Q1. Describe the detailed various steps of conducting research.

Ans. There are various approaches to conducting basic and applied

research. This article explains the research process steps you should know.
Whether you are doing basic research or applied research, there are many
ways of doing it. In some ways, each research study is unique since it is
conducted at a different time and place.

Conducting research might be difficult, but there are clear processes to

follow. The research process starts with a broad idea for a topic. This article
will assist you through the research process steps, helping you focus and
develop your topic.

Research Process Steps

The research process consists of a series of systematic procedures that a

researcher must go through in order to generate knowledge that will be
considered valuable by the project and focus on the relevant topic.

To conduct effective research, you must understand the research process

steps and follow them. Here are a few steps in the research process to make
it easier for you:

Step 1: Identify the Problem

Finding an issue or formulating a research question is the first step. A well-

defined research problem will guide the researcher through all stages of the
research process, from setting objectives to choosing a technique. There are
a number of approaches to get insight into a topic and gain a better
understanding of it. Such as:

• A preliminary survey
• Case studies
• Interviews with a small group of people
• Observational survey
Step 2: Evaluate the Literature

A thorough examination of the relevant studies is essential to the research

process. It enables the researcher to identify the precise aspects of the
problem. Once a problem has been found, the investigator or researcher
needs to find out more about it.

This stage gives problem-zone background. It teaches the investigator about

previous research, how they were conducted, and its conclusions. The
researcher can build consistency between his work and others through a
literature review. Such a review exposes the researcher to a more significant
body of knowledge and helps him follow the research process efficiently.

Step 3: Create Hypotheses

Formulating an original hypothesis is the next logical step after narrowing

down the research topic and defining it. A belief solves logical relationships
between variables. In order to establish a hypothesis, a researcher must
have a certain amount of expertise in the field.

It is important for researchers to keep in mind while formulating a hypothesis

that it must be based on the research topic. Researchers are able to
concentrate their efforts and stay committed to their objectives when they
develop theories to guide their work.

Step 4: The Research Design

Research design is the plan for achieving objectives and answering research
questions. It outlines how to get the relevant information. Its goal is to design
research to test hypotheses, address the research questions, and provide
decision-making insights.

The research design aims to minimize the time, money, and effort required
to acquire meaningful evidence. This plan fits into four categories:

• Exploration and Surveys

• Experiment
• Data Analysis
• Observation
Step 5: Describe Population

Research projects usually look at a specific group of people, facilities, or how

technology is used in the business. In research, the term population refers
to this study group. The research topic and purpose help determine the study
group.

Suppose a researcher wishes to investigate a certain group of people in the

community. In that case, the research could target a specific age group,
males or females, a geographic location, or an ethnic group. A final step in a
study’s design is to specify its sample or population so that the results may
be generalized.

Step 6: Data Collection

Data collection is important in obtaining the knowledge or information

required to answer the research issue. Every research collected data, either
from the literature or the people being studied. Data must be collected from
the two categories of researchers. These sources may provide primary data.

• Experiment
• Questionnaire
• Observation
• Interview

Secondary data categories are:

• Literature survey
• Official, unofficial reports
• An approach based on library resources

Step 7: Data Analysis

During research design, the researcher plans data analysis. After collecting
data, the researcher analyzes it. The data is examined based on the
approach in this step. The research findings are reviewed and reported.

Data analysis involves a number of closely related stages, such as setting

up categories, applying these categories to raw data through coding and
tabulation, and then drawing statistical conclusions. The researcher can
examine the acquired data using a variety of statistical methods.
Step 8: The Report-writing

After completing these steps, the researcher must prepare a report detailing
his findings. The report must be carefully composed with the following in
mind:

•
o The Layout: On the first page, the title, date, acknowledgments,
and preface should be on the report. A table of contents should
be followed by a list of tables, graphs, and charts if any.

• Introduction: It should state the research’s purpose and methods.

This section should include the study’s scope and limits.

•
o Summary of Findings: A non-technical summary of findings
and recommendations will follow the introduction. The findings
should be summarized if they’re lengthy.

• Principal Report: The main body of the report should make sense
and be broken up into sections that are easy to understand.

• Conclusion: The researcher should restate his findings at the end of

the main text. It’s the final result.
Q2. What are some examples of secondary or existing data? What is meant by
qualitative techniques of data collection? Explain.

Ans. The data those have been collected already and readily available
from other sources are called as secondary data. When compared to
primary data, these secondary data are cheaper and more quickly
obtainable. Usually, desk-based research is used to collect secondary
data.

Types of secondary dataS

Secondary data is categorised into internal (from the organization which

is under observation) data which is routinely supplied by management and
external (from outside the organization) data which is obtained from
various resources such as internet, journals, books, directories, Non-
governmental statistical data and Census data. Types of Secondary data
(Based on the suggestions of Bryman (1989); Dale et al., (1988); Hakim,
(1982 ) the secondary data is also classified into documentary data,
survey based data and multiple source secondary data.Documentary
dataWritten documents like notices, correspondence, minutes of
meetings, reports to shareholders, diaries, transcripts of speeches and
administrative and public records will come under this category. Non-
written documents such as Tape and video recordings, pictures, drawings,
films and television programmes, DVD/CD can also be considered as
documentary data.Survey-based secondary dataThe data collected by
questionnaires that have already been analyzed for their original purpose
are called as survey-based secondary data. They can be
from:CensusesContinuous/regular surveysAd hoc surveysMultiple-
source secondary dataMultiple-source secondary data can be from either
documentary or on survey data, or it could be the combination of these
data.
Q3. Oral presentation requires the researchers to be good public speakers to
explain.

Ans. Oral presentations, also known as public speaking or simply

presentations, consist of an individual or group verbally addressing an audience
on a particular topic. The aim of this is to educate, inform, entertain or present
an argument. Oral presentations are seen within workplaces, classrooms and
even at social events such as weddings. An oral presentation at university
assesses the presenter’s ability to communicate relevant information
effectively in an interesting and engaging manner.

Group presentations
In some instances, you may be required to present as part of a group to
test your ability to work as a member of a team. Working within a group
can sometimes be a challenge or a great success. To understand how to
effectively work in a group, take a look at our Group Work resource.
TIPS

▪ Divide the topic of your presentation into subtopics, and allocate one to
each group member. Doing this will ensure that the workload is
evenly shared and that everyone takes part in the assessment.
▪ Rehearse together as a group. Although it may seem easy for each
group member to go off and cover their own section alone, not
having regular group meetings or rehearsals will cause your
presentation to appear disjointed.
▪ Ensure the presentation is consistent by using a consistent style for your
visual aids. If the visual aids your group uses are not consistent in
format, colour and font styles, it will be clear to the marker that you
have not been working as a team.
▪ Use a cloud-based service or platform to create your presentation. Most
cloud-based services and platforms have functions that allow you to
work on materials remotely from one another. Check out our digital
presentation resources to learn more.
Planning and presenting an oral presentation

Planning your oral presentation

The most important factors for a successful presentation are: careful

planning, lots of practice and engaging the audience. It's a good idea to
watch some professional presentations online to get a sense of what good
speakers do.
▪ Review the subject outline. Look for all relevant detail that you will
need to understand the requirements of the task, including when it is
due, the weight of the assessment, and the length of time you have
to present. Review the assessment criteria. What are you are being
assessed on?
▪ Analyse the task. Determine the purpose of the presentation. Do you
need to answer a specific question?
▪ Consider the audience. What are their expectations of your content
and delivery?
▪ Brainstorm. Map out everything you already know about the topic.
Write out any ideas you can use to interact with the audience, or
engage them, and jot down what questions, explanations and
information you want the audience to be provided with.
▪ Do the research. Find relevant material, take notes, and remember to
keep the references you used.
▪ Organise your ideas. Create a logical presentation so the information
flows well.
▪ Pay attention to the language you are using. Presentations should be
delivered in spoken or conversational language rather than written
 language. Spoken language is much easier for your audience to
follow.

Audience interaction and engagement

Even if it isn’t a specific requirement, it is good practice to engage the
audience and/or to have them interact during your presentation. Examples
of ways to ensure audience interaction are:
Asking questions, testing the audience, providing a quiz.
Allowing the audience to ask questions.
Providing handouts – consider a ‘fill in the blank’ document that goes
hand-in-hand with a slideshow or the information you are presenting.
Asking someone to volunteer if there are demonstrations.
Providing small gift bags with information and some lollies.

Using visual aids

In many oral presentation assessments you will be allowed or required to
use visual aids, such as slides, images or props, to add an interesting
feature and engage the audience. Keep your visual aids clear and to the
point, and ensure that they are easily readable by your audience.
Preparing to present
Once you have completed writing your presentation – remember, this
needs to sound like spoken language, not written language! - and have
finalised your visual aids, it is time to practice the presentation. When
practicing your speech consider these aspects:
Speak slowly and clearly.
Don’t read off your palm cards.
Maintain eye contact with the audience.
Maintain good posture so you can be clearly heard.
Use natural hand gestures.
Use a natural tone of voice.
Practice to improve your confidence.
Practice pronunciation of difficult words by breaking them into syllables.
Be mindful of your body language.
Time yourself to make sure you are within the time limits.
It is also important that you use this time to make sure that you are fully
prepared. Do you need to collect props? Have you thought about how you
will access your visual aids?
Image transcription
Write your speech in dot points
Practice reading aloud
Understand the topic and material, learn the information in your speech,
don’t just memorise it, this way your presentation sounds more authentic
Remember to smile
Give handouts with more information
On the day of your presentation
On the day of your presentation, you might feel anxious or nervous and
that is completely normally. Have confidence in your ability, the
presentation you have planned, and the preparation you have done.
Q4. How is research report written?
Ans. Reports are usually spread across a vast horizon of topics but are
focused on communicating information about a particular topic and a
niche target market. The primary motive of research reports is to convey
integral details about a study for marketers to consider while designing
new strategies.
Certain events, facts, and other information based on incidents need to be
relayed to the people in charge, and creating research reports is the most
effective communication tool. Ideal research reports are extremely
accurate in the offered information with a clear objective and conclusion.
These reports should have a clean and structured format to relay
information effectively.
Different Steps in Report Writing:
It is the critical stage and hence it requires patience. These is no
mechanical formulate to present a report, though there are certain steps
to be followed while writing a research report. The usual steps in report
writing can be indicated in the following manner:
Logical analysis of subject matter.
Preparation of final outline.
Preparation of Rough Draft.
Rewriting and Polishing.
Preparation of final Bibliography.
Writing the final draft.
It is pertinent to follow these steps and hence it is essential to understand
these steps thoroughly.
(a) Logical analysis of subject matter:
When a researcher thinks of doing a research, he must select subject and
topic of his research work. The subject must be of his own interest and
there must be scope for further research. Such can be selected and
developed logically or chronologically. He must find out mental
connections and associations by way of analysis to finalize his subject.
Logical treatment often consists in developing from the simple possible to
the most complex strictures. He can use the deductive method or inductive
method in his research work. Secondly the alternative in selecting research
subject is to use chronological method. In this method, he should
concentrate on the connection or sequence in time or occurrence. The
directions for doing or making something usually follow the chronological
method. In this method, he should concentrate on the connection or
sequence in time or occurrence. The directions for doing or making
something usually follow the chronological order.
(b) Preparation of final outline:
Outlines are the framework upon which long written works are
constructed. It is an aid to logical organization of the material and
remainder of the points to be stressed in the report. He should rely
on review of literature. The earlier research works can provide basic
information as well as thinking to the researcher to pursue his subject.
(c) Preparation of rough draft:
The purpose of the report is to convey to the interested persons the whole
result of the study in sufficient detail and so arranged as to enable each
reader to comprehend the data an so determine for himself the validity of
conclusions. Taking into account this purpose of research, the research
report writing has its own significance. The researcher has already
collected primary data and secondary data. He has also set his objectives
of the study. Taking into account the objectives his study, he should make
an attempt to prepare a draft report on the basis of analysis of the data. He
should prepare a procedure to be followed in report writing. He must
mention the limitations of his study. He may analyze data systematically
with the help of statistical methods to arrive at the conclusions. The
research is fact finding study which may lead the researcher to point out
suggestions or recommendations.
(d) Rewriting and Polishing the rough Draft:
Research is a continuous process. Research is not the essay writing.
Researcher must consider the data, write down his findings, reconsider
them, and rewrite. This careful revision makes the difference between a
mediocre and a good piece of writing. The researcher must concentrate on
weakness in the logical development or presentation. He should check the
consistency in his presentation. He must be aware that his report writing
must be of definite pattern. He must also take at most care of the
language of writing a report.
(e) Bibliography:
This helps the researcher to collect secondary source of the data. This is
also useful to review the earlier research work. He should prepare the
bibliography from the beginning of his research work. While selecting a
topic or subject of research, he must refer books, journals, research
projects and enlist the important documents in systematic manner. The
bibliography must be in proper form. The researcher must have separate
cards, indicating following details, readily available with him, so that he
can make a note of it while he refers to a book/journal/research report.
Q5. How are research problems formulated?

Ans. A research problem is a clear and definite statement or expression

about your chosen area of concern, a difficulty to eliminate, a condition to
improve, or a troubling problem that exists in theory, literature, and
practice. A research problem indicates a need for its meaningful
investigation. It doesn’t state how to do something and a researcher
shouldn’t present a value question or offer a broad research proposal.

A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition

to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that
exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need
for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. In some social
science disciplines the research problem is typically posed in the form of
a question. A research problem does not state how to do something, offer
a vague or broad proposition, or present a value question.

The purpose of a problem statement is to:

Introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. The
reader is oriented to the significance of the study and the research
questions or hypotheses to follow.

Places the problem into a particular context that defines the parameters
of what is to be investigated.
Provides the framework for reporting the results and indicates what is
probably necessary to conduct the study and explain how the findings will
present this information.

3 types of research problems

Here are three types of research problems that can help you decide on
the best format to use:

1. Theoretical research problems

Theoretical research problems allow you to contribute to the overall

information and knowledge in an area of study. These kinds of research
problems are exploratory and provide basic definitions of a problem's
overarching nature or areas of informational gaps. Theoretical research
problems can address contradictions between two or more perspectives
or address an unresolved question. Researchers develop their
hypotheses for these problems according to a particular theory, typically
stemming from social philosophy. For example, Albert Einstein's theory of
relativity began as a theoretical research problem before he eventually
proved it in the early 20th century.

2. Applied research problems

Applied research problems, or non-systematic problems, involve the

practical use of theoretical knowledge, meaning that scholars may use a
particular theoretical framework to gain information. It also includes an
exploratory hypothesis and tests to verify the accuracy of the hypothesis.
Social scientists typically use applied research problems in studies where
the objective is to provide practical and applicable solutions to help
specific individuals and groups if they encounter challenges. For example,
a marketing company may define an applied research problem of how to
better market its services to a particular audience.

3. Action research problems

Similar to applied research problems, action research problems also aim

to provide solutions for problems but are typically more time-sensitive in
nature. Action research problems can also be one component of a larger
reflective process that combines ongoing research, analysis and action.
Researchers develop and implement a research strategy to create
innovative solutions and discoveries as soon as possible. For example,
an action research problem in education might include finding a solution
for a district-wide problem impeding student success. This may include
school staff members working together and using district-wide action
research data to find a solution.

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