Art Appreciation

Lesson 6: Ancient Arts; Cave Arts and Egyptian Arts Ancient Egyptian Art
Ancient Art History – refers to the many types of art Ancient Egyptian Art includes the painting, sculpture,
produced by the advanced cultures of ancient societies architecture, and other arts produced by the civilization
of some of the oldest civilizations with some form of in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BCE to 300 CE. Ancient
writing, such as those of ancient China, India, Egyptian art reached considerable sophistication in
Mesopotamia, Persia, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and painting and sculpture, and was both highly stylized and
Rome. symbolic.
Some art were found during 700,000 to 2000 BCE. The Much of the Ancient Egyptians artwork created by the
had to do with their religion. They would fill the tombs of
Stone Age Art where humans used natural materials like the Pharaohs with paintings and sculptures. Much of this
stone, ivory and bone for small Venus figurines. And they artwork was there to help the Pharaohs in the afterlife.
The temples often held large statues of their gods as well
made paints from natural pigments like iron oxide to as many paintings on the walls.
create scenes of animals on walls deep in caves.
All Egyptian art is based on perfect balance because it
Cave Art - Known also as stone age, ‘parietal art’, Cave reflects the ideal world of the gods. The same way these
Art is a general term used to describe any kind of man- gods provided all good gifts for humanity, so the artwork
made image on the walls, ceiling or floor of a cave or rock was imagined and created to provide a use. Egyptian art
shelter. Most cave art is found in shallow rock shelters, was always first and foremost functional.
such as those formed by overhanging rocks, but some Characteristics and Functions:
was created in total darkness within deep, uninhabited
caves, and was rarely seen by humans. → Daily life activities.
→ Journey of the deceased into the afterworld.
Types of Cave Art → Images of the gods and deities.
1. Hand prints and finger marks → Social and political rank.
2. Abstract signs and symbols → Honoring pharaohs, noble people and the dead.
3. Figurative painting → Writings on the wall to tell stories about the
4. Rock engraving images.
5. Relief sculpture → Worship and rituals.
Ten of the notable Oldest evidences of cave art to be Art Forms:
scientifically dated are the following: Wall Painting
1. Bhimbetka Petroglyphs (290,000-700,000 BCE) Egyptian wall paintings were two dimensional, without
Cupules at Auditorium Cave & Daraki- Chattan the perspective of the three dimensional physical world.
Rock Shelter, India. The oldest known rock art in Subjects were painted with a combination of the profile
the world view and frontal view.
2. Venus of Berekhat Ram (230-700,000 BCE),
Israel. At first, historians believed that the Notable Wall Paintings:
artifact was a product of natural erosion rather → Ramesses the Great and Battle of Dapur,
than a deliberate human act of creativity until depicting his achievement in his raid against
the discovery of a second one, the Venus of Tan- Muwatalli’s Hittite resurgent forces.
Tan, in Morocco. → Battle of Nubia: This painting shows Ramses II
3. An abstract drawing from the 73,000 BCE at battling Nubians and was considered the
Blombos Cave, South Africa strongest and most celebrated pharaoh of the
4. Diepkloof Ostrich Eggshell Abstract Engravings 19th dynasty.
60,000 BCE South Africa → Tutankhamun Cartouche, Royal Encryption of a
5. Hall of Bulls Cave Painting, 28,000 and 10,000 Pharaohs name.
BCE, France. The paintings on cave walls → Egyptian Dance Painting: Aside for ritualistic
represent the earliest surviving examples of the function, talent in dance is also an indicator that
artistic expression of early people. a person is an efficient worker.
6. Amur River Basin Pottery, 14,300 BCE, Chinese → Depiction of Nubians Worshipping
ceramics from Late Paleolithic Culture
7. Tuc d’Audoubert Bison Sculpture in France Sculpture
13,500 BCE, sculpted in soft clay. The relief
carries marks left by artist’s fingers and nails. Egyptian sculpture were not only images of the pharaoh
8. Tassili-n-Ajjer Rock Art , 8,000 BCE. The major and his family, but also of people, animals and slaves that
African art contains the Mesolithic art in animal surrounded him during his life. The ones we see today
& human engravings or paintings. It indicates look like they are carved from stone or made from clay
Archaic Tradition. and are colorless.
9. The Swimming Reindeer, 11,000 BCE. Carving Notable Sculptures:
from the tip of a mammoth tusk of two
swimming reindeer found in the cave of → Nefertiti Bust, coated limestone produced by
Montastruc, France Thutmose in 1345 BC. Depiction of the Great
10. The Venus of Willendorf, Austria is an 11.1cm Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten.
tall Venus figurine estimated to have been made This is regarded as one of the most copied works
30,000 BCE. on ancient Egypt
→ Great Sphinx of Giza, 2575- 2465BCE: A
limestone statue of reclining sphinx. It depicts a
Art Appreciation
mythical creature with the human body and a Architecture
lion’s head. 73m long and 20m high.
→ Khufu Statuette: Founded by Sir Willian Egyptian Architecture developed since 3000 BC and
Matthew Flinders Petrie in 1903 at the Temple of characterized by post and lintel construction, massive
Khentyamentiu, Abydos in Upper Egypt. The walls covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial carving, flat
statue is a three- dimensional depiction of Khufu. roofs, and structures except for the Pyramids. Most
→ Block statue: A memorial statue discovered in houses were built of clay or baked bricks.
the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The statue Typical Egyptian Column and Capitals at the Temple of
was designed that way to serve as a guardian of Horus at Edfu, Constructed Between 237 and 57 B.C.
temples gateway.
→ Colossi of Memnon: Two massive huge stone The Egyptian Column can refer to a column from ancient
statues representing greatness of Pharaoh Egypt inspired by distinct Egyptian ideas. The earliest
Amenhotep III and it meant to protect the builders carved columns from enormous blocks of
temple from evil. limestone, sandstone, and red granite. Later, columns
→ Pharaoh Ramesses II: Weighed 20 tons statue and capitals were constructed from stacks of stone disks.
was designed to show him as a beneficent ruler, Some Egyptian columns have polygon-shaped shafts
a mighty warrior and a living god. It was erected with as many as 16 sides while common columns are
in the Ramesseum,his mortuary temple, where circular.
the believers of Ramesses would continue for One of the great ancient Egyptian architect Imhotep,
centuries. who lived over 4,000 years ago in 27th century B.C., is
→ Seated statues of Rahotep and Nofret: From the credited with carving stone columns and capitals to
4th dynasty the statues were skillfully sculpted
confirming their high rank stature. With glass resemble bundled reeds and other plant forms. The
inlaid eyes makes the statue more realistic. columns were placed close together so they could carry
→ Wrapped Osiris Statue: statues like this were the weight of the heavy stone roof beams.
buried in tombs, wrapped in cloth. It was Common features of Egyptian columns include:
thought the statues helped the dead be reborn
in the next life, like the real deity Osiris. 1. stone shafts carved to resemble tree trunks or
bundled reeds or plant stems, sometimes called
Carving, Relief and Jewelry papyrus columns;
2. lily, lotus, palm or papyrus plant motifs on the
Egyptian artists, whose skills are best exemplified not capitals (tops);
only in statuary but carving, relief and jewlry as well. 3. bud-shaped or campaniform ‘bell-shaped
Their distinctive talent as craftsmen were from their capitals; and
discipline and highly developed aesthetic sense 4. brightly painted carved relief decorations
deserving to rank as an outstanding art by any standards.
Notable Architecture:
Notable Carving, Relief and Jewelry:
→ Like the Temple at Edfu, the Temple at Kom
→ The Narmer Palette: Also known as Great Ombo has similar architectural influences and
Hierakonpolis Palette which was created to Egyptian gods. Kom Ombo is a temple not only
symbolize the unity of the “Kingdoms of Two to Horus, the falcon, but also to Sobek, the
Lands,” the Upper and Lower Egypt under King crocodile. The columns records history in
Narmer. The palette measured 64x42 cm. Hieroglyphs was about Greek Conquerors, great
→ Tutankhamun’s ‘golden death mask’ is an Pharaohs old and new.
ancient death mask produced in the 18th → Most significant to Western civilization is the
century in ancient Egypt. It was discovered by Temple of the Ramesseum, 1250 B.C. The mighty
Howard Carter in 1925. This is regarded as one columns and colonnade are a remarkable feat of
of the most famous Egyptian artworks and engineering for being created circa 1250 B.C.,
almost admired and well-known works of art well-before the Greek conquest of Alexander the
around the world. Great.
→ Ceremonial gilded wooden shield: found in the → Columns of the Temple of Isis at Philae show a
tomb of Tutankhamun. Egyptian artists also used distinct influence of Greek and Roman
a variety of woods in their work, including the occupation of Egypt. The temple was built for the
native acacia, tamarisk, and sycamore fig as well Egyptian goddess Isis during the reign of the
as fir, cedar, and other conifers imported from Ptolemaic Kings in the centuries before the birth
Syria of Christianity.
→ Tutankhamun’s lunar pectoral: metal casted, → The Luxor Temple – is a temple complex located
carved jewelry work was quite sophisticated in the city of Thebes, the ancient capital of Egypt
even in the Old Kingdom, as demonstrated by during the time of the New Kingdom. Thebes is
some highly creative pieces depicted specially in located in Upper Egypt, on the east bank of the
tomb scenes. Nile River. Construction of the temple was begun
→ A part of the wall in the Temple of Seti I is an by the pharaoh Amenhotep III and was
artistic carving painted relief. Archeologists completed by Tutankhamen.
discovered red grid marking that the artisans → The first royal tombs before the pyramids were
used to ensure the proportion of the human called mastabas. Inside were rooms containing
figures being carved. jars, small objects, and offerings of food and
→ Sesostris III Pectoral:Gold pectoral with drink. The tombs were surrounded by a large
semiprecious stones, Middle Kingdom, 12th number of graves of women and men believed
dynasty (1991–1786 BCE). to be servants of the kings who were sacrificed
to serve pharaohs in their afterlife.
Art Appreciation
→ The Temple of Edfu is dedicated to the worship distinguish the direction in which the text is to be read
of the Egyptian god Horus, who was frequently because the human or animal figures always face
merged with the Greek god Apollo. In fact, the towards the beginning of the line. Also the upper
city of Edfu was renamed Apollonopolis Magna symbols are read before the lower.
during Greco-Roman rule in Egypt.
→ The Great Pyramids of Giza: located on the Giza Funerary Art
plateau near the modern city of Cairo, the Egyptian funerary art was not simply memorial, but
pyramids was built during the reign of the king played an active role in the afterlife of the departed.
Khufu of the 4th Dynasty in the span of over a Most of the tomb art studied from ancient Egypt comes
20-years. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu the pharaos from the commissions of kings and high- ranking court
physician was also the architect of his Pyramid. officials. Egyptian philosophy of art refers to balanced
→ The oldest pyramid in the middle is for King realism and stylization to present images of harmony,
Khufu, ‘Cheops’ in Greek, the second king of the balance and order, victory over chaos.
4th dynasty.
→ The second tallest was built for King Khafre, Notable Funerary Art:
‘Chephren’ in Greek was the fourth king in the → Funeral Wall Painting: Aside from honoring the
same dynasty dead, the painting should contain the ritual of
→ The last pyramid to be built was that of the dead’s human heart in the weighing scale.
Menkaure, ‘Mykerinus’ in Greek was the fifth → Egyptian concept of afterlife, wall painting: A
king of the same dynasty. belief that death is just an interruption of life
Writings → Book of the Dead Wall Painting: Containing spells
to help the dead back to life after the journey to
An original form of Egyptian writing, Hieroglyphs are the underworld.
written in rows or columns and can be read from left to → Tomb Wall Painting: Primarily should contain
right or from right to left. You can distinguish the images of the king’s chosen deity and success
direction in which the text is to be read because the stories of his life as a pharaoh
human or animal figures always face towards the → Egyptian Deities, Wall Painting: Images of their
beginning of the line. Also the upper symbols are read gods in one ensemble is one important feature
before the lower. in king’s tomb’s
Hieroglyphics writing: Hieroglyphic writing signs and → Egyptian Mummification Wall Painting:
symbols represented by pictures of living beings or Mummifying the dead is also a sacred ritual in
inanimate objects. Hieroglyphic texts are found primarily preparation to the afterlife.
on the walls of temples and tombs, but they also appear → The anthropoid coffin itself is typical of the
on memorials and gravestones, on statues, on coffins, ancient Egyptian burial practices. The coffin
and on all sorts of vessels and implements. echoes the shape of the mummified body.
Decorated with an idealized representation of
Hieroglyphic writing was used as much for secular texts, the owner's face and with images of gods,
historical inscriptions, songs, legal documents, scientific goddesses, animals and objects, as well as
documents, as for religious subject matter, the likes of hieroglyphic writings, that would identify him
cult rituals, myths, hymns, grave inscriptions of all kinds, and help him attain a successful afterlife
and prayers. → Unlike anthropoid, sarcophagus were
rectangular boxes with flat lids. They were
Hieroglyphics writing evolved into two: painted and inscribed in hieroglyphs with four
• Hieratic – a simplified form of hieroglyphics used important features: the deceased's name and
for administrative and business purposes, as well titles; a list of food offerings; a false door through
as for literary, scientific and religious texts. which the ‘ka’ could pass; and eyes through
Coptic Writing – Coptic on the other hand is a which the deceased could see outside the coffin.
Greek writing adopted by Egyptians 450 CE. The Egyptian concept of the soul:
• Demotic – a Greek word meaning ‘popular
script’, was in general use for the daily • Ka - is the life force or spiritual double of the
requirements of the society. person. The royal Ka symbolized a pharaoh's
right to rule, a universal force that passed from
Rosetta Stone: A granodiorite stele discovered in 1799. one pharaoh to the next
The Rosetta Stone is inscribed with the three versions of • Ba - is represented as a human- headed bird that
texts. The top is in the hieroglyphic script, middle in the leaves the body when a person dies. The face of
demotic script while the bottom in the ancient Coptic Ba was the exact likeness of that of the deceased
Greek. The discovery of the stone holds the key to person.
understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs • Akh - is the spirit of Ra, which encapsulates the
The ‘Prayer to Thoth for Skill in Writing’ is a literary piece concept of light - the transfigured spirit of a
dated to c. 1150 BCE from the latter period of the New person that becomes one with light after death.
Kingdom of Egypt (1570-1069 BCE) in which a young The opposite of Akh is Mut (dead), the state of a
scribe prays for inspiration to Thoth, god of wisdom and person who has died but has not been
writing. The prayer was found among the works of transfigured into ligh
‘Papyrus Anastasi V’, a papyrus scroll discovered at Gods and Deities
Thebes. The prayer is an interesting glimpse into how the
profession of the scribe was viewed by the ancient 1. Amun-Ra: The Hidden One As Zeus was to the
Egyptians a noble occupation. Greeks, the Egyptian god Amun-Ra, Re or Amon
Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be was considered the king of the gods and
read from left to right or from right to left. You can goddesses. He became Amun-Ra after being
Art Appreciation
amalgamated with the sun god Ra. He was 9. Geb: God of Earth. Also described as the Father
thought to be the father of the pharaohs, and his of Snakes, Geb represented crops and healing.
female counterpart, Amunet, was called the With a goose on his head, this bearded god was
Female Hidden One. believed to have caused earthquakes whenever
2. Mut: The Mother Goddess of Egyptian. Mut is a he laughed. He was the son of Shu ‘the god of air’
primal deity who wears two crowns on her head, and Tefnut ‘the goddess of moisture’, and had an
each representing Upper and Lower Egypt. Also important role in the Book of the Dead as the
titled “She who gives birth, but was herself not one who weighs the heart of the dead in the
born of any,” Mut is represented as a vulture in Judgment Hall of Osiris. The ancient Egyptians
hieroglyphs. She is variously integrated with believed that he retained the souls of the
other deities and is often portrayed as a cat, wicked.
cobra, cow and even a lioness.
3. Osiris: The King of the Living. Considered the Ancient Egyptian art has survived for over 5000 years and
oldest child of the earth god Zeb and the sky continues to fascinate people from all over the world. An
goddess Nut, Osiris was worshiped as the god of ancient premise has become a modern reality: Its art
the afterlife as the ancient Egyptians believed became a path to world eternal emulation and
there was life after death. Often portrayed with remembrance.
green skin, Osiris was the god of vegetation “Life imitates art for more than art imitates life” – Oscar
which indicated renewal and growth and was Wilde
thought to be responsible for the fertile flooding
and vegetation around the banks of the Nile.
4. Anubis: The Divine Embalmer. He was known for Lesson 7: Greek Arts and Roman Arts
mummifying the dead and guiding their souls
towards the afterlife. His skin was black, Greek Art
symbolizing the dark Nile deposits which made
the land so fertile. With the head of a jackal and Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance and
the body of a man, Anubis also stood for accomplishments of human beings. Even though much of
renaissance and the staining of dead bodies after Greek art was meant to honor the gods, those very gods
the embalming process. were created in the image of humans. Ancient Greek art
5. Ra: God of the Sun and Radiance The midday stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its
sun, Ra or Re, is of great importance in Egyptian development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of
history. The god of the sun, Ra, has a sun disk the beauty of the human body.
around his head and is believed to have created History of Greek Art
this world. Every sunrise and sunset were seen
as a process of renewal. Portrayed as a falcon- Significance: The ideals of Greek art are considered by
headed god, he and Horus shared an association historians to be the foundation of Western civilization
which led him to be known as the Horus of the and to have touched literally all aspects of modern
Horizon. western culture.
6. Horus: : God of Vengeance. Horus had a special The art of ancient Greece is divided stylistically into four
position in ancient Egypt. The child of Osiris and periods:
Isis, he avenged his father’s death and ruled
Egypt. His falcon-headed god with a crown of red Geometric – abstract and outline art
and white was worshiped as the god of sky, war,
protection, and light. The Eye of Horus or the Geometric Period, 900-650 BC: Artistic development in
Wedjat Eye was personified as the goddess Greece. Outline, the main characteristics of the
Wadjet and was popularly known as the Eye of Geometric period in art. The Geometric period was the
the Ra. It symbolized that everything was being first specifically Greek style of vase painting. It was
watched from above. characterized by linear motifs such as spirals, diamonds,
7. Hathor: Goddess of Motherhood. Sometimes and cross-hatching. Abstract forms were used to
called the Mistress of the West, Hathor represent human figures, flora and fauna.
welcomed the dead into the next life. Born of Ra, Came from Minoan art influence Athenian potters
she exemplified motherhood and feminine love. introduced the full Geometric style by abandoning
She is the goddess of music and dance. She is circular for rectilinear ornament. Prime industry in this
believed to provide a blessing as the helper of period was utilitarian pottery art.
women during pregnancy and childbirth.
Affectionate, humble and kind to both the dead Greek used ceramic vessels in every aspect of their daily
and living, she was also known as the Lady of lives: for storage, carrying, mixing, serving, and drinking,
Heaven, Earth and the Underworld. and as cosmetic and perfume containers. Elaborately
8. Sekhmet: Goddess of War and Healing. Leading formed and decorated, vases were considered worthy
and protecting the pharaohs during war, the gifts for dedication to the gods and funerary vessel.
daughter of Ra, is depicted as a lioness and is Common material was clay.
known for her fierce character. She is also known Minoans and Mycenaeans influence: The Minoans
as the Powerful One and is capable of destroying occupied the Greek islands mainly living on Crete. The
the enemies of her allies. She is depicted with a Mycenaeans lived on mainland Greece and the
solar disk and uraeus, an Egyptian cobra, which
was associated with royalty and the divine. She Peloponnesia. The Minoans were mainly farmers and
assisted the goddess Ma’at in the Judgement traders while the Mycenaeans were a warlike society.
Hall of Osiris which also gained her the The Golden Mask of Agamemnon,1550-1500 BCE: The
reputation of arbitrator. King of Mycenae is an artifact discovered in Mycenae in
1876 by the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann.
Art Appreciation
This mask is made of gold and is a funeral mask found Classical – sophisticated and realistic
over the face of a dead body in a burial place at Mycenae.
Classical Period, 480-323 BC: Artistic development in
Minoan influence: Aside from Mycenaean ancient Egypt Greece. In this period, Greek artists achieved a more
and Near East, Minoan art greatly affect Greek’s culture realistic likeness in depicting human figure. The statues
to a more functional and decorative but also political for example show the influence of Egyptian art in its
purpose, especially the wall paintings of palaces where stiffness, gracefulness, idealization, and achieving
rulers were depicted in their religious function, which naturalism by portraying them in a lifelike forms. Most
reinforced their role as the head of the community statues were commissioned for public display by the rich,
Octopus, Floral, Bee Pendant Pattern noble and influential people.
Notable Pottery Art The essential characteristic of classical Greek art is a
heroic realism. Painters and sculptors attempt to reveal
→ The Minoan Octopus Vase, 1200-1100BCE: the human body, in movement or repose, exactly as it
Pinnacle Of Bronze Age Pottery Design appears to the eye. The emphasis will be on people of
→ The Geometric Vase, 10th Century BCE: A Symbol unusual beauty, or moments of high and noble drama.
Of Athenian Artistic Supremacy This 460 BCE Artemision Bronze represents either Zeus,
→ The Lion Aryballos, 700BCE: A Celebration Of The the ancient Greek king of the gods of Mount Olympus, or
Rise Of Corinth possibly Poseidon, the god of the Sea. It is assumed to
→ The Dinos Of Sophilos, 6th Century BCE: First represent the mightiest of the Olympian gods, Zeus.
Known Creator Of Greek Vase Paintings
→ The Panathenaic Prize Amphora, 4th Century Created 360 BCE in honor of the Greek god Hermes of
BCE: A Celebration Of Athletic Prowess Praxiteles. Hermes was also carrying another popular
→ The Erotic Vase 500-323BCE: A Snapshot Of character in Greek mythology, the infant Dionysus.
Sexuality In Ancient Greece
Aphrodite of Knidos carved by the sculptor Praxiteles in
Archaic – stiff and primitive the 4th century B.C. from fine marble, it enjoyed great
renown as the first devotional statue of a female goddess
Archaic Period, 650-480 BC: Artistic development in in the nude.
Greece. In this period, the artisans took a turn away from
the geometric designs of the past and began to focus The Riace bronzes (460- 420BC) These tremendous
more fully on figures and elements of the natural world. statues found in the sea off southern Italy in 1972 one of
Artists were into more mystical and fantastical subjects the few original Greek bronze statues survive.
such as combined beasts like the Sphinx or Satyr-like
creatures. These new artistic ideas were assimilated into The Motya charioteer, (350BC). One of the most startling
producing images from their own religion and culture. Greek statues to survive, and highly revealing about the
erotic charge of the Greek nude. This youth is not
The Archaic phase is best known for the beginnings of technically nude, but wears a tight- fitting garment that
realistic depictions of humans and monumental stone instead of hiding his body, heightens every contour.
sculptures. It was during the Archaic period that the
limestone kouros (male) and kore (female) statues were Hellenistic – flowery and highly decorative
created depicting young, nude, smiling persons. The word Hellenistic comes from the word ‘Hellazein’,
The ‘Kouros’ and ‘Kore’, Archaic Greek statues depicting which means ‘to speak Greek’ or ‘identify with the
youths or referred to as young man and young woman Greeks’. The overlapping of Classical and Hellenistic
and Koral is a plural form. The statue is usually made of period paved the way for realism in as much as sculpture
marble or limestone, and tend to be life size. The Koral is concerned.
was used as a grave monument and offering for deities. The Farnese Hercules, Classical, 216 CE Boxer at Rest,
The Calf Bearer: Moschophoros is a Greek word which Bronze with inlaid copper Hellenistic, 330-50 BCE
means the ‘calf- bearer’. An ancient Greek statue from The difference between Hellenistic and Classical Art is in
560 BC. Depicting strength and power, he stands with his the style and transition of sculpting. The Hellenistic
left foot a little forward and has a thick beard, a symbol period saw emotions, movement of figures whereas in
of adulthood. the Classical period there is more focus on the perfect
Amphora is decorated on both sides but in different realistic figures, the sculptures are static
painting techniques. One side has a scene depicted in the In Hellenistic period, sculptors pursued and perfected
red figure style was painted by ‘andokides’. The other naturalism, an interest that Greek artists had been
side shows the same scene in the black figure style developing over hundreds of years. In addition to natural
painted by ‘lysippides’. This type of decoration puts the poses, Hellenistic artists sought to gradually depart from
vase into the so-called Bilingual group. The two figures depicting gods and mythological subjects and started
depicted usually in the scene was Achilles and Ajax replicating the bodies of real humans
playing board game.
The Winged Victory of Samothrace 200 BCE is a marble
→ Bilingual Amphora Red on one side and black on sculpture depicting the Greek goddess Nike. Considered
the other side. today as the greatest masterpiece in classical and a
→ Geometric-style krater with funeral scenes from prelude to Hellenistic from classical sculpture
Attica, Greece, with funeral scenes, 8th century
BCE. The statue Lacoon and his Sons 200 BCE also known as
→ Achilles slaying Penthesilea, the queen of the ‘Lacoon Group’ was originally created by three great
Amazons, Attic black-figure amphora signed by Greek sculptors from Rhodes, Agesander, Polydorus and
Exekias, c. 530–525 BCE Athenodoros. This life-size
Art Appreciation
statue is made of marble and depicts a Trojan priest stone theater structure is located at the southwest slope
named Lacoon, together with his sons Thymbraeus and of the Acropolis in Athens. The Athenian magnate
Antiphantes, being throttled by sea serpents. Herodes Atticus built the structure in memory of his wife,
Aspasia Annia Regilla.
Three Goddesses from the east pediment of the
Parthenon 432 BCE. Sitting and reclining in graceful Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Acropolis. Today, the theater
unison, these goddesses carved in marble for the played host to huge music concerts and had a capacity of
Parthenon in Athens are among the most beautiful and 5,000. One of the oldest temples in Greece, this ancient
mysterious images of the human form ever created. Archaic temple was dedicated to Hera the queen of the
Incredibly, the artist makes the draperies that cover their Greek goddesses. The Temple of Hera, was built in 590
bodies as real and richly textured BCE following the aesthetics of Doric architecture having
its 16 columns. The symbolic altar of the Temple was lit
The three goddesses carved in marble for the Parthenon by a torch during the first Olympic games.
in Athens. From left, Hestia, goddess of the hearth and
home, Dione, and her daughter Aphrodite Temple of Hera, Olympia. Doric style.
Pergamon Altar Athena Battling with Alcyoneus, 175-150 Built in 580 BC, the Temple of Artemis measured 49m by
BCE from the East Frieze, Altar of Zeus, Pergamon 23.46m and was the biggest temple of its time dedicated
to goddess Artemis. From the ruins itself, the metope of
Pergamon Altar Gaul and his wife, group of Gaul frieze the temple was decorated with carvings of Achilles and
220 BCE Memnon. Its magnificence and authenticity have made it
Pergamon Altar Dying Gaul (Trumpeter), Gaul frieze a landmark in ancient Greek architecture.
group, 220 BCE Temple of Artemis. The temple is considered one of the
Pergamon Altar Altar of Zeus, Marble, reconstructed and Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
restored (Staatliche Museun, Berlin) In terms of acoustics and aesthetics, The Great Theater
Ancient Greek Architecture of Epidaurus believed to be the perfect theater of all
time, containing an auditorium, a stage building, and an
Greek architecture is known for tall columns, intricate orchestral area. The theater was large enough to provide
detail, symmetry, harmony, and balance. The Greeks seating for 13,000 to 14,000 people. The theater was
built all sorts of buildings. The main examples of Greek dedicated to the worship of the god of medicine,
architecture that survive today are the large temples that Asclepius.
they built to their gods.
Theater of Epidaurus. Constructed at the end of the 4th
Using a combination of creativity and intellect, the century BCE by the architect Polykleitos. It was the first
Greeks produced many public buildings of great ancient medical center ever built in the world.
architectural treasure. The Hellenistic period provided
some of the best and most distinctive structures in the This Erechtheion Temple in Acropolis was built between
form of temples, theaters, and stadia which once were 421 and 406 BC by the great architect Mnesikles. The
the main features of ancient towns and cities. temple got its name from a shrine dedicated to the Greek
hero Erichthonius, who was mentioned in Homer’s Iliad
The simplicity, harmony, and perspective in Greek as a great king and ruler of Athens.
architecture was the foundation of Roman architecture
as well. Ancient Greek architects strove for excellence Erechtheion Temple. The marble made temple has
and precision which indeed are the hallmarks of Greek ornamented with carved doorways and beautifully
art. decorated columns.
Three Orders of Greek Architecture: Ancient Greek Roman Art Forms
architecture developed three distinct orders, the Doric, Histiory of Roman Arts
Ionic, and Corinthian. The latter were modified and
adopted by the Romans in the 1st century BCE and have The Romans originated in central Italy, influenced by
been used ever since in Western architecture. other local Italian cultures, notably those of Etruria, but
from the 5th century they came into contact with the
Also known as the Olympieion or Columns of the Greeks and from then onwards, the Roman republic
Olympian Zeus, the Temple of Olympian Zeus was absorbed many aspects of first Classical and then
dedicated to Zeus. It’s. A former colossal temple at the Hellenistic art.
center of the Greek capital Athens. The building of the
Temple began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos and Many types of Imperial art practiced by the Romans had
completed under the reign of the Roman Emperor already been fully mastered by Ancient Greek artists. It’s
Hadrian in 131 AD. normal to assume that Roman art were inspired by the
Greek culture more so on architecture.
Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
→ Sculpture – bronze/marble statuary and
One of the most influential buildings in Greek history sarcophagi.
ever built was the Parthenon, stands on top of the citadel → Fine art painting –murals, portraiture, vase-
of the Acropolis. It was dedicated to the goddess of painting.
wisdom Athena. The construction began in 447 BC when → Decorative art – carving metalwork, mosaics,
the Athenian Empire was at its height. The Parthenon is jewelry, ivory carving)
said to be the pinnacle of the Doric order.
Later Imperial art moved away from earlier Classical
Parthenon, Acropolis influences, and Severan art signals the shift to art of Late
Since ancient times, the theater Odeon of Herodes Antiquity. The characteristics of Late Antique art include
Atticus has been a significant part of Greek culture. The frontality, stiffness of pose and drapery, deeply drilled
lines, less naturalism and squat proportions.
Art Appreciation
Roman mosaics were a common feature of private → Vitriairii – Roman glass maker and designer.
homes and public buildings across the empire from Africa → Diatretarii – Roman glass cutter
to Antioch. Mosaics, known as opus tessellatum, were
made with small black, white, and colored squares of Also, the glass-blowing revolutionized the art of glass-
marble, tile, glass, pottery, stone, or shells. Typically, making which allowed the production of small medicine,
individual piece measured between 0.5 and 1.5 cm but incense, and perfume containers in new forms. Glass
fine details. Rendering fine images are using even smaller unguentarium, or perfume small bottles production
pieces as little as 1mm in size. were prevalent throughout the ancient Roman Empire,
and from Egypt to Cologne, Germany. Roman Glass Art
Origin and Influence:
Roman Glass - The most famous example of Roman glass
Flooring set with small pebbles was used in the Bronze ware is the ‘Thetis Portland Vase' which was made
Age in both the Minoan civilization based on Crete and sometime during the reign of Augustus, 27 BCE - 14 CE
the Mycenaean civilization on mainland Greece. The and which depicts the marriage of Peleus and Thetis from
same idea but reproducing patterns was used in the Near Greek mythology
East in the 8th century BCE.
Highly carved ‘diatreta’ or cage- cups and perhaps the
In Greece the first pebble flooring which attempted most famous Roman glass vessel of all was the Lycurgus
designs dates to the 5th century BCE with examples at Cup, 4th century CE
Corinth and Olynthus. These were usually in two shades
with light geometric designs and simple figures on a dark Roman Sculpture
background. Most of the surviving examples of Roman sculpture are
Mosaic Art in marble. The Sleeping Hermaphrodite, an ancient
marble sculpture depicting life size Hermaphroditus. In
Gypsy Girl,’ fragment of an ancient mosaic, Roman, 20BC 1620, Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpted the
mattress upon which the statue now lies.
Roman monochrome floor mosaic, 3rd century CE; in the
Portico delle Corporazioni, Ostia, Italy. Head of a Roman Patrician. 1st century BCE. The wrinkled
and aged face of this unknown upper-class Roman citizen
Mosaic floor fragment, stone tesserae from Syria, 6th changed the ideals of the Romans to present himself as
century CE a prized and experienced public servant instead of
A 3rd century CE Roman floor mosaic depicting Bacchus, merely copying Greek marble statues of their great and
god of wine. Flaminia, Rome mighty leaders and gods
‘Battle of Alexander and Darius at Issus,’ detail of the Augustus from Prima Porta, 1st century CE. It highlights
Roman mosaic done in the opus vermiculatum technique Augustus’s military might and refers to the Republic’s
(laying dark or light outline), Pompeii, late 2nd century past golden age
BC Fonseca Bust, 2nd century CE. The Fonseca Bust, was a
Glass Art portrait of elite Roman woman from the Flavian dynasty,
69-96 CE. Portraits of women from this era heavily
Introduced by Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Romans favored more realistic portrayals.
maximized Glass Art decorative qualities not only as
vessels but also its application on mosaics as decorative Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, 176 CE. Equestrian
panels in both walls and furniture DURING 509 – 27 BCE. statues were common in ancient Rome to honor military
The material was also used for windows, to create and civic achievements. The statue was a bronze likeness
jewelry, mirrors, game pieces, magnifying glasses, of Marcus Aurelius astride his horse
sculpture and, in the form of powder, even as a medicine Roman Architecture
and toothpaste.
Techniques: Roman architecture took over right where the builders
from ancient Greece left off after the decline of Greek
→ Primarily, Roman glass wares were just imitation civilization. But unlike their predecessors, the Romans
of their usual metal wares. placed far more emphasis on the practicality of their
→ Colors could also be achieved by adding small architectural designs. This was a major departure from
amounts of metals to the mix; adding copper contemporary practices which had always placed the
produced blue, green, and red, manganese focus on a structure’s exterior design, function and
produced pink and red, cobalt a deep blue, aesthetic appeal.
calcium white, and lead brought a yellow tint While they may have borrowed some of their earliest
→ Glass was naturally opaque due to the presence ideas from the Ancient Greeks, Etruscans, Egyptians and
of tiny air bubbles within the glass as a result of Persians, ancient Roman Architecture changed the
the firing process and usually resulting to pale landscape and giving mankind buildings that it had never
green or yellow hue due to the presence of seen before, alongside public structures, roads and
impurities. infrastructure that could be used.
→ The color or tint of the glass could naturally be
manipulated by increasing or decreasing the Roman architecture is famous for its domes, arches,
level of oxygen in the furnace. amphitheaters, temples, thermaes or bath houses,
With the invention of glassblowing in the 1st century BCE, atriums, aqueducts, apartments, houses, and for many
a better quality of glass was produced, and the other factors that made it unique. Art was often carved
production process became faster and cheaper with the into the walls of stone buildings depicting battles, and
consequence that vessels more common to every famous Romans.
households everyday objects
Art Appreciation
The Aqua Augusta, or Serino Aqueduct, 19-14 BCE, The Romans, as architectural historian D.S. Robertson
Pompeii was one of the largest, most complex and wrote, "were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the
costliest aqueduct systems in the Roman world. It first in the world, fully to appreciate the advantages of
supplied water to at least eight ancient cities in the Bay the arch, the vault and the dome.“ Romans pioneered
of Naples including Pompeii and Herculaneum the segmental arch - essentially a flattened arch, used in
bridges and private residences – the extended arch, and
The famous amphitheater, the Colosseum, was built an the triumphal arch, which celebrated the emperors'
area of 189 by 159 meters, making it the largest of its great victories were the same structures that had the
time. The said monument, began during the reign of most significant impact on Western civilization, and the
Emperor Vespasian in 72 AD. By the time it was finished rest of the world today with respect to technological
by his son Titus in 80 AD inventions and innovations.
The Pantheon is the most well-preserved architectural “The principles of true art is not to portray, but to evoke”
marvel from the ancient Roman era. Roman Temples – jerzy kosinski
were usually dedicated to particular Roman deities and
the Pantheon was a temple for all the Roman gods. The
construction was completed in 125 AD during the rule of
Hadrian
Named after the famous former governor of the city of Lesson 8: Western Art Timeline
Ephesus, the Library of Celsus, 10 BCE was actually a History of Western Art
monumental tomb dedicated to Gaius Julius Celsus
Polemaeanus. This amazing piece of Roman architecture Unlike the ancient Egyptian art which based on paganism
was constructed on the orders of Celsus’ son Galius Julius beliefs and rituals, the earliest known forms of art in
Aquila. According to record, the library housed over Western countries circulated within religious artifacts,
12,000 different scrolls social and historical events in the 12th century up to 18th
century. Arts depended on not only architecture, but also
Maison Carrée is the only temple constructed in the time visual arts. The main aim of the artists was to use images
of ancient Rome that is completely preserved to this day. to convey spiritual messages.
This marvel of Roman engineering was built around 16
BC in the city of Nimes. Maison Carrée is an architectural Importance: Western art, tells a story about a people,
gem that stands 15 meters tall and a length of 26 meters. time, and culture. As humans, we tend to use metaphors
It was built by Roman General Marcus Vipanius Agrippa and symbols to represent important messages, items,
in memory of his two sons who died young. and events. Western art is no different, as there are
many unique and rich stories hidden beneath the art
Roman Wall Painting form's history.
The history of Roman painting is essentially a history of Influence: Art influences society by changing opinions,
wall paintings on plaster. Some other Roman paintings instilling values and translating experiences across space
were applied directly on wood, ivory, and other wall and time. Art in this sense is communication, it allows
materials. Fresco on the other hand was used to adorn people from different cultures and different times to
the interiors of private homes in Roman cities and in the communicate with each other via images, sounds and
countryside stories. Art is often a vehicle for social change.
Ancient Roman wall painters or perhaps their clients Focal Theme: Western painting is in general
preferred natural earth colors such as darker shades of distinguished by its concentration on the representation
reds, yellows and browns. Blue and black pigments were of the human figure, whether in the heroic context of
also popular for plainer designs though evidence from a antiquity or the religious context of the early Christian
Pompeii paint shop illustrates that a wide range of color and medieval world. The Renaissance for example
shades was available extended this tradition through a close examination of
This gorgeous Fresco of Theseus, 18th century was the natural world and an investigation of balance,
discovered from within a Basilica located in harmony, and perspective in the visible world, linking
Herculaneum, Pompei. The painting looks spectacular painting to the developing sciences of anatomy and
and shows a few children holding Theseus’s hand and optics.
congratulating him for killing the mythological beast- 1. Medieval: 400 CE - 1400 CE
Minotaur
From around 4 CE to 1300, this era is a broad category
This painting Fresco of Wader Bird roaming freely in one that includes many artistic styles and periods, from early
of the gardens along Sarno river and looks astonishing Christian and Byzantine, Anglo-Saxon and Viking,
with lush green surroundings, painted in serene colors of Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque, and Gothic. During
green, white and shades of yellow. the medieval period, the various secular arts were
Most houses in ancient Romans featured red painted unified by the Christian church and the sacred arts
walls depicting women, animals or erotic art. This associated with it
original painting of two faces, 1st Century CE shows Characteristics
defined features of lips painted with reddish orange
color making the eyes look expressive → Iconography, Christian / religious subject matter
→ Elaborate patterns and decoration, bright colors,
This wall painting shows Eros and Psyche, 1st century CE. the use of precious metals, gems, and other
Ancient Roman artists loved to portray eternal love luxurious materials,
between people and mythological characters, and one of → Stylized figures,
the most popular subjects was Eros and Psyche’s love → Social status.
story.
Art Appreciation
The Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus’, Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix’ is a semi- nude life-
Gothic, Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, 1333 size reclining neo- Classical portrait sculpture by the
Italian sculptor Antonio Canova. 1808
2. Renaissance: 1400 CE - 1600 CE
5. Neoclassicism: 1770s – 1840s
Painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature
produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Neoclassicism was a Western cultural movement in the
Europe under the combined influences of an increased decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and
awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a architecture that drew inspiration from the art and
more individualistic view of man. Scholars no longer culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism is a revival of
believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt break the many styles inspired directly from the classical
with medieval values, as is suggested by the French word period, which coincided and reflected the developments
renaissance, literally means “rebirth.” in philosophy and other areas of the Age of
Enlightenment, and was initially a reaction against the
Characteristics excesses of the preceding Rococo style.
→ A reverent revival of Classical Greek/Roman art Characteristics:
forms and styles.
→ A faith in the nobility of Man (Humanism). → Neoclassical art include a concentration on
→ The mastery of illusionistic painting techniques. Greek and Roman mythology and history for
→ Maximizing 'depth' in a picture, including: linear subjects, like heroic male nude, somewhat
perspective, foreshortening and, later, dramatic lighting, and a rather clean style, with
quadrature and hard edges and bright primary colors in painting
→ The naturalistic realism of its faces and smooth, highly polished marble in sculpture.
6. Romanticism: 1800s – 1850s
‘Venus and Adonis’ is a painting by the Italian Mannerist
artist Paolo Veronese, 1582 The term realism was coined by the French novelist
3. Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE Champfleury in the 1840s and in art was exemplified in
the work of his friend the painter Gustav Courbet. In
Baroque art is a style with exaggerated motion and clear practice realist subject matter meant scenes of peasant
detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur and working class life, the life of the city streets, cafes
in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and popular entertainments, and an increasing frankness
and music. Baroque iconography was direct, obvious, in the treatment of the body and sexual subjects
and dramatic, intending to appeal above all to the senses The term realism was coined by the French novelist
and the emotions. Baroque started as a response of the Champfleury in the 1840s and in art was exemplified in
Catholic Church to the many criticisms that arose during the work of his friend the painter Gustav Courbet. In
the Protestant Reform in the 16th-century. practice realist subject matter meant scenes of peasant
Characteristics: and working class life, the life of the city streets, cafes
and popular entertainments, and an increasing frankness
→ Baroque painting is the painting associated with in the treatment of the body and sexual subjects.
the Baroque cultural movement, which began in
Italy in the 17th century. “Mariana” 1851, Sir John Everett Millais, Bt
→ Baroque painting is characterized by grandeur, Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical, visual and
sensuous richness, great drama, rich, deep color, intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards
and intense light and dark shadows. the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its
‘The Rape of Proserpina’ is a large Baroque marble group peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
sculpture by Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini, executed Romanticism as an "umbrella term" under which many
between 1621 and 1622. Bernini was only 23 years old at stylistic themes and values meet and interact for
its completion example the gothic, the sublime, the sentimental, love of
nature, the romance narrative.
4. Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
Characteristics:
The Rococo movement was an artistic period that
emerged in France and spread throughout the world. The → Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis
word is a derivative of the French term ‘rocaille’ which on emotion and individualism as well as
means ‘rock and shell garden ornamentation’. Rococo glorification of all the past and nature, preferring
was primarily influenced by the Venetian School's use of the medieval rather than the classical. It also
color, erotic subjects, and Arcadian landscapes. The promoted the individual imagination as a critical
father of Rococo painting was Jean Antoine Watteau authority allowed of freedom from classical
invented a new genre called ‘fêtes galantes’, which were notions of form in art.
scenes of courtship parties. ‘The Barque of Dante’, also Dante and Virgil in Hell by
Characteristics: Eugène Delacroix, 1822. This work embarked the shift in
the character of narrative painting, from Neo-Classicism
→ Rococo painting, is characterized by soft colors towards Romanticism
and curvy lines, and depicts scenes of love,
nature, amorous encounters, light-hearted 7. Impressionism: 1860s – 1880s
entertainment, and youth The Impressionist painters used layers of colors, leaving
‘Apollo and Daphne’ a painting by Giovanni Battista gaps in the top layers to reveal the colors underneath.
Tiepolo. 1744 The technique is achieved through hatching, cross-
hatching, stippling, dry brushing, and ‘sgraffito’ which
means scratching into the paint. Impressionism was a
Art Appreciation
radical art movement the artists rebelled against classical 11. Cubism: 1907 – 1914
subject matter and embraced modernity, desiring to
create works that reflected the world in which they lived. Cubism: A revolutionary new approach to representing
reality invented in around 1907 by Picasso and Braque
Characteristics: bringing different views of subjects in the same picture.
Impressionists strongly emphasized the effects of light in Georges Braque ‘Bottle and Fishes’, 1910–12
their paintings. They used short, thick strokes of paint to Characteristics:
capture the essence of the object rather than the
subject's details. Quickly applied brush strokes give the → In Cubism, artists began to look at subjects in
painterly illusion of movement and spontaneity. new ways in an effort to depict three-dimensions
on a flat canvas. They would break up the subject
‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergère’ is a painting by Édouard into many different shapes and then repaint it
Manet, considered to be his last major work, painted in from different angles. Cubism paved the way for
1882. It depicts a scene in the Folies Bergère nightclub in many different modern movements of art in the
Paris. 20th century
8. Post-impressionism: 1880s – 1905 ‘Violin and Candlestick’, 1910 by Georges Braque. This
work embodies the dynamic and energetic qualities of
Post-Impressionism is characterized by a subjective Analytic Cubism, a revolutionary artistic style
approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion
rather than realism in their work. The Post- 12. Futurism: 1909 - 1914
impressionists rejected Impressionism's concern with
the spontaneous and naturalistic rendering of light and Artistic movement centered in Italy that emphasized the
color. Instead they favored an emphasis on more dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the machine and
symbolic content, formal order and structure and the vitality, change, and restlessness of modern life.
artificiality in strokes Futurism was launched by the Italian poet Filippo
Tommaso Marinetti in 1909. On 20 February he
Characteristics: published his Manifesto of Futurism on the front page of
→ Post-Impressionists both extended the Paris newspaper Le Figaro.
Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: the Characteristics:
artists continued using vivid colors, a thick
application of paint and real-life subject matter, → Futurist painting used elements and inspirations
but were more inclined to emphasize geometric from neo-impressionism and cubism to create
forms, distort forms for an expressive effect and compositions that expressed the idea of the
use unnatural and seemingly random colors. dynamism, the energy and movement, of
modern life. Futurism is the defiance of the art
‘Vision after the Sermon’ is an oil painting by French of the past and celebrating change, originality,
artist Paul Gauguin, 1888. It depicts a scene from the and innovation in culture and society.
Bible in which Jacob wrestles an angel.
‘Primavera Umbria' was created in 1923 by Gerardo
9. Expressionism: 1905 - 1920 Dottori in Futurism style
Expressionism emerged as a reaction to the European 13. Art Deco: 1910s – 1940s
spiritual and social crises of the early 20th century.
Instead of the real world, Expressionists conveyed their Art Deco focused on the motion and thrill of the modern,
personal emotions in their works. They created mechanized world not only applied to visual arts but also
masterpieces composed of distorted figures, shocking to mass-produced fashion and individually crafted luxury
colors, and powerful lines. items. Art Deco was also influential across fashion,
advertising and architecture.
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
Expressionist art tried to convey emotion and meaning
rather than reality. Each artist had their own unique way → Playful, luxurious and exotic, Art Deco
of expressing’ emotions in their art. In order to do that, overturned traditional elegance in preference
the subjects are often distorted or exaggerated. for a highly stylized and geometric style that
symbolized wealth and sophistication
‘Dance Around the Golden Calf’ by Emil Nolde, 1910
Art Deco: Art deco style, which above all reflected
10. Art Nouveau: 1890s - 1910 modern technology, characterized by smooth lines,
geometric shapes, streamlined forms and bright,
Art Nouveau: Morris was recognized as the grandfather sometimes garish colors.
of the international Arts and Craft Movements, in an era
of increasing industrialism and urbanization. His art ‘Composition. Abstraite Aux Tourbillons’, 1955, TAMARA
embraced an idealized vision of the artisanship and de LEMPICKA
cottage industries of the Middle Ages. Morris art paved
the way to modern interior wall design, tapestry and Self-portrait, ‘Tamara in a Green Bugatti’ (1929). Painted
textile art. by Tamara de Lempicka, Art Deco
‘Wood Pecker, Tapestry’, 1885, William Morris, Art 14. Dadaism: 1916 - 1924
Nouveau Dadaism: A style of painting, sculpture, diorama and
assemblage developed and characterized chiefly by an
European artistic and literary movement (1916-1923).
‘Étant Donnés’, 1946-1966 Marcel Duchamp
Art Appreciation
The making of ‘Etant Donnes’, Dada Art by Duchamp exhibition at the Tate Modern, it pays homage to
Installed behind a heavy wooden door, “Etant donnes” Bourgeois‘ mother, who died suddenly when the
consists of a diorama viewed through two eyeholes. The artist was just 21
scene depicts a nude woman, possibly dead, with her → Installation Art: In 1990s museums began to
legs splayed, holding an illuminated gas lamp. A regularly install monumental scale artworks
mountainous landscape, based on a photo Duchamp indoors for exhibition attracting more art
shot in Switzerland, creates the background setting. enthusiasts. “The Weather Project”, 2003. Olafur
Eliasson
Dada: Created in Zurich as a response to the horrors of 2. Performance Art: Abramović sitting silent and
the First World War Raoul Hausmann ‘The Art Critic’ still in a chair across from another chair in which
1919–20 anyone could sit silently, one at a time for
15. Abstract Expressionism: 1940s – 1950s however long they wanted at the Museum of
Modern Art in New York. She sat for the entire
Originating in 1940s America, Abstract Expressionism run of her 2010 retrospective, which added up to
took its inspiration from European painters working in 736 hours and 30 minutes. ‘The Artist is Present’,
abstraction. It tended to reject all recognizably realistic 2010, Performing art, Marina Abramovic
forms and used color and texture as the primary tool for 3. Pop Art: Intended as a reaction to preceding
expression. modern art movements, contemporary art is
Characteristics: thought to have begun on the heels of Pop Art.
Pioneered by American artists like Andy Warhol
Artists used free-flowing, gestural painted brush marks, and Roy Lichtenstein. It is defined by an interest
producing paintings that were heavily reliant on in portraying mass culture and reimagining
spontaneity and intuition. commercial products as accessible art. “Coca-
Cola”, 1960s, Andy Warhol.
→ Abstract Expressionism: Pollock’s exposure on 4. Earth Art: also known as ‘land art’ or ‘earthwork’
surrealism opened his subconscious to create a is an artistic movement emerged in America
revolutionary style of abstraction. He then mark during the 1960s when a number of sculptors
the canvas through a highly physical process of and painters such as Robert Smithson
gestural drips, splatters, and strokes, his determined to heighten public awareness of
paintings traced the movements evoked from his Man's relationship with the natural world
raw emotional state. ‘Autumn Rhythm: Number byintervening in the landscape in a series of
30’, 1950 Jackson Pollock thought-provoking constructions. ‘Spiral Jetty’,
‘Multiform’, 1948 by Mark Rothko 1970, Robert Smithson
5. Mixed-media Art: Jardim Gramacho, a 321-acre
16 Contemporary Art (1960’s to present) plot of land on the northern edge of Rio de
Contemporary art is really a catch-all term for all art that Janeiro, was the world’s largest garbage dump
has come after the Second World War. As such, it until it closed in 2012. Between 2007 and 2010,
the Jardim became a kind of studio for Brazilian-
encompasses many themes and styles, and takes us up born, New York- and Rio-based artist Muniz.
to the present day. Diversity and challenging nature, ‘Marat (Sebastiã o)’, 2008. Vik Muniz
contemporary Art offers works with a dynamic 6. Shadow Art: Kumi is best known for her light and
combination of materials, methods, concepts and shadow sculptures constructed from everyday
subjects that challenge the traditional and defy easy objects. She first starts with photographing real
definition models to begin understanding the different
Characteristics: Contemporary Art is a style of decorating poses she works with. She expresses the
defined by simplicity, subtle sophistication, deliberate importance of shadow manipulation and outline.
use of texture, and clean lines. It tend to focus on color, KUMI YAMASHITA, 2000 Shadow Artist
space, and shape, contemporary interiors as well as 7. Street Art: As one of the most recent
frames are sleek and fresh contemporary art movements, street art is a
genre that gained prominence with the rise of
Characteristics: The most prominent feature of graffiti in the 1980s. Often rooted in social
contemporary art is the fact that it has no distinct feature activism, street art includes murals, installations,
or a single characteristic. It is defined by the artist's stenciled images, and stickers erected in public
ability to innovate and bring out a modern masterpiece spaces. Key street artists include Jean-Michel
Function: Contemporary art provides the artists Basquiat and Keith Haring. “The Pisa's Mural’,
opportunities to reflect on society and the issues that are 1989, Keith Haring
important to society and the world. It is part of a cultural → This iconic street artist first appeared on
dialogue that concerns larger contextual frameworks Waterloo Bridge in London. This work has been
such as identity, family, community, and nationality. repeated many times in support of various
political campaigns, notably the Syrian refugee
‘Untitled #153’ is a color photograph made by American crisis in 2014. ‘Girl with Balloon’, 2002, Bansky.
visual artist Cindy Sherman in 1985. In 2010, a print was → This striking art piece were created in order to
auctioned for $2.7 million, making it one of the most pay homage to the child victims of an earthquake
expensive photographs ever sold at that time that took place in the Sichuan province in 2008.
The large scale art is composed of 9,000 students
1. Installation Art: Standing at a height of 30 meters backpacks. The Chinese artist Ai Weiwei created
in the shape of a spider, ‘Maman’ is an iconic this striking piece in order to pay homage to the
sculptural artwork by Louise Bourgeois, 1990. child victims of an earthquake that took place in
Various versions of the piece exist, created using the Sichuan province in 2008. ‘Remembering’,
a diverse range of materials. Built for an 2009, Ai Weiwei.
Art Appreciation
→ This art piece from Pilipinas Street Plan, or PSP Western art. Excluding prehistoric art, the art of
for short, is the result of the artists banding Mesopotamia represents the oldest forms of Asian art.
together to form a community that has not only
taken their art to the streets to some key cities Functions: Asian art primarily serves religious function.
(Manila, Laguna, Cavite, Cebu, Tacloban, and Building and decorating temples with the best vessels
even Dubai) but brought the conversation about made of bronze and gold including their statues of gods
street art to a wider audience. Nemo Aguila, one and goddesses. Without arbitrary divisions separating
of the core members of PSP, shares shared this the arts, East Asia has developed exceptionally complex
exhibition photo, 2017. artistic forms possessing extraordinary richness and
8. Photo Realism: or ‘hyperrealism’ primary goal of subtlety in practical and aesthetic applications.
a photorealist was to capture the essence of the Influence: The history of Eastern painting is as old as the
photo on canvas. To do so, the artist would civilization of China. It is historically comparable to
develop the photo, transfer it to a canvas for Western painting. Eastern countries continued to
painting, and bring it back to life using a different influence each other's production of arts over the
medium. ‘Mark’, 1977, Chuck Close. John Jeff centuries. The ideologies of Confucianism, Daoism, and
Camasis. Pandemic Artist Buddhism played important roles in East Asian art.
Contemporary art is now the undisputed name for Buddhist Art:
today’s art in professional contexts and enjoys
widespread resonance in public media and popular Originated in the Indian subcontinent in the centuries
speech. Yet, its valiance for any of the usual art- critical following the life of the historical Gautama Buddha in the
and historical purposes remains contested and 6th to 5th century BCE, before evolving through its
uncertain. One thing is for sure, Contemporary may be contact with other cultures and its diffusion through the
defined as the ‘Art of Today’ and beyond. rest of Asia and the world.
Other Contemporary Art Style: Pop Art, Word Art, Gautama Buddha - Popularly known as the Buddha, was
Conceptualism, Performance, Fluxus Movement, a Śramaṇa who lived in ancient India. He is regarded as
Installation, Video Installations, Minimalism, Photo- the founder of the world religion of Buddhism. A couple
Realist Art (Hyperrealism), Earthworks (Land or of centuries after his death he came to be known by the
Environmental Art), Contemporary Photography), Arte title Buddha, which means ‘Awakened One’ or
Povera., Supports- Surfaces, Contemporary Realism,... ‘Enlightened One’.
Contemporary Art: 1960s – Present. -- ost-Minimalism, This is one of the images of the pensive bodhisattva
Feminist Art, New Subjectivity, London School, Graffiti prevalent in East Asia between the 5th and 8th centuries.
Art, Neo-Expressionist Art, Transavanguardia (Trans
avant-garde), Britart (Young British Artists), In Korea, the type emerged as an important Buddhist
Deconstructivist Design, Body Art, Chinese Cynical icon during the 6th and 7th centuries, particularly in the
Realism, Neo-Pop, Stuckism, New Leipzig School, kingdoms of Baekje and Silla. This seated figure is among
Projection Art (21st Century) and Computer Art, . -- the best-preserved examples.
Advance Artworks; Encaustic Painting, Letras Y figuras, The Great Stupa at Sanchi, India has been the focal point
Miniaturismo, Panel Painting, Tapestry, Drawing and of the Buddhist faith in the region since it was built by
Animation, Installation Art, Earth Art, Street Art and Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC.
Digital Architecture, Digital Design, Performance Art, ...
... and so many more! Bhutanese Art:
Western art encompasses many different cultures, Bhutanese arts and crafts are known for their bold use of
periods, and significant events. All of which give us a colors, exquisite attention to detail and symmetry.
clear picture of the past. Whether you’re an artist, Portraying deities, plants and animals and more, art is
someone who loves paintings, or ordinary individual who used to decorate the homes, temples and everyday
just wants to enjoy beauty and functions o arts. There is objects of the Bhutanese people. From the Buddhists
a lot to learn from western art, and it’s influences. monks making intricate sand mandalas to the
Western art spans the middle ages, the renaissance woodworker carving a garish mask, art is seen as a
period, and many periods in which technological religious experience, leading to enlightenment.
advancements occurred. Thangka Painting - The making of a thangka is a long and
“the aim of art is to represent not the outward painstaking process. It starts with the preparation of the
appearance of things but their inward significance” - canvas, which must be well stretched and smoothened.
Aristotle The outline of the deity and composition are
made,according to set guidelines, first in pencil and then
with a fine brush; colors are later painted in.
‘Thangka of Milarepa’ 1052-1135, Thimphu
Lesson 9: Asian and Eastern Visual Arts Cambodian Art:
Asian Visual Art The traditional visual arts of Cambodia revealed the
The history of Asian art or Eastern art, includes a vast conservatism of the ‘Khmer Empire’. Ancient themes
range of influences from various cultures and religions. were preferred, and rarely was there an effort to
Developments in Asian art historically parallel those in improve or adapt. The principal crafts were weaving,
Western art, in general a few centuries earlier. Chinese silver, goldsmith and jewelry making. Visual arts includes
art, Indian art, Korean art, Japanese art, each had wood and stone sculpture, painting and architecture.
significant influence on Western art, and, vice versa. Angkor Wat - It was originally built in the first half of the
Near Eastern art also had a significant influence on 12th century as a Hindu temple. Spread across more than
Art Appreciation
400 acres, Angkor Wat is said to be the largest religious center town of Demak, Central Java, Indonesia. The
monument in the world. Originally dedicated to the mosque is believed to be built by the Wali Songo with the
Hindu god Vishnu, Angkor Wat became a Buddhist most prominent figure Sunan Kalijaga, during the first
temple by the end of the 12th century. Demak Sultanate ruler, Raden Patah.
Stone Carving - Khmer people were considered as the Japanese Art:
finest stone carvers in the world. Cambodia's best-
known stone carving adorns the temples of Angkor, Japanese art and architecture is works of art produced in
which are renowned for the scale, richness and detail of Japan from the beginnings of human habitation there,
their sculpture and relief. sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the present.
Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media,
Chinese Art: including ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze,
ink painting on silk and paper, and a myriad of other
Varied throughout its ancient history, Chinese art was types of works of art; from ancient times until the
divided into periods by the ruling dynasties of China and contemporary 21st century
changing technology. Different forms of art have been
influenced by great philosophers, teachers, religious Pottery - Prehistoric art of Japan begins with the Jōmon
figures and even political leaders. Chinese art period 10,000 BCE – 350 BCE. The Jōmon people were
encompasses fine arts, folk arts and performance arts. the first settlers of Japan. Nomadic hunter-gatherers
who later practiced organized farming and built cities.
Painting - The Vinegar Tasters is a traditional subject in Historians named the pots Jōmon which means “cord-
Chinese religious and philosophical painting. The concept markings”, where in impressions made by pressing rope
of the painting depicts the three founders of China’s into the clay before it was heated to approximately 600-
three major religious and philosophical traditions such as 900 degrees Celsius.
Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
All Jōmon pots were made by hand, without the aid of a
3 Notable Painters wheel, the potter building up the vessel from the bottom
1. Wu Daozi, 680-759 CE – a famous painter in the with coil upon coil of soft clay. As in all other Neolithic
Tang Dynasty (618 - 907AD), was honored as a cultures, women produced these early potteries. Jōmon
painting saint. Wu lost his father at an early age is said to be the world’s oldest pottery to be discovered,
and lived in poverty. 3,000-2000 BCE.
2. Zhu Da, 1626-1705 CE – was a painter in the late Ukiyo-e - Ukiyo-e as often translated ‘pictures of the
Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. He was the floating world’, is a genre of Japanese art flourished from
descendant of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the 17th - 19th centuries in the early Edo period. It
the Ming Dynasty started as one-piece black-ink only using woodblock
3. Zhao Menfu 1254-1322 CE – was the descendant prints. The drawings were circulated in towns as printed
of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of Song Dynasty books or in canvas cloth and spread among the common
(960 - 1279AD). He was a versatile scholar people for their enjoyment. Color print began in the mid-
specializing in calligraphy and painting. Edo period. The Hikone screen may be the oldest
Indian Art: surviving ukiyo-e work, dating to c. 1624–44.
Indian art can be classified into specific periods, each Laotian Art:
reflecting certain religious, political and cultural Lao art involves the myriad of forms creative, cultural
developments. The earliest examples are the expression originating from Laos. This includes both
petroglyphs such as those found in Bhimbetka, some of ancient artefacts and recent productions. Laotian Art
them dating to before 5500 BCE. The production of such often features themes of religiosity in Buddhism and
works continued for several millenniums. Later examples includes such material forms as textiles, wood-carving
include the carved pillars of Ellora, Maharashtra state. and basket-weaving, sculpture and architecture.
Other examples are the frescoes of Ajanta and Ellora
Caves. Sculpture - The most famous Buddhist sculpture in Laos,
is perhaps the Phra Bang also written as ‘Phrabang’, and
Ellora Caves - Ellora Caves in Maharashtra’ was built by which literally means “Delicate Buddha" is the mystical
the Rashtrkuta king, Krishna I. Situated in the south of national emblem of Laos culture. The statue is 83 cm high
the precinct, these caves adorned with carves and standing Buddha with palms facing forward, cast in
statues are estimated to have been built during 600 to bronze and covered in gold leaf. According to local lore,
730 CE. Ellora, also known as ‘Elura’ and, in ancient times, it was cast in Ceylon now Sri Lanka sometime between
as ‘Elapura’ is a sacred site in Maharastra, central India. the 1st and 9th century.
The Ellora Caves are listed by UNESCO as a World
Heritage Site and is celebrated for its Hindu, Buddhist, Nepalese Art:
and Jain temples and monuments which were carved
from the local cliff rock. Nepali art is diverse and complex. Traditional art here
includes intricate floral patterns, mythical beings, and
Indonesian Art: the complex fusion of Hindu, Buddhist, and indigenous
elements using various materials like wood, stone,
Indonesian art are characterized by their delicacy and metal, and cloth.
serenity of expression. Indonesian art enjoyed another
golden age under the Majapahit Empire 1293–1500, Sculpture - The messianic ‘Bodhisattva Padmapani
during which a large number of Hindu– Buddhist brick Lokeshvara’ characterized as the Buddha of the future,
temples were built, characterized by tall, slender-roofed stands in a graciously exaggerated posture, the body
red brick gates and a strong geometrical quality. beautifully counterbalanced. 11th – 12th Century
Demak Great Mosque - ‘Demak Great Mosque’, 1479 is
one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia, located in the
Art Appreciation
Thai Art: the Iron Age by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo- Babylonian
empires. Widely considered to be the cradle of
Thai art and visual art was traditionally and primarily civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant cultural
Buddhist and Royal Art. Sculpture was almost exclusively developments, including the oldest examples of writing.
of Buddha images, while painting was confined to
illustration of books and decoration of buildings, Pottery - The Warka Vase, also called the ‘Uruk Vase’, a
primarily palaces and temples. Thai Buddha images from carved alabaster stone vessel, is one of the earliest
different periods have a number of distinctive styles. surviving works of narrative relief sculpture. It was found
Contemporary Thai art often combines traditional Thai in the temple complex of the Sumerian goddess Inanna
elements with modern techniques in the ruins of the ancient city of Uruk in southern Iraq.
The vase was discovered as a collection of fragments by
Architecture - Also known as Temple of Dawn, ‘Wat Arun German Assyriologists in their sixth excavation season at
Ratchawararam’ has been named after the Hindu Uruk in 1933-1934.
God, Aruna or the God of Dawn. The recent construction, The Warka Vase, One of the Earliest Surviving Works of
for most parts, was restored and rebuilt by King Rama II Narrative Relief Sculpture, Looted in the Iraq War Circa
and King Rama IV of the Chakri dynasty of Thailand. 1656 3200 to 3000 BCE
Tibetan Art: Islamic Art:
Tibetan art is first and foremost a form of sacred art, Generally, Islamic Art directly reflects its cultural values
reflecting the over-riding influence of Tibetan Buddhism but also shows the unique Muslim view of life and all
on these cultures. Tibetan art, uniquely, is an art that spiritual things. For Muslims, God is the center, Allah.
uses figuration and representational images to express Therefore Islamic art developed a unique character of
abstraction. Moreover, especially through its use of geometric, arabesque, floral, and calligraphic patterns
‘mandalas’, art is an integral part of a spiritual practice which reflect on their aspects of balance
and process.
Wall Art - Islamic art was influenced by Greek, Roman,
Painting - ‘Guge frescos’ mainly refer to the frescos in the early Christian, and Byzantine art styles, as well as the
Red and White palaces of the ruins of Guge Kingdom, Sassanian art of pre-Islamic Persia. Central Asian styles
900-1630 CE which were a grand ancient city with unique were brought in with various nomadic incursions; and
Tibetan architectures. The Guge frescos covering various Chinese influences had a formative effect on Islamic
aspects of religious disciples and laymen, such as plough, painting, wall art, pottery, and textiles.
sowing, harvest, hunting and milking have remained
vividly colored following the passage of more than 300 A calligraphic panel by Mustafa Râkim (late 18th–early
years. 19th century): In tradition, Islamic art has focused on the
depiction of patterns and Arabic calligraphy, rather than
The aesthetic effect of ‘Guge Frescos’ characterized with on human figures, because it is feared by many Muslims
sublimity mixed with elegance, symmetry with harmony, that the depiction of the human form is idolatry. The
femininity with masculinity, melancholy with heroism, panel reads: “God, there is no god but He, the Lord of His
and sublimity with romanticism. prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the Lord
Vietnamese Art: of all that has been created
Vietnamese artists began to use traditional mediums Iranian Art:
such as silk, lacquer, and oil to create European-style Persian art, also referred to as Iranian art, is an art form
artworks. The result was a dazzling fusion of East and made up of many mediums that include painting,
West, with talented artists creating breathtaking silk and pottery, sculpture, reliefs, metalworking, calligraphy,
oil paintings usually depicting pagodas, the countryside, weaving, and architecture. As Persian art developed, the
and Vietnamese historical events art movement received multiple influences from
Woodblock Prints - Vietnamese woodblock prints or neighboring countries, dictated the style seen in the
‘Dong Ho’ painting (Vietnamese: Tranh Đông Hồ) is a folk artworks. With the earliest influence dating back to
art originating in Dong Ho Village, Bac Ninh Province, approximately 550 BCE, Persian art exists as one of the
Hanoi that has been practiced for three centuries. Dong richest art heritages in the world
Ho painting is considered one of Vietnam's cultural Stone Bas-relief - ‘Archers frieze’ from Darius Palace at
symbols. Subjects depicted in these paintings are usually Susa, ca. 510 BC
scenes of ordinary life, Vietnamese landscapes, seasons
of the year, and prosperity symbols. Nabataean Art:
The background paper in making a dong ho is originally Nabataean is a member of an ancient Arabian people
white, made of bark of a tree called ‘Dzo’. The usual who from 312 BC formed an independent kingdom with
pigments were orange, pink, yellow, purple refined from its capital at Petra in Jordan. The art of the Nabataeans
the leaves of local trees; red pigment is taken from earth of North Arabia were known for potted painted ceramics,
of hills and mountains; the black is made from burned and dispersed among Greco-Roman world, as well as
bamboo leaves; a shiny white paint is made using ground sculpture and architecture. Nabataean Art is most well
sea shells known significantly for the archaeological sites in Petra,
specifically monuments such as Al Khazneh and Ad Deir
Mesopotamian Art
Architecture - One of the most prominent rock-cut
The Art of Mesopotamia: has survived in the facades within the Petra Archaeological Park is the
archaeological record from early hunter-gatherer Palace Tomb synthetized with the advanced set of skills
societies, 10th millennium BCE on to the Bronze Age and techniques that the Nabataeans deployed to shape
cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and the unique monuments. Built between the 1st and the
Assyrian empires. These empires were later replaced in
Art Appreciation
2nd century AD is the most monumental of the ‘Royal breakthrough artist of the decade in classical crossover,
Tombs’ Group, as referred to by its name earned him the title ‘speedy pianist’
In a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and Country
technologically advancing world, contemporary artists
give voice to the varied and changing cultural landscape Country music is defined as a style and genre of largely
of identities, values, and beliefs. Experimental and string-accompanied American popular music having
audiences as well play an active role in the process of roots in the folk music of the Southeast and cowboy
constructing meaning about works of art. music of the West, usually vocalized, generally simple in
form and harmony, and typified by romantic or
“the truly modern artist is aware of abstraction in an melancholy ballads accompanied by acoustic or electric
emotion of beauty” – piet modrian guitar, banjo, violin, and harmonica. The phrase ‘country
music’ first appeared in early 1500s and it describes type
of music denoting everyday life in a rural town or region.
Music Genres
According to the popular music streaming service
‘Spotify’, there are over 1,300 music genres in the world.
A music genre is a conventional category thatidentifies
some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition
or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished from
‘musical form’ and ‘musical style’, although in practice
these terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
Blues
A vocal and instrumental form of music based on a
pentatonic scale and a characteristic twelve-bar chord
progression. Blues originated in the deep South of the
United States around 1860s by African-Americans. Blues
incorporated spirituals, shouts, work songs and chants
that found its earliest stylistic roots in West Africa. Blues
has been a major influence on later American and
Western popular music, finding expression in ragtime,
jazz, big band, rhythm & blues, rock & roll, country music,
conventional pop songs and even modern classical
music.
Riley B. King, 1925 – 2015 - Known professionally as ‘BB
King’, was an American blues singer-songwriter, guitarist,
and record producer. He introduced a sophisticated style
of soloing based on fluid string bending, shimmering
vibrato and staccato picking that influenced many later
blues electric guitar players.
Classical
Classical music is generally a classification covering
music composed and performed by professionally
trained artists. Classical music is a written tradition. It is
composed and written using music notation, and as a
rule is performed faithfully to the score. In common
usage, ‘classical music’ often refers to orchestral music in
general, regardless of when it was composed or for what
purpose (film scores and orchestral arrangements on
pop music recordings, for example).
Sergei Rachmaninov, 1873 – 1943 - Rachmaninov was a
Russian composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor of the
late Romantic period. He belongs to the aristocracy of
composers. No two of his piano pieces are alike, each one
creates its own world. He lays his soul before us in music
like the Second Symphony, yet it is noble as much as
passionate
Maksim Mrvica, 1975 – Present ‘The Piano Player’, his
first album, gave a new spin to great compositions by
‘Handel’ and ‘Chopin’. Since its release in 2003 it has
been successful, in Asia, where it has achieved Gold
status in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and mainland
China, Platinum in Taiwan and Croatia and Double
Platinum in Hong Kong making him the best selling
Art Appreciation
Art Appreciation