REVIEW 501-750 Ans.

Question ID 6977d22b
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Cross-Text

Connections
ID: 6977d22b
Text 1
Ecologists have long wondered how thousands of microscopic phytoplankton species can live together near ocean surfaces
competing for the same resources. According to conventional wisdom, one species should emerge after outcompeting the
rest. So why do so many species remain? Ecologists’ many efforts to explain this phenomenon still haven’t uncovered a
satisfactory explanation.
Text 2
Ecologist Michael Behrenfeld and colleagues have connected phytoplankton’s diversity to their microscopic size. Because
these organisms are so tiny, they are spaced relatively far apart from each other in ocean water and, moreover, experience
that water as a relatively dense substance. This in turn makes it hard for them to move around and interact with one another.
Therefore, says Behrenfeld’s team, direct competition among phytoplankton probably happens much less than previously
thought.
Based on the texts, how would Behrenfeld and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the “conventional wisdom”
discussed in Text 1?
A. By arguing that it is based on a misconception about phytoplankton species competing with one another
B. By asserting that it fails to recognize that routine replenishment of ocean nutrients prevents competition between
phytoplankton species
C. By suggesting that their own findings help clarify how phytoplankton species are able to compete with larger organisms
D. By recommending that more ecologists focus their research on how competition among phytoplankton species is
increased with water density
ID: 6977d22b Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer because based on Text 2, it represents how Behrenfeld and colleagues would most likely
respond to the “conventional wisdom” discussed in Text 1. The conventional wisdom cited holds the opinion that when there
is species diversity within a phytoplankton population, “one species should emerge after outcompeting the rest”—that is,
after being so successful in competing for resources that the other species vanish from the population. However, Text 2
explains that according to Behrenfeld and colleagues, phytoplankton are so small and spaced so far apart in the water that
there is “much less” direct competition for resources within phytoplankton populations than scientists had previously
thought.
Choice B is incorrect because Text 2 never discusses whether routine replenishment of ocean nutrients affects competition
between phytoplankton species. Choice C is incorrect because the interspecies competition discussed in both texts is
specifically between phytoplankton species, and neither text considers whether phytoplankton compete for resources with
larger nonphytoplankton species. Choice D is incorrect because according to Text 2, Behrenfeld and colleagues argue that
water density decreases, not increases, competition between phytoplankton species.
Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID c106b9f7

Connections
ID: c106b9f7
Text 1
American sculptor Edmonia Lewis is best known for her sculptures that represent figures from history and mythology, such
as The Death of Cleopatra and Hagar. Although Lewis sculpted other subjects, her career as a sculptor is best represented by
the works in which she depicted these historical and mythical themes.
Text 2
Art historians have typically ignored the many portrait busts Edmonia Lewis created. Lewis likely carved these busts
(sculptures of a person’s head) frequently throughout her long career. She is known for her sculptures that represent
historical figures, but Lewis likely supported herself financially by carving portrait busts for acquaintances who paid her to
represent their features. Thus, Lewis’s portrait busts are a central aspect of her career as a sculptor.
Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?
A. Lewis’s portrait busts have overshadowed her other work.
B. The Death of Cleopatra is Lewis’s most famous piece.
C. Sculpting representations of historical figures was a short-lived trend.
D. Lewis’s works are varied in the subjects they depict.
ID: c106b9f7 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. Author 1 acknowledges that Lewis sculpted other subjects besides historical and mythical
figures, suggesting a variety of subjects depicted. Author 2 mentions that Lewis carved portrait busts as well as historical
sculptures, which also implies variation among Lewis’s subjects.
Choice A is incorrect. Neither text suggests that Lewis’s portrait busts have received more attention or appreciation than her
other work. Author 1 briefly mentions her “other works,” but mostly focuses on her historical and mythical works. Author 2
states that art historians have typically ignored her portrait busts, which suggests that they haven’t overshadowed her other
work. Choice B is incorrect. Neither text explicitly states that The Death of Cleopatra is Lewis’s most famous piece. Author 1
mentions it as one example of her historical works, but does not single it out as being more important or influential than
Hagar. Author 2 does not mention it at all, focusing instead on her portrait busts. Choice C is incorrect. This choice isn’t
supported by the texts. Neither text suggests that sculpting historical figures was a trend that faded quickly.
Question Difficulty: Easy

Question ID ae2b3112
SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Text Structure and
Purpose
ID: ae2b3112
By combining Indigenous and classical music, Cree composer and cellist Cris Derksen creates works that reflect the diverse
cultural landscape of Canada. For her album Orchestral Powwow, Derksen composed new songs in the style of traditional
powwow music that were accompanied by classical arrangements played by an orchestra. But where an orchestra would
normally follow the directions of a conductor, the musicians on Orchestral Powwow are led by the beat of a powwow drum.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To examine how Derksen’s musical compositions blend cultures
B. To argue that Derksen should be recognized for creating a new style of music
C. To describe the difficulties Derksen encountered when producing her album
D. To establish a contrast between Derksen’s classical training and her Cree heritage
ID: ae2b3112 Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text, which is to discuss how
Derksen’s compositions incorporate elements from both Indigenous and classical music. After introducing Derksen, the text
describes how the songs Derksen composed for her album Orchestral Powwow feature aspects of the two musical
traditions. Specifically, the text notes that Derksen wrote songs in the style of traditional powwow music but accompanied
them with classical arrangements played by an orchestra that followed the beat of a powwow drum rather than the
directions of a conductor. In this way, Derksen’s compositions blend different cultures.
Choice B is incorrect because although the text suggests that Derksen’s songs contain innovative elements since they blend
styles from two different musical traditions, it doesn’t discuss whether her compositions constitute a new style of music, let
alone whether Derksen should be recognized for creating a new style of music. Choice C is incorrect because the text
doesn’t mention any difficulties Derksen encountered when producing her album. Rather, the text describes how the songs
on the album exemplify how Derksen combines music from two different cultures. Choice D is incorrect because although
the text mentions Derksen’s Cree heritage and suggests that she relies on knowledge of both Indigenous and classical music
when she composes her songs, it doesn’t discuss her musical training. Additionally, the text is primarily focused on how
Derksen combines different cultural traditions, not on contrasting Derksen’s training with her heritage.
Question Difficulty: Medium

Question ID 48555763
Purpose
ID: 48555763
The following text is from Herman Melville’s 1854 novel The Lightning-rod Man.
The stranger still stood in the exact middle of the cottage, where he had first planted himself. His singularity impelled a
closer scrutiny. A lean, gloomy figure. Hair dark and lank, mattedly streaked over his brow. His sunken pitfalls of eyes were
ringed by indigo halos, and played with an innocuous sort of lightning: the gleam without the bolt. The whole man was
dripping. He stood in a puddle on the bare oak floor: his strange walking-stick vertically resting at his side.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the text?
A. It elaborates on the previous sentence’s description of the character.
B. It introduces the setting that is described in the sentences that follow.
C. It establishes a contrast with the description in the previous sentence.
D. It sets up the character description presented in the sentences that follow.
ID: 48555763 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. This best states the function of the underlined sentence. The sentence basically says: “He
stood out, so I looked more closely at him.” Then the rest of the text describes him in detail.
Choice A is incorrect. This doesn’t state the function of the underlined sentence. The previous sentence basically says: “He
was still standing in the middle of the cottage”—it doesn’t include any description of the character himself. Choice B is
incorrect. This doesn’t state the function of the underlined sentence. The following sentences describe the character, not the
setting. Choice C is incorrect. This doesn’t state the function of the underlined sentence. The underlined sentence basically
says: “He stood out, so I looked more closely at him.” The previous sentence basically says: “He was still standing in the
middle of the cottage.” There’s no contrast between these two sentences.

Question ID aa7fc89b
Purpose
ID: aa7fc89b
The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell’s 1912 short story “‘Out There.’” An elderly shop owner is looking at a
picture that he recently acquired and hopes to sell.
It did seem that the picture failed to fit in with the rest of the shop. A persuasive young fellow who claimed he was closing
out his stock let the old man have it for what he called a song. It was only a little out-of-the-way store which subsisted
chiefly on the framing of pictures. The old man looked around at his views of the city, his pictures of cats and dogs, his
flaming bits of landscape. “Don’t belong in here,” he fumed.
And yet the old man was secretly proud of his acquisition. There was a hidden dignity in his scowling as he shuffled about
pondering the least ridiculous place for the picture.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To reveal the shop owner’s conflicted feelings about the new picture
B. To convey the shop owner’s resentment of the person he got the new picture from
C. To describe the items that the shop owner most highly prizes
D. To explain differences between the new picture and other pictures in the shop
ID: aa7fc89b Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes the main purpose of the text. The text begins by stating
that the new picture “failed to fit in” with the other items that the shop owner has. The text goes on to illustrate that point by
describing the other pictures the shop owner has, indicating that the shop owner is fuming because he doesn’t think the new
picture belongs in the store. In the second paragraph, however, the text indicates that the shop owner is “secretly proud of
his acquisition.” The main purpose of the text is thus to reveal the shop owner’s conflicted feelings about the new picture.
Choice B is incorrect because the text doesn’t suggest that the shop owner resents the young man who sold him the new
picture; in fact, the text gives no indication of the owner’s feelings about the young man at all. Choice C is incorrect. Although
the text indicates that the new picture is different from the other items in the shop, there’s no suggestion that the shop owner
prizes either the new picture or the pictures of the city, pets, and landscapes more than he prizes any other items. Choice D
is incorrect because the text doesn’t describe what the new picture looks like; rather, the text identifies some of the other
kinds of images that the shop owner has and states that they’re different from the new picture without explaining how
they’re different.

Question ID b4d29611
Purpose
ID: b4d29611
Michelene Pesantubbee, a historian and citizen of the Choctaw Nation, has identified a dilemma inherent to research on the
status of women in her tribe during the 1600s and 1700s: the primary sources from that era, travel narratives and other
accounts by male European colonizers, underestimate the degree of power conferred on Choctaw women by their traditional
roles in political, civic, and ceremonial life. Pesantubbee argues that the Choctaw oral tradition and findings from
archaeological sites in the tribe’s homeland supplement the written record by providing crucial insights into those roles.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It details the shortcomings of certain historical sources, then argues that research should avoid those sources
altogether.
B. It describes a problem that arises in research on a particular topic, then sketches a historian’s approach to addressing
that problem.
C. It lists the advantages of a particular research method, then acknowledges a historian’s criticism of that method.
D. It characterizes a particular topic as especially challenging to research, then suggests a related topic for historians to
pursue instead.
ID: b4d29611 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. The text begins by stating a problem with research on the status of Choctaw women in the
1600s and 1700s: written primary sources underestimate the power they had in their traditional roles. Then it presents one
historian’s solution: looking to oral tradition and archeological findings for more insight into these roles.
Choice A is incorrect. This isn’t the overall structure. The text never says that research should avoid written primary sources,
just that research should also use oral tradition and archeological sites as sources. Choice C is incorrect. This isn’t the
overall structure. The text never mentions the advantages of using written primary sources. Choice D is incorrect. This isn’t
the overall structure. The text never says that the status of Choctaw women during the 1600s and 1700s is too challenging
to research. And it doesn’t mention any other topics to research instead.

Question ID 35e21b06

Connections
ID: 35e21b06
Text 1
Dominique Potvin and colleagues captured five Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) to test a new design for attaching
tracking devices to birds. As the researchers fitted each magpie with a tracker attached by a small harness, they noticed
some magpies without trackers pecking at another magpie’s tracker until it broke off. The researchers suggest that this
behavior could be evidence of magpies attempting to help another magpie without benefiting themselves.
Text 2
It can be tempting to think that animals are deliberately providing help when we see them removing trackers and other
equipment from one another, especially when a species is known to exhibit other cooperative behaviors. At the same time, it
can be difficult to exclude the possibility that individuals are simply interested in the equipment because of its novelty,
curiously pawing or pecking at it until it detaches.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the researchers’ perspective in Text 1 on the
behavior of the magpies without trackers?
A. That behavior might have been due to the novelty of the magpies’ captive setting rather than to the novelty of the tracker.
B. That behavior likely indicates that the magpies were deliberately attempting to benefit themselves by obtaining the
tracker.
C. That behavior may not be evidence of selflessness in Gymnorhina tibicen because not all the captured magpies
demonstrated it.
D. That behavior might be adequately explained without suggesting that the magpies were attempting to assist the other
magpie.
ID: 35e21b06 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer because it reflects how the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to the researchers’
perspective in Text 1 on the behavior of the magpies without trackers. According to Text 1, Dominique Potvin and colleagues
observed magpies without trackers pecking at a tracker on another magpie until the device fell off. The researchers
suggested that the birds might have been attempting to help the other bird, with no benefit to themselves. Text 2 generally
discusses scenarios in which animals have been observed removing trackers from each other. The text cautions that it
shouldn’t be assumed that these animals are helping one another deliberately, since they might simply be pecking at trackers
out of curiosity, causing them to fall off eventually. Therefore, the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to Potvin and
colleagues’ perspective in Text 1 by saying that the behavior of the magpies without trackers could be adequately explained
without suggesting that they were attempting to assist the other magpie.
Choice A is incorrect because Text 2 never discusses the novelty, or the newness and unusual quality, of the captive settings
in which animals have been observed to remove trackers from other animals, nor does it suggest that such novelty might
account for this behavior. Instead, the text suggests that it’s the novelty of the tracking equipment itself that might cause the
behavior: interested in the trackers because they’re unusual, animals might paw or peck at them until they fall off. Choice B
is incorrect because Text 2 never suggests that when animals remove trackers from other animals, they do so because they
wish to obtain the trackers for themselves. Instead, Text 2 argues that animals paw or peck at trackers because they are
merely curious about them. Choice C is incorrect because Text 2 doesn’t argue that when captured animals are observed
removing trackers from each other, their behavior should be regarded as selfless only if all of them participate in it. Instead,
the text argues that the behavior may not be selfless at all and may instead be attributed to animals’ curiosity about the new
and unusual trackers.

Question ID e8fb0744
SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Words in Context
ID: e8fb0744
As an undergraduate researcher in anthropology, Jennifer C. Chen contributed to a groundbreaking study challenging the
accepted view that among prehistoric peoples, female participation in hunting was ______. The research team’s review of
data from late Pleistocene and early Holocene burials in the Americas revealed that, in fact, as many as half of the hunters in
those populations were female.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. inevitable
B. satisfactory
C. negligible
D. commonplace
ID: e8fb0744 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text’s discussion of the study of female participation in
hunting among prehistoric peoples. In this context, “negligible” means not significant enough to be worth considering. The
text says that the study challenged the accepted view of female participation in hunting among prehistoric peoples. The text
goes on to say that the researchers found that “in fact, as many as half” the hunters in the groups studied were female. The
phrase “in fact” establishes a contrast indicating that the finding that as many as half the hunters were female differs from
the accepted view. This context suggests, then, that the accepted view is that female participation in hunting was negligible.
Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that the study challenged the accepted view by showing that as many as
half of hunters among prehistoric peoples were female, which suggests that the accepted view is that female participation
was low, not that female participation was “inevitable,” or unavoidable. Nothing in the text suggests that the accepted view is
that prehistoric peoples could not avoid female participation in hunting. Choice B is incorrect because nothing in the text
suggests that the accepted view of female participation in hunting among prehistoric peoples is that such participation was
“satisfactory,” or sufficient to meet a requirement or demand. There is no information in the text about any demands or
requirements regarding female participation in hunting, let alone any information about how much female participation in
hunting would be enough to satisfy those demands or requirements. Instead, the text indicates that the study challenged the
accepted view by showing that as many as half the hunters in the groups studied were female, suggesting that the accepted
view is that female participation in hunting was low. Choice D is incorrect because the text indicates that the study
challenged the accepted view by showing that as many as half of hunters among the prehistoric peoples studied were
female, which suggests that the accepted view is that female participation was low, not that female participation was
“commonplace,” or ordinary or unremarkable. Although the study under discussion suggests that female participation may
have been commonplace, that study is presented as challenging the accepted view, not as reinforcing the accepted view.
Question ID 221ecf0f
SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions
ID: 221ecf0f
Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873–1908) varied his focus and tone depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his
poetry, he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of his natural surroundings; in his journalism, ______
he employed humor and satire to comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. that is,
B. granted,
C. similarly,
D. by contrast,
ID: 221ecf0f Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. This sentence compares two examples of Posey’s tone: the “heartfelt language” he used in his
poetry versus the “humor and satire” he used in his journalism. We know from these descriptions and from the claim in the
previous sentence that the two tones are very different from each other. So the transition “by contrast” fits the context
perfectly.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates a restatement of the same idea in other words. But the text
isn’t restating the first example here. Instead, it’s offering a second, totally different example. Choice B is incorrect. This
choice uses a transition that means “admittedly.” But the text isn’t admitting or conceding anything here. Instead, these two
examples work together to support the claim made in the first sentence. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a transition
that indicates the addition of an agreeing idea. But these two examples are intentionally very different from each other, so
“similarly” doesn’t make sense here.

Question ID bb275f0d
SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical

Synthesis
ID: bb275f0d
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks, yards, and gardens.
This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening bees’ immune systems.
On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a harsh winter.
Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn or wheat.
On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will survive a harsh winter.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about honeybees. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Cities tend to have a wider range of flowering vegetation than do rural areas, which are often dominated by monoculture
crops.
B. In urban areas, over 60 percent of honeybees, on average, will survive a harsh winter, whereas in rural areas, only 40
percent will.
C. The strength of honeybees’ immune systems depends on what the bees eat, and a varied diet is more available to bees in
an urban area than to those in a rural area.
D. Honeybees are more likely to thrive in cities than in rural areas because the varied diet available in urban areas
strengthens the bees’ immune systems.
ID: bb275f0d Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer because the sentence makes and supports a generalization about honeybees. It claims that
honeybees living in urban areas are more likely to thrive than rural bees, and it supports the claim with information about the
effect of a varied diet on urban bees’ immune systems.
Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence makes a generalization, it doesn’t mention honeybees. Choice B is incorrect. While
the sentence provides data about honeybee survival, it doesn’t make a generalization about honeybees based on this
information. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence makes a generalization about honeybees’ diets and immune systems,
it doesn’t provide adequate support for this generalization.

Question ID 1a8126aa
ID: 1a8126aa
In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old
recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the dish, known as pašrūtum (“unwinding”), they found that it
had a mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. ______ the researchers, knowing that dishes were sometimes named after
their intended effects, theorized that the dish’s name, “unwinding,” referred to its function: to help ancient diners relax.
A. Therefore,
B. Alternately,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Likewise,
ID: 1a8126aa Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. "Therefore" logically signals that the action described in this sentence—the researchers
theorizing that the dish was named for its effect on diners—is a result or consequence of the previous observation that the
dish had a calming effect.
Choice B is incorrect because "alternately" illogically signals that the action described in this sentence offers an alternative
or contrast to the previous observation that the dish had a calming effect. Instead, the action is a result or consequence of
that observation. Choice C is incorrect because "nevertheless" illogically signals that the action described in this sentence
occurs despite the previous observation that the dish had a calming effect. Instead, the action is a result or consequence of
that observation. Choice D is incorrect because "likewise" illogically signals that this sentence merely adds a second, similar
detail to the previous observation that the dish had a calming effect. Instead, this sentence describes an action that is a
result or consequence of that observation.

Question ID 74149724

Synthesis
ID: 74149724
John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King
James.
Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact was
a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
B. Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of
Virginia.”
C. The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to
Plymouth Colony.
D. The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
ID: 74149724 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. The sentence specifies the reason the Mayflower Compact was created, noting that it was
created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence provides background information about the Mayflower Compact and notes the
signatories’ goal for the colony, it doesn’t specify why the compact was created. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence
provides background information about the Mayflower Compact and notes the signatories’ goal for the colony, it doesn’t
specify why the compact was created. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence specifies the number of pilgrims that signed the
Mayflower Compact; it doesn’t specify the reason the compact was created.

Question ID af88c47a

Synthesis
ID: af88c47a
Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.
The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series: Video Game High
School.
B. Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects, and
it was nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.
C. Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be nominated for a Producers
Guild Award.
D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.
ID: af88c47a Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. This choice introduces Wong and VGHS in an active and specific way, as if to an audience
unfamiliar with the series. It also sets up the time and genre of the web series, which are useful ways to introduce the series
of events in a narrative.
Choice B is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for beginning a narrative. A narrative is a story that follows a sequence of
events and creates interest and suspense for the reader. This choice jumps to the end, explaining the success of VGHS
without explaining what it is. Choice C is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for beginning a narrative. It doesn’t actually
introduce the web series by name. It just jumps to later in the story without sufficient explanation. Choice D is incorrect. This
choice is not very effective for beginning a narrative. It doesn’t explain what VGHS is, and it doesn’t mention Wong.

Question ID 9502ec65
ID: 9502ec65
When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. ______
contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high concentrations of metals absorb
the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and safely disposed of, preserving the health of the
plants.
A. Alternatively,
B. Specifically,
C. For example,
D. As a result,
ID: 9502ec65 Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Alternatively” logically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence
—removing toxic metals from the soil via phytoremediation—offers an alternative to the previously described method
(removing the contaminated soil from the ground).
Choice B is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this
sentence specifies or elaborates on an aspect of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the
ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an alternative to that method. Choice C is incorrect because “for example” illogically
signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence is an example of the previously described method
(removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an alternative to that method. Choice D is
incorrect because “as a result” illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence is a result
or consequence of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead,
phytoremediation is an alternative to that method.

Question ID 5d3177aa

Synthesis
ID: 5d3177aa
In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system for immigrants.
The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year was based on how many people from that country
lived in the US in 1890.
This system favored immigrants from northern Europe.
Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany.
The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system.
The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US
immigration. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany at the time the Hart-Celler Act
was proposed.
B. Prior to the Hart-Celler Act, new immigration quotas were based on how many people from each country lived in the US in
1890.
C. The quota system in place in the early 1960s was abolished by the 1965 Hart-Celler Act.
D. The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system, which favored immigrants from northern Europe.
ID: 5d3177aa Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The sentence presents the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the
history of US immigration, noting that the 1965 act abolished the national-origins quota system and explaining why that
mattered, historically: because the old quota system had favored immigrants from northern Europe.
Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes an aspect of immigration policy at the time the Hart-Celler Act was proposed;
it doesn’t present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Choice
B is incorrect. The sentence describes an aspect of immigration policy before the Hart-Celler Act; it doesn’t describe or
present the significance of the act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Choice C is incorrect. While
the sentence indicates that the Hart-Celler Act abolished the old quota system, it doesn’t explain the act or the quota system
to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration.

Question ID 00e0170f
ID: 00e0170f
Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are suspended above a track by powerful electromagnets, reducing friction and thus
allowing for much faster speeds. Though maglev advocates in the US have long imagined these trains crisscrossing the
country, their dream remains unrealized. ______ of the handful of maglev trains currently in operation, all are in Asia.
A. In fact,
B. To that end,
C. Nevertheless,
D. That said,
ID: 00e0170f Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. This sentence emphasizes just how far maglev advocates’ dreams are from coming true. “In
fact” is a transition used to emphasize the truth of a statement that modifies the previous statement and therefore fits
perfectly in this context.
Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which doesn’t make sense here. Maglev advocates’
dream remaining unrealized would not cause there to be only a few maglev trains, all located in Asia. Choice C is incorrect.
This choice uses a disagreement transition, which doesn’t make sense here. In fact, this sentence agrees with the previous
sentence—both talk about how maglev trains are far from becoming common in the US. Choice D is incorrect. This choice
uses a disagreement transition, which doesn’t make sense here. In fact, this sentence agrees with the previous sentence—
both talk about how maglev trains are far from becoming common in the US.

Question ID c071eca2
ID: c071eca2
Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn’t reject traditional forms entirely;
her poem “Elegy for a Woman of No Importance” consists of two ten-line stanzas and a standard number of syllables. Even
in this superficially traditional work, ______ Al-Malaika was breaking new ground by memorializing an anonymous woman
rather than a famous man.
A. therefore,
B. in fact,
C. moreover,
D. though,
ID: c071eca2 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika sometimes used "traditional forms". The second tells
us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was "breaking new ground". To connect these ideas, we need a
contrast word like "but." "Though" is a contrast word similar to "but."
Choice A is incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika sometimes used "traditional
forms". The second tells us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was "breaking new ground". To connect
these ideas, we need a contrast word like "but." "Therefore" doesn’t show contrast; it shows cause and effect. Choice B is
incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika sometimes used "traditional forms". The
second tells us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was "breaking new ground". To connect these ideas,
we need a contrast word like "but." "In fact" is a phrase that usually emphasizes the truth of the previous statement. Choice C
is incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika sometimes used "traditional forms". The
second tells us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was "breaking new ground". To connect these ideas,
we need a contrast word like "but." "Moreover" doesn’t show contrast—it introduces additional information that continues or
supports the previous idea.

Question ID 5b8b69a2

Synthesis
ID: 5b8b69a2
Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea.
They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the
Americas.
Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose.
The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix of
marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.
This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.
The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources”
such as seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.
B. One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the kelp highway hypothesis proposed by Jon Erlandson
and colleagues.
C. Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines and
subsisting on a variety of resources.
D. As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands and coastal zones were submerged.
ID: 5b8b69a2 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. This choice summarizes the main idea of the kelp highway hypothesis, providing a high-level
overview of how the hypothesis explains human migration to the Americas.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice describes one aspect of the proposed scenario but doesn’t discuss human migration,
which is the main focus of the kelp highway hypothesis. Choice B is incorrect. This choice introduces the kelp highway
hypothesis but doesn’t explain what it entails. Choice D is incorrect. This choice describes one element of the proposed
scenario but doesn’t discuss human migration, which is the main focus of the kelp highway hypothesis.

Question ID 1773fa73

Synthesis
ID: 1773fa73
A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase of a commodity on the world
market.
Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary commodity chain of matsutake mushrooms.
At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.
At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan.
According to Tsing, “Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake in
Japan first became clear.”
The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The contemporary matsutake commodity chain has its origins in the 1980s when, according to Tsing, “the scarcity of
matsutake in Japan first became clear.”
B. Commodity chains include the linked production and purchase of commodities, such as the matsutake mushroom, on
the world market.
C. Decades after the Japanese import of matsutake began, a commodity chain now links matsutake pickers in Oregon with
wealthy consumers of the costly mushrooms in Japan.
D. Wealthy consumers who buy the costly mushrooms in Japan are at one end of the matsutake commodity chain.
ID: 1773fa73 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. The sentence provides an overview of the matsutake commodity chain, connecting the Oregon
mushroom pickers at one end to the Japanese consumers at the other.
Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the matsutake commodity chain, it focuses only on its origins; it does not
provide an overview. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence provides a general definition of commodity chains, not an overview
of the matsutake chain. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the matsutake commodity chain, it focuses only
on one end of the chain (the consumers); it does not provide an overview.

Question ID 176edca6
ID: 176edca6
A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of iconicity—the similarity of a sign to the thing it represents—in
language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity of a sign, the more likely it was to have been learned.
______ the correlation between acquisition and iconicity was lower than that between acquisition and another factor studied:
sign frequency.
A. In fact,
B. In other words,
C. Granted,
D. As a result,
ID: 176edca6 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Granted” logically signals that the following information—that iconicity is not as highly
correlated with acquisition as sign frequency—is true in spite of the information about the correlation between iconicity and
acquisition in the previous sentence.
Choice A is incorrect because “in fact” illogically signals that the sentence that follows either emphasizes or refutes the
information in the previous sentence regarding the correlation between iconicity and acquisition. Instead, the sentence that
follows provides additional information that is true in spite of the preceding information; it neither emphasizes nor refutes
that information. Choice B is incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals that the sentence that follows is a
restatement of the information in the previous sentence; instead, the sentence that follows provides additional information
that is true in spite of the preceding information. Choice D is incorrect because “as a result” illogically signals that the
sentence that follows is a result of the information in the previous sentence regarding the correlation between iconicity and
acquisition; instead, the sentence that follows is true in spite of the preceding information.

Question ID 04397a63

Synthesis
ID: 04397a63
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native nations in the northeastern US.
The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law of Peace.
Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the principles of the Great Law of Peace
influenced the US Constitution.
This theory is called the influence theory.
Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee
Confederacy.
The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Historian Bruce Johansen believes that the Great Law of Peace was very influential.
B. The influence theory is supported by the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the
Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
C. The influence theory holds that the principles of the Great Law of Peace, a centuries-old agreement binding six Native
nations in the northeastern US, influenced the US Constitution.
D. Native people, including the members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, influenced the founding of the US in many
different ways.
ID: 04397a63 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively presents the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the
Haudenosaunee Confederacy, explaining the theory’s position that the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution
while avoiding mention of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy itself.
Choice A is incorrect. The sentence broadly emphasizes Johansen’s ideas about the Great Law of Peace; it doesn’t identify
the influence theory or effectively present it. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes one fact that supports the
influence theory; it doesn’t effectively present the theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
Choice D is incorrect. The sentence makes a broad generalization about Native people’s influence on the founding of the US;
it doesn’t effectively present the influence theory.

Question ID 3dcc7140

Synthesis
ID: 3dcc7140
Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having at
least 50 permanent residents.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported by some nissologists, scientists who
study islands.
B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of an island.
C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at least 50 permanent residents.
D. Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of islands, as the example of Sweden shows.
ID: 3dcc7140 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The sentence makes a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island—specifically,
that the use of one definition rather than another can result in huge disparities in the number of islands counted—and
supports that generalization by citing Sweden as an example.
Choice A is incorrect. The sentence introduces one definition of an island to an audience unfamiliar with nissologists; it
doesn’t make a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence
synthesizes information from the notes about counts of Sweden’s islands, it doesn’t make and support a generalization
about nissologists’ definition of an island. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence makes an inference about islands in Sweden;
it doesn’t mention nissologists’ definition of an island or make a generalization about it.

Question ID d54e16ee
ID: d54e16ee
Originally coined by economist Joan Robinson to refer to markets with multiple sellers of a product but only one buyer, the
term “monopsony” can also refer to markets where demand for labor is limited. In a product monopsony, the single buyer
can force sellers to lower their prices. ______ in a labor monopsony, employers can force workers to accept lower wages.
A. Earlier,
B. Instead,
C. Similarly,
D. In particular,
ID: d54e16ee Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Similarly” logically signals that the information in this sentence about a labor monopsony is
similar to the information in the previous sentence about a product monopsony. In both types of markets, one party (an
employer or a buyer) has the power to force another party (a worker or seller) to accept less money (for labor or products).
Choice A is incorrect because “earlier” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about a labor monopsony
occurs earlier (in a chronological sequence) than the information about a product monopsony. Instead, it is similar to the
information about a product monopsony. Choice B is incorrect because “instead” illogically signals that the information in
this sentence about a labor monopsony is an alternative to the previous information about a product monopsony. Instead, it
is similar to the information about a product monopsony. Choice D is incorrect because “in particular” illogically signals that
the information in this sentence about a labor monopsony provides specific details elaborating on the previous information
about a product monopsony. Instead, it is similar to the information about a product monopsony.

Question ID b7c404d1
ID: b7c404d1
With her room-sized installation The Interstitium, Iranian American artist Laleh Mehran succeeded in creating a space that
felt, as intended, both “familiar and distant.” ______ with a video screen placed at the far end of the coal slag-encrusted room,
her installation was reminiscent of a typical movie theater—albeit one found in a subterranean coal mine.
A. Next,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Indeed,
D. Instead,
ID: b7c404d1 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. "Indeed" logically signals that the information in this sentence—that Laleh Mehran’s installation
resembled both a typical movie theater and a coal mine—supports the previous sentence’s claim that the space Mehran
created felt both "familiar and distant."
Choice A is incorrect because "next" illogically signals that the description of Laleh Mehran’s installation in this sentence is
the next step in a process. Rather, it supports the previous sentence’s claim about Mehran’s installation. Choice B is incorrect
because "nevertheless" illogically signals that the information in this sentence is true despite the claim about Laleh Mehran’s
installation in the previous sentence. Rather, it supports that claim. Choice D is incorrect because "instead" illogically signals
that this sentence presents an alternative to the previous sentence’s claim about Laleh Mehran’s installation. Rather, it
supports that claim.

Question ID 622a351d

Synthesis
ID: 622a351d
In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway.
The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.
The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.
It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway
that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.
B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
C. Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and legal protections as a result of the Alta
conflict.
D. The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and legal protections for Sámi rights to lands,
waters, and resources.
ID: 622a351d Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. It makes a generalization—the conflict had a lasting impact—and then supports it with evidence
—the attention and protections were results of the conflict.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t make a generalization about the conflict. It describes a specific event from the
conflict. Choice B is incorrect. This choice makes a generalization about the Alta conflict, but doesn’t support it. Choice C is
incorrect. This choice makes a statement about the aftermath of the conflict, but doesn’t support it. The statement is also a
little too specific to be a generalization.

Question ID 9e34720b
ID: 9e34720b
Although those who migrated to California in 1849 dreamed of finding gold nuggets in streambeds, the state’s richest
deposits were buried deeply in rock, beyond the reach of individual prospectors. ______ by 1852, many had given up their
fortune-hunting dreams and gone to work for one of the large companies capable of managing California’s complex mining
operations.
A. Furthermore,
B. Still,
C. Consequently,
D. Next,
ID: 9e34720b Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Consequently” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that many individual gold
prospectors gave up their fortune-hunting dreams and became employees of mining companies—is a result or consequence
of the previous information about the inaccessibility of the state’s gold deposits.
Choice A is incorrect because “furthermore” illogically signals that the information in this sentence merely adds to the
previous information about the inaccessibility of the state’s gold deposits. Instead, it’s a result or consequence of that
information. Choice B is incorrect because “still” illogically signals that the information in this sentence offers a contrast or
exception to the previous information about the inaccessibility of the state’s gold deposits. Instead, it’s a result or
consequence of that information. Choice D is incorrect because “next” illogically signals that the information in this sentence
is the next step in a process. Instead, it’s a result or consequence of the previous information about the inaccessibility of the
state’s gold deposits.

Question ID 13f36b03

Synthesis
ID: 13f36b03
Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter.
He uses the term “flauna” to describe the plant-animal hybrids that he depicts in his surreal paintings.
“Flauna” is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers.
His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts flowers.
The student wants to provide an explanation and example of “flauna.” Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The term “flauna,” used by Los Angeles-based painter Jon Ching, is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
B. Jon Ching uses the term “flauna,” a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna,” to describe the subjects of his surreal
paintings: plant-animal hybrids such as a parrot with leaves for feathers.
C. Jon Ching, who created Nectar, refers to the subjects of his paintings as “flauna.”
D. The subjects of Nectar and Primaveral are types of “flauna,” a term that the paintings’ creator, Jon Ching, uses when
describing his surreal artworks.
ID: 13f36b03 Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer because it provides both an explanation and an example of “flauna.” The sentence explains that
flauna, a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna,” is a term used by Jon Ching to describe the plant-animal hybrids in his
paintings. The sentence also mentions an example of Ching’s flauna: a parrot with leaves for feathers.
Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence partially explains what “flauna” is, it doesn’t provide a full explanation or specific
example of Ching’s flauna. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence partially explains what “flauna” is and includes a title of
a Ching painting, it doesn’t provide a full explanation or specific example of Ching’s flauna. Choice D is incorrect. While the
sentence partially explains what “flauna” is and includes the titles of two Ching paintings, it doesn’t provide a full explanation
of Ching’s flauna.

Question ID 87d8a2ff
ID: 87d8a2ff
During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labs’ Electron rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shut down
suddenly after ignition. ______ instead of downplaying the incident, Rocket Labs’ CEO publicly acknowledged what happened
and apologized for the loss of the rocket’s payload, which had consisted of two satellites.
A. Afterward,
B. Additionally,
C. Indeed,
D. Similarly,
ID: 87d8a2ff Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Afterward” logically signals that the events described in this sentence—the CEO’s public
acknowledgment and apology—occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of
events.
Choice B is incorrect because “additionally” illogically signals that the events described in this sentence merely occurred in
addition to the rocket booster’s failure. Instead, they occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a
chronological sequence of events. Choice C is incorrect because “indeed” illogically signals that the events described in this
sentence emphasize or strengthen a statement made in the previous sentence. Instead, they occurred after the rocket
booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events. Choice D is incorrect because “similarly” illogically
signals that the events described in this sentence are similar to the rocket booster’s failure. Instead, they occurred after the
rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events.

Question ID 9e2d4ef7

Synthesis
ID: 9e2d4ef7
Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.
Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise for praise.
Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa.
The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its author. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Abdulrazak Gurnah, who wrote Paradise and later was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, was born in Zanzibar in East
Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.
B. Many readers have singled out Abdulrazak Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise, a historical novel about colonial East Africa, for
praise.
C. A much-praised historical novel about colonial East Africa, Paradise (1994) was written by Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner of
the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
D. Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa, Abdulrazak Gurnah’s homeland.
ID: 9e2d4ef7 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively introduces Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its
author, describing Paradise as a historical novel about colonial East Africa and its author as the winner of the 2021 Nobel
Prize in Literature.
Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence introduces Abdulrazak Gurnah to an audience unfamiliar with the author, it doesn’t
effectively introduce Paradise. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence provides background information about Paradise, it
doesn’t effectively introduce the novel to an audience unfamiliar with its author. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence
provides background information about Paradise, it doesn’t effectively introduce the novel to an audience unfamiliar with its
author.

Question ID fc95a352
ID: fc95a352
When designing costumes for film, American artist Suttirat Larlarb typically custom fits the garments to each actor. ______
for the film Sunshine, in which astronauts must reignite a dying Sun, she designed a golden spacesuit and had a factory
reproduce it in a few standard sizes; lacking a tailor-made quality, the final creations reflected the ungainliness of actual
spacesuits.
A. Nevertheless,
B. Thus,
C. Likewise,
D. Moreover,
ID: fc95a352 Answer

Correct Answer: A
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Nevertheless” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that the spacesuits
Suttirat Larlarb designed for the film Sunshine were made in standard sizes in a factory—presents a notable exception to
Larlarb’s typical approach of custom-fitting garments to actors, which is described in the previous sentence.
Choice B is incorrect because “thus” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a result or consequence of the
previous information about Larlarb’s typical approach of custom-fitting garments to actors. Instead, it presents a notable
exception to Larlarb’s typical approach. Choice C is incorrect because “likewise” illogically signals that the information in this
sentence is similar to the previous information about Larlarb’s typical approach of custom-fitting garments to actors.
Instead, it presents a notable exception to Larlarb’s typical approach. Choice D is incorrect because “moreover” illogically
signals that the information in this sentence merely adds to the previous information about Larlarb’s typical approach of
custom-fitting garments to actors. Instead, it presents a notable exception to Larlarb’s typical approach.

Question ID ecb31049
ID: ecb31049
The Sun and other stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions, in which two atoms collide to form a single heavier atom,
releasing energy. Scientists have long believed that fusion has the potential to meet humanity’s clean energy needs. ______
prior to December 2022, no fusion reaction in a laboratory setting had ever generated a net energy gain.
A. For this reason,
B. Moreover,
C. Specifically,
D. That said,
ID: ecb31049 Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. Scientists believe in fusion’s potential as an energy source, but have struggled to actually make
it work—in other words, there is a contradiction between scientists’ beliefs and their reality. “That said” is a disagreement
transition that works perfectly in this context.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which doesn’t make sense here. Scientists not being
able to generate extra energy from lab fusion reactions isn’t an effect of them believing in fusion’s potential. Choice B is
incorrect. This transition indicates the addition of another supporting point. But this sentence is not adding a supporting
point to the previous sentence—scientists not being able to successfully generate energy from fusion isn’t another point in
favor of fusion meeting humanity’s clean energy needs. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that introduces or
elaborates on a particular example. But this sentence doesn’t give an example of scientists’ belief in fusion’s potential to
meet humanity’s clean energy needs—in fact, it contrasts that optimistic belief with the reality of past failures to successfully
employ fusion for energy production.

Question ID eea351c4
ID: eea351c4
“Wishcycling”—putting nonrecyclable items into recycling bins under the mistaken belief that those items can be recycled—
ultimately does more harm than good. Nonrecyclable items, such as greasy pizza boxes, can contaminate recyclable
materials, rendering entire batches unusable. ______ nonrecyclable products can damage recycling plants’ machinery.
A. Fittingly,
B. On the contrary,
C. Moreover,
D. Nevertheless,
ID: eea351c4 Answer

Correct Answer: C
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. The first sentence tells us that “wishcycling” is harmful, the previous sentence gives us an
example, and this sentence gives us another example. So “moreover”—a transition that indicates the addition of another
supporting point—fits perfectly here.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that means “appropriately” or “suitably,” which doesn’t make sense in
context. This sentence adds another example of how “wishcycling” is harmful, so we’re looking for an addition transition.
Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition. But this sentence actually agrees with the previous
sentence. Both provide examples of how “wishcycling” is harmful. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement
transition. But this sentence actually agrees with the previous sentence. Both provide examples of how “wishcycling” is
harmful.

Question ID aaa1907f
SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

Conventions
ID: aaa1907f
To serve local families during the Great Depression, innovative New York City librarian Pura Belpré offered storytelling in both
English and Spanish, an uncommon ______ celebrated el Día de los Tres Reyes Magos, an important community holiday; and
put on puppet shows dramatizing Puerto Rican folktales.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. practice, at the time
B. practice at the time;
C. practice, at the time,
D. practice at the time,
ID: aaa1907f Answer

Correct Answer: B
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. The convention being tested is the punctuation of elements in a complex series. It’s
conventional to use a semicolon to separate items in a complex series with internal punctuation, and in this choice, the
semicolon after "time" is conventionally used to separate the first item ("offered…time") and the second ("celebrated…
holiday") in the series of activities that librarian Pura Belpré offered. Moreover, the semicolon after "time" matches the
semicolon used later to separate the second item ("celebrated...holiday") and the third ("and...folktales") in the series.
Choice A is incorrect because it fails to use appropriate punctuation to separate the first item and the second item in the
complex series. Furthermore, a comma isn’t needed between the noun "practice" and the prepositional phrase "at the time"
because the prepositional phrase is essential to the full meaning of the phrase "an uncommon practice at the time." Choice C
is incorrect because a comma after "time" doesn’t match the semicolon used later to separate the second
("celebrated...holiday") and third ("and...folktales") items in the series. Furthermore, a comma isn’t needed between the noun
"practice" and the prepositional phrase "at the time" because the prepositional phrase is essential to the full meaning of the
phrase "an uncommon practice at the time." Choice D is incorrect because a comma after "time" doesn’t match the
semicolon used later to separate the second ("celebrated...holiday") and third ("and...folktales") items in the series.

Question ID 0f39b19c
SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

Conventions
ID: 0f39b19c
After a spate of illnesses as a child, Wilma Rudolph was told she might never walk again. Defying all odds, Rudolph didn’t
just walk, she ______ the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, she won both the 100- and 200-meter dashes and clinched first
place for her team in the 4x100-meter relay, becoming the first US woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympics.
A. ran—fast—during
B. ran—fast during
C. ran—fast, during
D. ran—fast. During
ID: 0f39b19c Answer

Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation use between sentences. In this choice, the period is
used correctly to mark the boundary between one sentence (“Defying…fast”) and another sentence that begins with a
supplementary phrase (“During…Olympics”).
Choice A is incorrect. When a dash is present in a sentence (“ran—fast”), it’s not conventional to use another dash (“fast—
during”) to mark the boundary between sentences because it creates a potentially confusing sentence. In this context, a
period, semicolon, or colon would be clear and more conventional. Choice B is incorrect because it results in a run-on
sentence. The sentences (“Defying…fast”) and (“during…Olympics”) are fused without punctuation and/or a conjunction.
Choice C is incorrect because it results in a comma splice. A comma can’t be used in this way to mark the boundary
between sentences.

Question ID 6e193b19
6e193
SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

Conventions and Sense
ID: 6e193b19
6e193
Professional American football player Fred Cox invented one of the world’s most popular toys. In the 1970s, he came up with
the idea for the Nerf football, which ______ of the harder and heavier regulation football.
A. were a smaller, foam version
B. are smaller, foam versions
C. were smaller, foam versions
D. is a smaller, foam version
ID: 6e193b19
6e193 Answer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The convention being tested is subject-verb agreement and agreement between nouns. The
singular verb “is” and the singular noun “version” both agree in number with the relative pronoun “which.” In this context,
“which” functions as a singular subject because it refers to the singular noun “the Nerf football.”
Choice A is incorrect because the plural verb “were” doesn’t agree in number with the singular noun phrase “the Nerf
football” that it’s modifying. Choice B is incorrect because the plural verb “are” and the plural noun “versions” don’t agree in
number with the singular noun phrase “the Nerf football” that they’re modifying. Choice C is incorrect because the plural verb
“were” and the plural noun “versions” don’t agree in number with the singular noun phrase “the Nerf football” that they’re
modifying.

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Question ID 6977d22b

Assessment Test Domain Skill Diﬃculty

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Cross-Text

ID: 6977d22b Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Hard

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Cross-Text

A. Lewis’s portrait busts have overshadowed her other work.

B. The Death of Cleopatra is Lewis’s most famous piece.

C. Sculpting representations of historical ﬁgures was a short-lived trend.

D. Lewis’s works are varied in the subjects they depict.

ID: c106b9f7 Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Easy

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To examine how Derksen’s musical compositions blend cultures

C. To describe the diﬃculties Derksen encountered when producing her album

ID: ae2b3112 Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

A. It elaborates on the previous sentence’s description of the character.

B. It introduces the setting that is described in the sentences that follow.

C. It establishes a contrast with the description in the previous sentence.

D. It sets up the character description presented in the sentences that follow.

ID: 48555763 Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

ID: aa7fc89b Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

ID: b4d29611 Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Cross-Text

ID: 35e21b06 Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Hard

SAT Reading and Writing Craft and Structure Words in Context

ID: e8fb0744 Answer

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions

ID: 221ecf0f Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical

ID: bb275f0d Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions

ID: 1a8126aa Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical

ID: 74149724 Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical

ID: af88c47a Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Hard

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions

ID: 9502ec65 Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Hard

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical

ID: 5d3177aa Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Medium

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions

ID: 00e0170f Answer

Question Diﬃculty: Hard