Questions

Questions:-
1.Assign R/S configuration:-
a) image b) image
c) image d) image
Answers:-
a) image
2S,2R-2-Bromo-3-chlorobutane
b) image
2R,3S-2,3,4- trihydroxybutanal
c) R-configuration
d)R-configuration
Inductive effect follows DNP
ie, preference is in the order
Distance > Number > Power

Thermodynamic Parameter: (pg 37-38 Akta)
The thermodynamic quantity is the energy difference resulting from the Gibbs
free energy ( G) given off during a chemical reaction i.e. the stability of the
product relative to the reactants. Thermodynamics only gives information
regarding the equilibrium conditions of products after the reaction takes place,
but it does not explain the rate of the reaction.
With respect to Gibbs free energy, thermodynamics refers to,
1. The energy released during a reaction, in this case Gibbs free energy will
be negative and the reaction will be spontaneous.
2. The energy consumed during a reaction, in this case Gibbs free energy
will be positive and the reaction will be non-spontaneous.
A thermodynamic reaction favours the product, resulting in a spontaneous

reaction that occurs without the need to constantly supply energy. The
relationship between Gibbs free energy and other thermodynamic quantities is
given by,
G = U + pV – TS
U= internal energy of the system
P= pressure
V= volume
pV= pressure- volume work
T= absolute temperature
S= entropy of the system
Kinetic Parameter:
The rate constant ‘k’ measures how fast a chemical reaction reaches
equilibrium assuming that the reactants were supplied with enough activation
energy to enable the reaction to proceed in the forward direction – reactants
to products.
This requirement for input of energy symbolizes the fact that the reactants are
unreactive under certain conditions. The reaction must have some sort of
energy input before it can proceed ; otherwise , the reactants cannot cross the
activation energy threshold and convert to product. The reaction is activated by
energy supplied to the reactants by different energy sources. The rate of
reaction, the rate constant, and the kinetic energy required for activation of
reaction indicate how fast the reaction reaches equilibrium.
Diagram
Nitrene: (pg 46 – Akta)

A nitrene is the nitrogen analogue of a carbene. The nitrogen atom is
uncharged and univalent. Hence, it has only six electrons in its valence shell-
one covalent bond and four non- bonded electrons. It is therefore considered
as an electrophile due to unsatisfied octet.
The simplest nitrene is imidogen HN.
Diagram
Strength of Organic Acids and Bases: (pg 47-48 Akta)

Comparative Study with emphasis on factors affecting pKa values:
 Bronsted Lowry concept –
An acid is a species having a tendency to lose a proton
A base is a species having a tendency to accept a proton
HCl + H2o ↔ H3O+ + Cl-

(acid) (base) (conjugate acid) (conjugate base)
Every acid has a conjugate base associated with it and every base has a
conjugate acid associated with it.
 Lewis concept –
Electron pair donors are Lewis acids whereas electron pair acceptors are
Lewis bases
NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl

(base) (acid)
For a given reaction,
AH + H2O ↔ H3O+ + A-
H 3 O +¿
¿
Equilibrium constant Keq = A−¿
¿
¿
¿
Since the concentration of water remains almost constant with
successive dilutions of acids, the new equilibrium constant Ka, known as
the acidity constant or acid dissociation constant is defined.
H 3 O+¿
¿
Acid dissociation constant Ka = A−¿
¿
¿
¿
pKa = - log Ka
The pKa of the acid is the pH where it is half dissociated.
At pHs above the pKa the acid HA exists as A- in water and at pHs below
the pKa, it exists as undissociated acid HA.
Note: The most important factor in the strength of an acid is the stability
of the conjugate base – the more stable the conjugate base, the stronger
the acid
Note: An important factor in the stability of the conjugate base is which

element the negative charge is on -the more electronegative the
element, the more stable the negative charge hence the more stable the
conjugate base.
Note: The most important factor in the strength of the base is which
element the lone pair (or negative charge) is on. The more
electronegative the element, the tighter it keeps hold of its electrons and
so the less it is available to accept a proton and the weaker is the base.
Q&A of GOC: (pg 31 and 49 Akta)

Q1: Arrange the given compounds in the order of acidity?
a) Cl2-CH-CH2-COOH b)F-CH2-CH2-COOH
b) F2-CH-CH2-COOH d) CH3-CH2(Cl)-COOH
A1: D>C>A>B
Q2: Which among the following is more stable?

(insert molecules from Akta Pg 32)
A2: B is more stable than A
Q3: Arrange in order of basicity?

(insert molecules from Akta Pg 32)
A3: c>d>a>b
Q4: Arrange in order of increasing pKa value?

a) HCOOH
b) CH3OH
c) CH3COOH
A4: A<C<B
Q5: Arrange in order of decreasing order of strength of acid?
a) CH3-CH3
b) CH2=CH2
c) C2H2
A5: C<B<A
Q6: Arrange in order of increasing basicity?

a) Ph-NH2
b) CH3-CN
c) (CH3)3N
A6: B<A<C

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Questions:-

1.Assign R/S configuration:-

Inductive effect follows DNP

ie, preference is in the order

Distance > Number > Power

A thermodynamic reaction favours the product, resulting in a spontaneous

Nitrene: (pg 46 – Akta)

Strength of Organic Acids and Bases: (pg 47-48 Akta)

HCl + H2o ↔ H3O+ + Cl-

NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl

For a given reaction,

Note: An important factor in the stability of the conjugate base is which

Q&A of GOC: (pg 31 and 49 Akta)

Q2: Which among the following is more stable?

Q3: Arrange in order of basicity?

Q4: Arrange in order of increasing pKa value?

Q6: Arrange in order of increasing basicity?

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