Chapter 7 - Equilibrium
Chapter 7 - Equilibrium
Chapter 7 - Equilibrium
EQUILIBRIUM
Arrhenius acids are the substances that ionize in water to form H+.
Arrhenius bases are the substances that ionize in water to form OH-.
Lewis acids are lone pair (of e-) accepters while Lewis bases are lone pair
donators.
Proton donor are acids while proton accepters are bases(Bronsted-Lowry
concept).
The acid-base pair thatdiffers only by one proton is called a conjugateacid-
base pair. IfBrönsted acid is a strong acid then itsconjugate base is a weak
base and viceversa.
Ionic product of water.Kw = [H+][OH–]
pH = -log [H+] ; here[H+] is molar concentration of hydrogen ion.
pH + pOH =14
pKa + pKb =14
Ka x Kb = Kw = ionic product of water=1 x 10-14
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5. Classify the following species into Lewisacids and Lewis bases and show
howthese act as such:
(a) HO– (b)F – (c) H+ (d) BCl3
Solution
(a) Hydroxyl ion is a Lewis base as it candonate an electron lone pair (:OH – ).
(b) Flouride ion acts as a Lewis base asit can donate any one of its fourelectron
lone pairs.
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c)what would be the effect on Kc if (i) more PCl5is added (ii) pressure is
increased(iii) the temperature is increased ?
(b)120.48
(c) (i) equilibrium will shift on RHS
(ii) equilibrium will shift on LHS
(iii) equilibrium will shift on RHS
2. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam
asper following endothermic reaction:CH4 (g) + H2O (g) ⇌CO (g) + 3H2 (g)
(a) Write as expression for Kpfor the above reaction.
(b) How will the values of Kpand composition of equilibrium mixture be
affectedby(i) increasing the pressure(ii) increasing the temperature(iii) using a
catalyst?
Ans. (a) Kp=p(CO).p(H2)3/ p(CH4).p(H2O)
(b)(i) value of Kp will not change, equilibrium will shift in backward
direction.
(ii) Value of Kp will increase and reaction will proceed in forward
direction.
(iii)no effect.
3. What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate
acid/basefor the following species:HNO2, CN–, HClO4, F –, OH–, CO32–, and
S2–
Ans.The acid-base pair thatdiffers only by one proton is called a conjugate
acid-base pair
Species Conjugate
acid/base
HNO2 NO2–
CN– HCN
HClO4 ClO4–
F– HF
OH– H2O
CO32- HCO32-
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