Lecture 5

Afghanistan (continued);
Nestorianism & Manichaeism;
Tarim Basin
 Stucco sculpture

Tapa-ye Šotor, Hadda

(Afghanistan)
 Tyche with cornucopia
but here perhaps as Hārītī
(a.k.a. Guizimu 鬼子母)
Hercules with
Lion Skin Cloak

Roman copy
(68-98 CE)
of a Greek
original
(4th century BCE);
restoration
(17th century)

marble
(238.2 cm)

Metropolitan
Museum of Art
(03.12.14)
Bāmiyān
(Afghanistan)
Da Tang Xiyu ji 大唐西域記 by Xuanzang 玄奘 (600/602-664)
Fanyanna 梵衍那

王城東北山阿有立佛石像。高百四五十尺。
金色晃曜寶飾煥爛。
東有伽藍。此國先王之所建也。伽藍東有
鍮石釋迦佛立像高百餘尺。分身別鑄總合
成立。
T2087 (i), 873:b13-17

Trans. by Samuel Beal (London: Trubmer & Co., 1884)

West Great Buddha
Kowloon-Canton Railway
Clock Tower (1915),
Tsim Sha Tsui 尖沙嘴 53 m
H: 44 m
(51 m with lightening rod)
Basilica of Maxentius, Rome

Colossus of Constantine
(perhaps 12 m tall)
now in Musei Capitolini
White-Robed (baiyi 白衣) Bodhisattva Kwum Yum (Guanyin 觀音, Skt. Avalokiteśvara)
Bronze (H: 76 m)
Tsz Shan 慈山 Monastery, Tung Tsz 洞梓, Tai Po 大埔
completed in 2015
Chief architectural consultant: Prof. Ho Puay-peng 何培斌
Dynamite destruction by Taliban
(March 2001)
Iconoclasm in Mosul (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant)

February 2015
East Great Buddha
35 m
kaftan Indian Princess

Princely Couple
7th to 8th century
National Museum, Kabul
 Princely Couple
Monastic site, Niche E
Fondukistan (Afghanistan)
 “Bejeweled Buddha”

terracotta

ca. 7th century

from Monastic site, niche D,

Fondukistan
(Afghanistan)

Musée Guimet, Paris

Clay bodhisattva

7th century

Fondukistan
(Afghanistan)

Musée Guimet
 Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan
China

Turkmenistan Tajikistan

Afghanistan Mes Aynak

Pakistan India
Mes Aynak,
Afghanistan
Previous life of Śakyamuni Buddha
Spreading his hair to
the Buddha Dipamkara
Pensive Bodhisattva
 A.k.a The Buddhas of Aynak
(2014)

Watch it
http://kartemquin.vhx.tv

Like it
http://facebook.com/savingmesaynak
 Dura-Europos
(near present-day Salhiyah, Syria)

The Euphrates
Major chronology

•ca. 300 BCE:

Founded by Seleucid

•ca. 113 BCE:

Taken by Parthian

•116 CE:
Occupied by Rome

•256-257 CE:
Destroyed by
Sassanid
Michael Rostovtzeff (1870-1952)
Roman Mithraeum (ca. 240-256)
 Synagogue
ca. 244-45 CE
 Ohel Leah Synagogue,
70 Robinson Rd, Mid-Levels
(built in 1901-2)
 House of Assembly
Synagogue
(tempera over plaster)

National Museum,
Damascus
The Binding
of Issac
Moses and Israelites crossing the Red Sea
House Church
fl. 233-256 CE

Baptistery
Pisa Baptistery
1152-1363 CE
Good Shepherd
 Madonna and Child,
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (Istanbul)

Nestorianism
(Syriac Chrislanity)

Nestorius:
Archbishop of Constantinople (428-431)

Jesus’ hypostasis (“beneath-standing”):

•dyophysite (“two natures”)
vs.
•miaphysite (“one nature”)

Virgin Mary:

§Christotokos (“Christ-bearer”)
vs.
§Theotokos (“God-bearer”)
 Nestorianism Schism

3rd Ecumenical Council of Ephesus:

431 CE

Emperor Theodosius II (r. 408-450)

Marble (H: 29 cm)
5th century
Musée Louvre (Ma 1036)
 Al
ta
i

C au Aral Sea
casu
s Transoxiana

Za
gr
os
Ctesiphon, the capital of Parthia (247 BCE-224 CE)-to-Sasanid (224-651)
Ward (fang 坊) system
of Tang 唐 (618-907)
Chang’an 長安
(present-day
Xi’an 西安 [Shaanxi])
Seven-storeyed
octagonal brick pagoda
at the ruined site of
Da Qin 大秦 (Rome) Monastery (si 寺),
Louguan 樓觀, Zhouzhi 盩厔,
Xi’an (Shaanxi)
H: 32 m
Northern Song
(960-1127)
 Stele for the
Propagation of Perhaps buried:
the Roman ca. 845
“Luminous Teaching”
in China Rediscovered:
(Da Qin Jingjiao 1623 (or 1625)
liuxing Zhongguo
bei Relocated to
大秦景教 the Beilin 碑林
流行中國碑): Museum, Xi’an:
dated to 781 CE 1907
limestone
(H: 279 cm)
 Composilon: Monk Jingjing 景淨 (Adam)
Calligraphy: Lü Xiuyan 呂秀巖

The mission of
Aluoben 阿羅本 [Abraham]:
•Arrival in Chang’an in 635
•Acceptance by Tang Emperor
Taizong 太宗 (r. 626-649)

Syriac
 Chung Chi College
(established in 1951)
 Pillar Inscribed with the
Sūtra on the Origin of Origins of the Roman “Luminous Teaching”
(Da Qin Jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jingzhuan
大秦景教宣元至本經幢)
dated to 814 CE
H: 81 cm
discovered at Chengjiao 城角, Lilou 李樓, Luoyang 洛陽 (Henan)
in 2006
now in Luoyang Museum
“Jesus Sūtra”
 Nestorian Saint
Ink &colors on silk
(H: 88 cm)
9th century (Tang)
from Mogao Cave,
Dunhuang (Gansu)

British Museum
(1919,0101,0.48)
 Nestorian manuscript (Sogdian) fragment from Turfan
Paper (L: 11cm)
Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin)
 Palm Sunday (?)
from a wall inside
a Nestorian Site
at Qocho,
Gaochang 高昌,
Turfan (Xinjiang)
L: 67 cm
ca. 8th century
now in the
Museum für
Asiatische Kunst,
Dahlem (Berlin)
Karakorum (Mongolia)
 Möngke Khan (r.1251-59)

Jin 金
(1115-1234)
Southern
Song 宋
(1127-1279)

Mongol Empire (1206-1368)

 Stone sarcophagi from
Chifeng 赤峰 (a.k.a. Ulanhad,
Inner Mongolia),
Yuan Period
 Nestorian tomb stele
Dated to 1253
Pottery
H: 46.7 cm

Nestorian tombstone
Olon Süme (Inner Mongolia)
Quanzhou 泉州,
a.k.a. Zayton (Fujian)

Arabic
Syriac

Tamil
 Manichaeism

Manichean Triad and other scens

Late 14th century
H: 163.2 cm
Yamato Bunkakan Museum

Jesus Christ as a Manichean Prophet

14th century
H: 153.4 cm
Seiunji 栖雲寺Monastery,
Kōshū (Yamanashi)
Not “mummies” but desiccated corpses

cat mummy
from Abydos (Egypt)
ca. 381-343 BCE
Penn Museum
 Swedish Expedition

Sven Anders Hedin (1865-1952) Folke Bergman (1902-46)

The “Wandering Lake” Lop Nor
Identified by a local hunter named Ördek in 1910
Swedish exploration in 1934
Qäwrighul [Xiaohe 小河, “Small River”] (Xinjiang):
Chinese excavation since 2002

concentric wooden posts

SRC5
Tarim Mummies
“Europoid” female
from Tieban River
ca. 1800 BCE
 trouser cord

tartan leggings

deerskin boot
thong twill tunic
yellow and purple tattoo with piped hems

“Ur-David” from Chärchän/Qiemo 且末 (Xinjiang):

ca. 1000 BCE
 Standing Bodhisattva
(perhaps Maitreya)
H: 68 cm
Gupta Period
(3rd to 5th century)
Sarnath Museum
(Acc. 6697)

“sacred cord”
(yajñopavīta)
Donors, Cave 8, Kizil Caves, Kucha (Xinjiang)
 Conscious choice of
racial identity by an artist?
 “Beauty of Xiaohe”
from Xiaohe 小河 M4, Lop Nor, Tarim Basin (Xinjiang)
ca. 1800-1500 BCE
290 Victor H. Mair

covered outer coffins must have been highly esteemed by the

community to receive the special treatment that they were
accorded. My suspicion is that the solution to this enigma is
linked to the extraordinary emphasis placed upon reproductive
symbolism at the site discussed elsewhere in this study. These
women were most likely highly valued by their compatriots
because they had given birth to a number of healthy children.
Thus they would have been revered for having played a vital
role in sustaining the community. In a sense, it was as much
their fertility as their individual persons that was being
respected by the relatively more lavish burials they received.

Figure 7: Female mummy from M4. After Xinjiang 2003: fig. 31 (p.
23). 6. woolen cape; 7. felt hat; 8. leather boots; 10. pelt; 12.
necklace; 13. jade bracelet; 14. leather bag; 15. decorative feather;
16. wooden phallus (for detail see fig. 5); 17. string skirt; 18. cape
used as a pad beneath the body; 19. wooden comb; 20. fragmentary
sections of bovine tendon (placed beneath body and hence not
visible); 21. bits of bovine / ovicaprid ear; 22. bundles of tamarisk
branches; 23. lump of milky white substance; 24. woolen cord
(placed beneath body); 25. Ibid.; 26. ephedra
measuring 3.1 cm. from top to bottom, 5.2 cm. along th
length of the bridge from the root to the tip, and 2.4 cm. wid
from side to side]). The masks are skillfully carved and painted
In contrast, the technique used to carve the human figures i
relatively simple, but hauntingly evocative. Woolen cord wa
wrapped around the faces and the bodies, and sometimes th
rows of cord held feathers in place. It is particularly interestin
to note that round bronze earrings hung from the ears of th
carved figures.

Figure 6: Wooden mask from MC: 93. After Xinjiang 2003: fig. 50 (p
37).
Wooden mask (MC: 93)
Certain peculiarities of the masks merit further comment
Aside from the gigantic noses, these human faces display a
exaggerated brow ridge, deep-set eye sockets, prominen
cheekbones, and a large mouth full of outsize teeth. Th
masks have pairs of holes drilled through the top and sides
these were clearly intended for holding the masks in place.
Seksim, Yanqi (Xinjiang)

Tocharian
(Indo-European)

Tokharian (Brahmi script);

Kumtura Cave 69, Kucha (Xinjiang)
 E.Sieg und W. Sieglino: Tocliarisch, die Sprache der Indoskytlien. 915

SITZUNGSBERICHTE

Tocharisch, die Sprache der ludoskythen.

DER
Vorläufige Bemerkungen über eine bisher unbekannte indogerma-
nische Literatursprache.

KÖNIGLICH PREUSSISCHEN Von Dr. E. Sieg uiul Dr. W. Siegling

in Berlin.

(Vorgelegt von Hrn. Pischel am 16. Juli 1908 [s. oben S. 735].)

AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN.

Hierzu Taf. X.

k^eit mehr denn Jahresfrist auf Anregung des Hrn. Geheimrat Pischel
mit der Sichtung des i-eichen handschriftlichen Materials beschäftigt,
das die von der Königlich Preußischen Regierung entsandten Exjiedi-
tionen nach Turfan der HH. A. von Le Coq und Prof. A. Grünwedel

JAHRGANG 1908. ergaben, haben wir unser Augenmerk von vornherein hauptsächlich
auf die Handschriftenreste unbekannter Sprachen in Brähmischrift ge-
richtet. Nach HoERNLES Veröftentlichungen und Untersuchungen' hatten
wir mit drei Fremdsprachen zu rechnen", von denen eine, in Doku-
menten vorliegende, sicher mit dem li-anischen verwandt sein mußte
ZWEITER HALBBAND. JULI BIS DECEMBER. (s.HoERNLE, JASB. 70, Part 2, Extra-Nr. i, S. 3 2 ff.), während die zweite
als »prototibetlsch« angesprochen (s. Hoernle a. a. 0. und danach auch

M. A. Stein, Ancient Khotan, S. 150, 272) und für die dritte mongo-
STICK XXXIII— LIU MIT DRKI TAFKLN. lischer bzw. türkischer Ursprung angenommen wurde (s. Hoernle, JASB
DEM VERZEICHNISS DER EINGEGANGENEN DRUCKSCHRIFTEN, NAMEN- UND SACHREGISTER.
Bd. 62, S. 8 oben, S. 40 unten und Bd. 70, Extra-Nr. i, S. 13; auch
Lehmann, ZDMG. 61, 1907, S. 652 vermutet noch Zusammenhang mit
dem Alttürkischen [Uigurischen]).
Wir erkannten bald, was inzwischen auch Leumann gesehen und
erwiesen hat (ZDMG. 61, S. 648 ff. und 62, 1908, S. 83 ff.), daß die
Dokumentensprache (Leumann, Gruppe IIb) mit der Sprache der bis da-

' Siehe besonders JASB, Bd. 62. 1893, S. yf., Bd. 70, 1901, Part 2. Extra-Nr. i,
BERLIN 1908. j S. i2f., igff., 32ff.
^ Eine vierte S])rache, die sich gelegentlich auch in Brähmischrift findet und in
VERLAG DER KÖNIGLICHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN.
unseren Turfan-Fragmenten mehrfach vertreten ist, war sciion seit Stönners Publi-
IN COMMISSION BEI GEORG REIMER. ^^ ^^^^ kation in den Sitzungsberichten 1904, S. i2 88flf. als Uigurisch bekannt und kam somit
für uns nicht in Betracht, da von Le Cog und F. W. K. Möller die Bearbeitung dieser
Texte übernommen hatten.
Proto-Indo-European

Kuchean Agnean
(Tocharian B) (Tocharian A)

焉耆

樓蘭

Kroränian
(Tocharian C)
sima (mead): “honey wine”

tippaleipä
 English mead (“honey”)

Tocharian B (Kuchean) mit

< Proto Tocharian *m’ätu
< Proto Indo-European *medhu

Old Chinese *mjit 蜜 > Mandarin mi

> Cantonese mat
> Korean mil
> Japanese mitsu
 Mt. Kunlun 崑崙 (H: 7167 m)

Etymology: kunlun < Tokharian klyom/klyomos

Cf. Qilian 祁連
 Mu Tianzi zhuan 穆天子傳:
an excavated text from
Jizong 汲塚,
a royal tomb of
Wei 魏
(ca. 318-296 BCE),
raided in ca. 279-80 CE
(Western Jin)

Cheng Ji 盛姬
Queen Mother of the West (Xi Wang Mu 西王母)
with a nine-tailed fox and other a?endants
Western Han (2nd century CE) Rémi Mathieu
Brick (H: 40.3 cm) trans.
From Qingbai 青白, Xinfan 新繁, Xindu 新都, Chengdu (Sichuan) (1978)
Sichuan Provincial Museum (14021)
buddha: fotuo 佛陀 < EMC *but-da
futu 浮屠/浮圖 < EMC *buw-do

Tocharian A ptāñkät
B pañäkte (pudñäkte)
Cf. -ñäkte ‘god, lord’