
-
Da
u love
y
= -
x2 + 212)5 folety
zy mn) ze3 + c)
- -

=
n2 +
yz =
-

25
*

2
𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 [− 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 2 = 25 − 𝑥 2 3

1
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
e) (𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ; 𝑦(0) = 0 f) = 𝑦2 − 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦−2
𝐴𝑛𝑠: = 𝑐𝑒 4𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦+2

② Integrating factor method

Write the differential equation in standard form, ie Is the DE given in the following form?
𝑑𝑦 No
+ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 ; 𝑛 is any real no
𝑑𝑥

Yes This is known as Bernoulli’s equation

Yes
Find the integrating factor, μ
𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Determine n and use substitution 𝑢 = 𝑦1−𝑛

Multiply both sides with the integrating factor μ, ie

𝑑 Write the differential equation in standard form
(𝜇𝑦) = 𝜇 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Solve it by integrating factor method

Integrate both sides

Substitute back the u into the equation

2
Eg 2: Solve

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
a) = 3𝑦 + 𝑒 2𝑥 b) 𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑥 6 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = −𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 3𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐]

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
c) (𝑥 2 − 9) + 𝑥𝑦 = 0 d) (1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑐 2𝑥 + 1 2 𝑒𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = −𝑥 − − +𝑐
√𝑥 2 −9 1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1+𝑥

3
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
e) (𝑥 + 2)2 = 5 − 8𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 f) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥2𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5 𝑐 1
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = + 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 =
3(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
g) − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦2 h) 𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑦 4 ; 𝑦(1) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

2
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 9 49
−𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 −3 = − + 6
5𝑥 5𝑥

4
Homogeneous equation

A function f is said to be homogeneous of degree α if

𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝛼 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ,
and a first-order differential equation in differential form
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is said to be homogeneous if both coefficient functions M and N are homogeneous functions of the same degree α,
ie
𝑀(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝛼 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝛼 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
This differential equation can be solved by making substitution y = ux.

Eg 3. Solve:

𝑑𝑦 b) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
a) 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 ; 𝑦(1) = 2
𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 3 = 8𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑦 (𝑦 + 𝑥)2

𝐴𝑛𝑠: = 𝑙𝑛 [ ] + 𝑐𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
5
Exact Equation

A differential expression 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 is an exact differential if it corresponds to the differential of

some function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). A first-order differential equation of the form

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

is said to be exact equation if the expression on the left hand side is an exact differential, ie

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Eg 4: Solve

a) 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 b) (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑐 𝑦2
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + =𝑐
𝑥2 − 1 2

6
Exercises

1. Solve the following differential equation:

𝑑𝑦 d) (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)2 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)3 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
a) = sin 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑦+1 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3
b) 𝑦 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 =( ) e) =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8

c) csc 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

2. Find the general solution of the given differential equation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
a) = 5𝑦 d) (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 2)𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑟
b) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 e) + 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃

c) 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

3. Determine whether the given differential equation is exact. If it is exact, solve it.

a) (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑦 + 7) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 c) (𝑥 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑦

b) (2𝑥𝑦 2 − 3)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0 1 𝑑𝑥

d) (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − ) + 𝑥3𝑦2 = 0
1 + 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

4. Solve the given differential equation by using an appropriate substitution, if necessary.

a) (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑦
e) 𝑡 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑡𝑦
𝑑𝑡

b) (𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑦 1
f) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑦 4 ; 𝑦(1) =
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
c) 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 ; 𝑦(1) = 2 g) = cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) ; 𝑦(0) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4

𝑑𝑦 1
d) 𝑥 +𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

7
No Ans
1a 1
𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 + 𝐶
5
2
1b 𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥3
+ 2𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − + 𝐶
2 3 9
1c 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ + 𝐶]
4
1d 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛2(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶

1e 𝑦 − 5 ln(𝑦 + 3) = 𝑥 − 5 ln(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶

2a 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 5𝑥

2b 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥

2c 1 𝑒𝑥 𝐶
𝑦= ( + )
𝑥2 2 𝑒𝑥
2d 𝑥2 + 𝐶
𝑦=
(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
2e 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑟=
sec 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

3a 3 2
𝑦 + 7𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + +𝑥 + 𝐶
2
3b 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 𝐶

3c 𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝐶
2
3d 𝑥3𝑦3 1
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 = 𝐶
3 3

4a 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝐶 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥)

4b 𝑥
𝑦=
𝐶 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥
4c

4d 2
𝑦2 + = −𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑦
4e 𝑡
𝑦=
𝑙𝑛𝑡 + 𝐶
4f 49 9
𝑦 −3 = 6 −
5𝑥 5𝑥
4g 𝑥+𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑥 + 0.4142
2