MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

WITH MPPT CONTROLLER

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelors of Technology in “Electrical Engineering”
By

RAJEEV RANJAN (110EE0411)

Department of Electrical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
WITH MPPT CONTROLLER

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelors of Technology in “Electrical Engineering”
By

RAJEEV RANJAN (110EE0411)

Under the Supervision of

Prof. Monalisa Pattnaik

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF A
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH MPPT CONTROLLER” submitted by
RAJEEV RANJAN (110EE0411) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering at National Institute of
Technology, Rourkela is an authentic work carried out by them under my supervision
and guidance. To the best of my knowledge the content of this thesis has not been
submitted to any other university/Institute for the award of any Degree.

DATE:13-05-2016 (Dr. Monalisa Pattnaik)

PLACE: Rourkela Department of Electrical Engineering

NIT Rourkela

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

On the submission of our thesis entitled “MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF

A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH MPPT CONTROLLER” we would like

to take the opportunity to thank our supervisor Prof. Monalisa Pattnaik for her
continuous encouragement, support and guidance at all stages in understanding the
subject and developing the project.

We would also like to express our deepest gratitude to Prof. J K SATPATHI, Head
of the Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela for his invaluable advice and for providing us the platform to successfully
complete our project.

We would like to thank all others for their technical as well as moral support and
their significant contribution in successful completion of this project.

Lastly, we would like to appreciate our family and friends, for their advice and
support during the course of this project.

ii
 DEDICATED TO
Our beloved family, friends & the
almighty

iii
 ABSTRACT

Solar energy has become one of the most popular renewable energies due to the drastic increase
of global energy demand and rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuel resources. Advanced
power electronic systems are required to utilize and develop renewable energy sources. In solar
system, utilizing of maximum power from the source is one of the most important functions of the
power electronic converters. The output power characteristics of a PV array are influenced by the
environmental factors so that the conversion efficiency is low. Therefore a maximum power
tracking (MPPT) technique is necessary to track the peak power to maximize the efficiency.
This project focuses on mathematical piece wise linear modelling and simulation of three diode
model of a PV solar cell. The shunt and series resistance is calculated by using Newton Raphson
iterative method by varying solar irradiance and temperature. The MPPT algorithm is implemented
by using buck converter in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

iv
 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENETS v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS viii

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 MOTIVATION 1
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT WORK 2
1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 3

CHAPTER – 2

PV MODELLING

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PV POWER SYSTEM 4

2.2 CLASSICAL MODEL 5

2.3 Rsh MODEL 6

2.4 PROPOSED PV MODEL 7

v
 CHAPTER – 3
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO MPPT 13

3.2 DIFFERENT MPPT TECHNIQUES 13
3.3 PERTURB AND OBSERVE ALGORITHIM 14
CHAPTER – 4
DESIGN OF BUCK CONVERTER

4.1. MPPT CONTROLLER 17

4.2. FRACTIONAL OPEN CIRCUIT (FOC) VOLTAGE ALGORITHM 17
4.3 DESIGN PARAMETER 19

CHAPTER –5
5.1. CONCLUSION 24

FUTURE WORK
REFERENCE

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Name of the Figure Page No.

2.1 Classical model of PV cell Modelling 5
2.2 Rsh Model of PV cell Modelling 6
2.3 Proposed PV model of PV cell Modelling 7
2.4 Current-Voltage characteristics at different temperature 9
2.5 Power-Voltage characteristics at different temperature 10
2.6 Current-Voltage characteristics at different irradiation 10
2.7 Power-Voltage characteristics at different irradiation 11
2.8 Relative error in power w.r.t. temperature 12
2.9 Relative error in Voc w.r.t. temperature 12
3.1 Perturb and Observe Algorithm flowchart 14
4.1 Buck converter 16
4.2 Fractional open circuit voltage algorithm flowchart 18
4.3 pv array interfacing of closed loop buck converter 21
4.4 output voltage 22
4.5 output current 22
4.6 output power 23

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Name of Table Page No.

3.1 Result of Different Models at 25°C and 1000 W/m2 15

3.2 Manufacturer datasheet values 15

vii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

PV Photovoltaic

DC Direct Current

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking

P&O Perturb and Observe

STP Standard temperature and pressure
N-R Newton Raphson

viii
 CHAPTER – 1

1.1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past decade, solar energy source has shown the potential by robust and continuous
growth. In universal, P-V or I-V curve have distinct point called Maximum power point, Where
With maximum efficiency the total P-V system is been operated and gives its maximum power
output. For this, Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) algorithm is used to extract the maximum
available power at every operating point. Various MPPT algorithms are available in literature such
as Perturb and observe (P & O), Hill climb search (HCS), Advanced P & O, Fuzzy logic, neural
network algorithms etc. MPPT techniques are implemented by using different types of power
electronics converter like buck converters, boost converters, SEPIC converter, and buck converter
etc. Due to the PV system being quite expensive, optimization of the system performance are
widely used by predictive performance tools. Under the Optimized Test Conditions (OTCs), PV
manufacturers are providing limited tabular data which points to a cell of 25°C at 1000 W/m2 and
at 1.5 air mass spectral distributions. But PV cells work under standards very far from the OTCs.
Research needs failed due to this reason, when the data in the datasheet shown. Usually, A physical
image which express PV current with the environmental parameters and most basic technical
features depending on this there are analytical equations, such as the operating voltage, the
surrounding temperature, and the irradiance. By mathematical formulae Analytical ways are
common methods in estimating the parameters. Furthermore, analytical methods use the curve
characteristics or semiconductor variables which are absent in the datasheet. Recently, PV
parameter prediction and analysis is considered as a multidimensional parametric problem. Several
solving ways, such as Newton Raphson iterative technique, Genetic Algorithms (GA), Chaos
Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO), Firefly, and Pattern Search (PS) were issued. These
algorithms bring out the appropriate parameters by reducing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
as the fundamental relation in the optimization system.

1.2. MOTIVATION
It is clear that the world energy demands cannot be make my conventional source .Taking into
account the growing population it is very important to find as sustainable source of power. In this
regard renewable energy presents unique potential. Solar power is an important of the renewable
energy mix in the world today but several factor have limited its widespread use and adoption.
1
One of the major issue is the relatively costlier installation of PV array .That has rendered it
uncompetitive is the energy market. So need of the ours is more research into making solar cheaper
modelling and simulation of PV arrays is done to estimate its characteristics batter and extract
maximum power possible .The I-V and P-V characteristics of a PV array for varying atmospheric
condition enable as to make better design interfacing of a synchronous buck converter with PV
array acts as impedance matching device and make it possible to get optimum power from it

.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
 Development of a piece wise linear model for PV module consisting three diodes connected
in parallel with voltage controlled resistance for high performance.
 Estimation of the series resistance and shunt resistance by Newton Raphson iteration
technique for matching of power and I-V characteristics for the variation of temperature and
irradiation. 
 Development of MPPT controller by using buck converter.

1.4.LITERATURE SURVEY
The researches on “Solar Energy Systems” is going on since a long time all around the world by
many researchers and engineers. To improve the efficiency and control the output of solar cell
within economic cost, advanced control mechanism are required as it comes with low efficiency.
This modern advanced control mechanism based on power electronics is known as “Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT)”.

A PV cell operation is analysed at various solar radiation intensity and temperature over a day [1].
The current vs voltage and power vs voltage characteristics is obtained by mathematical modelling
and MATLAB simulation of PV system [2].

The cause of variation in the temperature and solar radiation in PV cell’s characteristics curve and
effect of partial shading over PV cell are assessed by an accurate analytical modelling of a two
diode PV cell [3].
Various PV cells are simulated and compared with the manufacturing datasheet for error analysis
[4]. By using MATLAB/Simulink, generalised modelling of PV cell is obtained and partial shading
effect over different MPPT techniques is used to obtain optimum power of system and algorithm
2
is studied for optimised system [5]. For partial shading variation of peak points in power vs voltage
characteristics is shown [6].
For different temperature from STP is discussed for mathematical and theoretical analysis of a PV
cell [7]. At various solar radiation intensity, a relative analysis of different maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) is done to make the output power nearly constant in each cases

1.5 .ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

This thesis is organized as follows:
Chapter 1:
This chapter introduce the necessity and increasing demand of PV power generation and advantage
of PV power generation over traditional power generation as well as objectives and motivation.
Chapter 2:
In this chapter PV cell modelling is done with three different models: Classical model, R sh model
and piecewise linear model.
Chapter 3
In this chapter MPPT controller with buck converter is discussed
Chapter 4
In this chapter simulation of buck converter circuit in conjunction with the PV cell and MPPT
controller is included.
Chapter 5
In this chapter conclusion of thesis along with its scope in future is included.

3
 CHAPTER – 2
Modelling of PV cell

2.1. Introduction to Photovoltaic system

A PV cell is the smallest block of PV system. Since a PV cell can generate very small current
(nearly 30mA) and voltage (0.6V), a PV module is designed with series and parallel connection of
PV cells to increase voltage and current respectively and panel contains large numbers of array of
such a combination. The solar energy is converted to electrical energy in PV panel having semi-
conductor materials. When solar energy is more than critical energy semiconductor, photo current
is generated due to photo effect. Electrons are emitted and connected with load constitutes electric
current.
Materials used for PV Cell
Thin layer of silicon is used on most of the solar cell which forms an electric field when sun light
strikes on the cell. Types of silicon used in PV cell are-
1. Single crystalline semiconductor.
2. Crystalline semiconductor.
In recent day advanced semiconductor materials are used for PV cells are
1. Metallic element compound (GaAs).
2. Cd chemical compound (CdTe).
3. Copper atomic number 49 Diselenide (CuInSe2).

2.2. MODELLING OF PV CELL

A current proportional to solar radiation is produced when PV cell exposed to sun light. An ideal
solar cell is possible in a circuit as a current source parallel connected to diode. Generally PV cells
are non-ideal, a shunt and series resistance are connected for accurate modelling as shown in figure
2.1. The existing model (classical model and R sh and R s ) with proposed model is designed in
MATLAB/Simulink in this project.

4
 Rs I

Id Ish
IL
V
Rsh

Fig. 2.1 Classical model of single PV cell

The mathematical equation for this model can be given as

 V  IRs 
I  IL  Id    2.1.1
 Rsh 

 AkT
qv

I d  I 0 e  1 2.1.2
 

Where

IL- light emitted photo current

Id - current through diode
Io - reverse saturation current of the diode
V - Diode voltage (V)
T - Temperature (K)
k - 1.380658× 1023 (Boltzmann constant [J/K])
q - 1.6× 10−19 Charge of electron
A- Diode ideality factor

5
2.3. R sh Model

Fig. 2.2 Rsh Model of PV cell

Similar method to find load current and diode current as in classical model but determined
by the Newton Raphson method.

VMAX VMAX  I MAX RSH 

RSh  (2.3.1)
VMAX I P  I D   PMAX 
With the initial condition

 VMAX   VOC  VMAX 

RSH       (2.3.2)
 I SC  I MAX   I MAX 

And RS  0 (2.3.3)

Where
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 - Voltage at maximum power

𝐼𝑆𝐶 - Short circuit current

𝑉𝑂𝐶 - Open circuit voltage

I max  Current at maximum power

6
The advantages of R sh and R s model over classical model is matching of R sh and R s for maximum
Power output by iterative method. Hence for high accurate modelling, using datasheet information
those parameters can be calculated which is open circuit voltage, maximum power and short circuit
current. Newton-Raphson method is used for computing these parameters and computed, by
equation (2.3.1). Newton-Raphson method has the good and a quick convergence with an initial
values near the root, as given in equation (2.3.2). So, within a few iteration a better solution of R sh
function of R s by equation (2.3.1) is obtained until the optimum experimental power and voltage
values (𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) matching with datasheet values of different module.

2.4. Proposed PV Modelling

Rs
I

D1 D2 D3

V
IL R1 R2 R3 Rsh

V1 V2 V3

Fig.2.3. Proposed Piece Wise Linear Model

So for the above circuit the mathematical model is

 V  IR S 
I  I L  I d 1  I d 2  I d 3    (2.4.1)
 RSh 
Where

Id1 - current through diode1

Id2 - current through diode2

Id3 - current through diode 3

To control the power (constant power) voltage controlled resistor in series with diodes is used near
the maximum power point voltage (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) although there is little change in voltage near the 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
(between.9Vmax to 1.1 Vmax with 0.1 Vmax interval) by suitable switching ON and OFF of the
diodes connected in parallel rather than switching of all the diodes at the same time.

7
The detailed analysis of switching ON and OFF of the diodes connected in parallel and
determination of the value of the voltage controlled register are given below. The switching
voltages are taken at 𝑉 1 = 0.9Vmax, V2 = Vmax, V3 =1.1Vmax.

Interval 1: (VD < V1)

(V1 = 0.9 Vmax). When the generated voltage from the PV panel is less than 𝑉 1 , then all the diodes are
in OFF state, and there will be no flow of current through those diodes, So all the light generated
current from the PV panel will flow through the load and a very small portion of the IL will pass through
the shunt resistance Rsh, that’s why the current is almost remains constant in this interval

Interval 2: (V1 < VD < V2)

In this case diode D1 will be ON and the value of PV current fails from IL to IL-Id1

R1 is given in the following equation (2.4.2):

VMAX  0.9VMAX
R1  (2.4.2)
I D1

Interval 3: (V2 < VD < V3)

Diodes D1 and D2 are ON.

The current passing through diode D1 is given by the equation (2.4.3):

1.1VMAX  0.9VMAX
I D1  (2.4.3)
R1
The current passing through the diode D2 becomes:

I D 2  I D  I D1  I (2.4.4)

𝑅2 Computed as follows

1.1VMAX  VMAX (2.4.5)

R2
I D2
2

Interval 4: (V3 < VD < VOC)

8
In this case all the three diodes will be turned ON and the current passing through the
load will be zero at Voc. The current passing through the diode D1 is given in the
equation (2.4.6)
VOC  1.1VMAX
I D1  (2.4.6)
R1
Similarly the current passing through the diode D2 is given as:

VOC  1.1VMAX
I D2  (2.4.7)
R2

In the same way current passing diode D3 is given by:

I D3  I L  I D1  I D 2  I (2.4.8)

In this proposed model Rsh and Rs are calculated by Newton – Raphson iteration method same to
the procedure proposed given in equation [2.3-1, 2, 3].

2.5 SIMULATION RESULT

The Classical model, Rsh model, proposed piece wise linear model are designed in
MATLAB/Simulink for different model and their comparative study is given below.

2.5.1. At different temperatures

Current vs Voltage (I-V) and Power vs Voltage (P-V) characteristics are shown in Fig 2.4 and
Fig 2.5 for various models at temperature 250c and 500c and the variation is observed.

Fig 2.4 Current-Voltage characteristics of PV module at different temperature

9
 Fig. 2.5 Power-Voltage characteristics of PV module at different temperature

From the on top of I-V and P-V characteristics of various models (classical, Rsh and planned
model) at completely different temperature, the planned model has its characteristics a great
deal near the plot obtained from the producing datasheet

2.5.2 At different irradiation

I-V and P-V characteristics area unit shown in Fig two.6 and Fig two.7 for numerous models at
irradiation 800W/m2 and 1000W/m2 and also the variation is discovered. The legends utilized
in higher than figure is additionally
Applicable here

35
0
Fig. 2.6 Current vs Voltage Characteristics of PV module at different irradiation
10
 VOLTAGE (V)
Fig. 2.7 Power vs Voltage Characteristics of PV module at different irradiation

From the higher than i-v and p-v characteristics of various models (classical, Rsh and planned
model) at totally different irradiation, the planned model has its characteristics a great deal near
the plot obtained from the producing datasheet.

 At low temperature the classical model gives desired values but significant error is
introduced as temperature and insolation increases.
 The shunt resistance model gives higher results compared to classical model as
approximation is finished by Newton Raphson methodology but it's conjointly not
satisfactory for higher temperature and insolation amount.
 The three diode model gives economical results with significant accuracy overcoming the
restrictions of 1𝑠𝑡 and 2𝑛𝑑 models.
 With increase in insolation the current, voltage and corresponding power output will
increase.
 As temperature will increase current will increase to a small degree however voltage
decreases considerably leading to decrease in power output.

11
2.5.3 Relative error in power w.r.t. temperature

6
CLASSICAL MODEL R sh
5
MODEL PROPOSED PIECEWISE LINEAR
RELATIVE ERROE INPmp (%)

4 MODEL

0
25 50 75
TEMPRATURE (*C)

Fig. 2.8 Relative error in power w.r.t. temperature

The relative error in power output of three models with respect to temperature area unit
aforethought in Figure 2.8 and it's determined that the planned three diode model shows less
deviation from datasheet values at higher values of temperature

2.5.4. Relative error in Voc w.r.t. temperature

6
CLASSICAL MODEL
RELATIVE ERROR IN Voc

5 Rsh - MODEL

PROPOSED PIECEWISE LINEAR MODEL

4

1
(%)

0
25 50
75
TEMPRATURE (*C)

Fig. 2.9 Relative error in Voc w.r.t. temperature

12
 CHAPTER 3
3.1 Introduction to Maximum Power Point Tracking

The maximum power is extracted for the optimal utilisation of panel as installation cost of PV
panel is high. Over the period of a day, temperature and solar isolation changes. So, main moto
is to obtain voltage that corresponds to maximum power output for the different radiation
intensity and temperature. Solar panel without optimised technique leads to wastages of solar
energy. The variation in solar radiation limits the optimum utilisation of solar panel which can
be overcome by Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique to obtain optimum power
from the panel at every instant of time. The aim of MPPT technique is to get operating voltage
of panel corresponding to maximum power at the load. MPPT is an electronic circuit with an
ability to track voltage (VMPP) or current (IMPP) periodically to get optimal power from PV
panel at all environmental conditions.
Some required characteristics of MPPT techniques are:
• Cheaper
• Easy to implement and to install.
• Rapid tracking response for the dynamic analysis and tracking.
• Ability to track the MPP for varying solar radiation and temperature over wide range.

3.2 Types of MPPT Technique

Among several MPPT techniques for obtaining optimal power, they can be classified base
on complexity, efficiency and cost. Some of the techniques are listed below:

i. Perturb and Observe (P &O)

ii. Incremental conductance

iii. Fractional open circuit voltage

iv. Fractional short circuit current

v. Current sweep

Perturb and observe (P & O) algorithm is used for simplicity.

13
3.3 Perturb and Observe Algorithm

Fig. 3.1 P&O Flowchart

14
 2
Table 3.1 Result of Different Models at 25°C and 1000 W/m

Parameters PWL Model Rsh Model Classical Model Manufacturer

datasheet value

Pmax (W) 200.01 198.14 196.340 200.143

Vmax (V) 26.28 26.27 26.24 26.3

Imax (A) 7.58 7.54 7.52 7.61

Rsh (Ὼ) 414.89 414.8 415.40 --

Rs (Ὼ) 0.245 0.245 0.221 --

R1, R2,,R3(Ὼ) 7.12 ,3.13, 2.345 -- -- --

Table 3.2 Manufacturer datasheet values

Maximum Power (Pmax) 200.143W

Voltage at maximum Power 26.3V

(Vmax)

Current at max Power (Imax) 7.61A

Short circuit Current (Isc) 8.21A

Open circuit Voltage (Voc) 32.9V

Light emitted Current (IL) 8.23A

15
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF BUCK CONVERTER
The basic operation of the buck converter with an inductance is controlled by two switches
(Usually a semiconductor device and a diode). With controlled switching of converter, output
power can be controlled for desired value. It is assumed that input and output voltage remains
constant over the cycle.

Figure 4.1 Buck converter

When switch is on, supply charges the inductor which stores energy magnetic field. No current
flows through the diode as it is reverse biased and gets open circuited. At the same time
capacitor gets discharged to maintain the load voltage. An exponential current flows through
the inductor. This operation is called ON-mode.

When switch is turned off, inductor act as voltage source which supplies power to the load and
diode turns on. . The voltage across the output will be the summation of input voltage and the
voltage across the inductor. Thus stepped up voltage is obtained across the load. Capacitor
maintains the constant voltage across the load. This operation is called OFF-Mode operation.
In this way output power control is achieved.

16
.4.1. MPPT controller
To obtain the optimistic power by interlinked PV or solar powered system from transmission
line which is indeed optimised system, MPPT methods are used in grids linked with inverters,
battery chargers powered by solar power system and other same type of device. At no-load,
relationship between PV voltage and other parameter like radiation, resistance and temperature
is too much complex. Hence dependent efficiency on P-V and I-V characteristics is non- linear.
To resolve this problem an appropriate load is connected at output side so that desirable power
output can be obtained at any condition with changing solar radiation and temperature. The
MPPT device is incorporated with the converter to convert electric power and supplies
converted voltage or current, regulates and filters for operation of loads such as motors,
batteries or power grids.

Out of many MPPT methods and techniques used in PV system one method is discussed
here:

4.2. FRACTIONAL OPEN CIRCUIT (FOC) VOLTAGE ALGORITHM

The main concept of the algorithm is that PV voltage at Maximum Power Point is directly
proportional to the open circuit voltage Voc. The constant of proportionality depends on the
manufacturing of the cell like solar cell technology, fill factor and climate conditions.

𝐾1 = 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 *𝑉𝑜𝑐
The constant, K1 varies in between 0.71 and 0.78. The constant k depends on the sort and
configuration of the electrical phenomenon panel. The circuit voltage should be measured and
therefore the MPP determined in how for different close conditions. Usually, the system
disconnects the load sporadically to live FOC and calculate the in operation voltage. This
methodology has some clear disadvantages, temporary power loss is obvious. An alternate

Methodology would be to use one or a lot of watching cells, however they additionally ought

To be chosen and placed terribly rigorously to mirror truth open circuit voltage of the system.

17
Although this methodology is kind of easy and sturdy and does not need a microcontroller, the
constant solely allows a crude approximation of the MPP. Other algorithms can considerably
increase the highest power drawn from a similar PV installation

Fig-4.2 fractional open circuit voltage algorithm flowchart

18
4.3 design parameters:
Vin  32.9
Vout  26.3
I load  7.61A

Fsw  200kHZ
Vout
K  0.8
Vin
Iripple  2.283

(a)Inductance Calculation:

In DC-DC converter Inductor and Capacitor act as filter to filter out higher order harmonics.
Hence Inductance removes the ripples from the output current.

For an inductor,

 
L  Vin  Vout * 
D  (4.3.1)
 Fsw * I 
 ripple 
L=11.56 µH
(b)Output Capacitor Calculation:
The output capacitor voltage is resultant sum of effective series resistance ripple voltage, load
current sag voltage supplied by capacitor as the inductor is discharged and capacitor’s effect
series inductance ripple voltage. As ESL is not rated on capacitor, so let’s assume ESL = 0.
But with increase in switching frequency, ESL value is taken under consideration.

 I * T 
Cout    (4.3.2)
 V  I * ESR 

C out  321.5F

This equation shows that it depends on ESR, C and ESL. With suitable approximation, we can
remove the other parameter from the equation and depends only on ESR which can be
controlled. ESR is taken from rating of amps rated capacitors.
19
(c)Input Capacitor
For critical condition of duty cycle, D = 80% and under this condition buck converter’s ripple
input current is half of the output load current. Input capacitor is selected based on ESR to
meet desired ripple voltage. Output ripple voltage is required more stringent compared to
input. Here, the maximum input voltage ripple was defined as 200 millivolts. For input
capacitor, ripple current rating is the important factor. Many times input ripple is more than
output.

 
 
 T 
Cin    (4.3.3)
V
 ripple  ESR 
I 
 ripple 

C in  511F

20
SIMULATION MODEL

Figure 4.3 pv array interfacing of closed loop buck converter

21
SIMULATION RESULT

30

25

20
voltage

15

10

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
time

Fig- 4.4 output voltage

5
current

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
time

Fig-4.5 output current

22
 300

250

200
power

150

100

50

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
time

Fig-4.6 output power

23
 CHAPTER 5

5.1. CONCLUSION
The project process simplified piecewise linear model for a PV array. In this work we have
chosen the KC-200GT solar panel as the power source and simulated its I-V and P-V
characteristics. The final simulation of PV-array along with MPPT and an impedance matching
device. A synchronous buck converter was used to implement the MPPT algorithm because of
its better efficiency in the fractional open-circuit voltage MPPT algorithm. The value of K was
set to 0.75, as usually K varies between 0.7 & 0.8. A PI controller is used to precisely control
the transient and study state response of the model under varying load as well as source
variation. The MPPT algorithm used was fractional open circuit voltage algorithm,
Which is very Simple and can be implemented cheaply. In open loop simulation of
synchronous buck converter there was significant error in the output value. This was due to the
losses in the circuit elements and the inability of the system to compensate for it. Switching
losses depend upon switching frequency chosen. In closed loop simulation the transient
response, steady state error etc. depend on the proportional and integral constant values.

FUTURE WORK
 Study and simulation of advanced MPPT algorithms
 Hardware implementation of the set-up
 Simulation of effects of PI controller on transient response for different K p and K i

values

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5.2 Reference

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[2] Villalva, Marcelo Gradella, and Jonas Rafael Gazoli. "Comprehensive approach to
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[3] Altas, I. H., and A. M. Sharaf. "A photovoltaic array simulation model for matlab-simulink
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[4] Tsai, Huan-Liang, Ci-Siang Tu, and Yi-Jie Su. "Development of generalized photovoltaic
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[5] Ishaque, Kashif, Zainal Salam, and Hamed Taheri. "Modeling and simulation of
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1168, 2003.
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter
[9] H. Altas and A. M. Sharaf, “A photovoltaic array simulation model for matlab-simulink
gui environment,” Proc. Of International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, ICCEP
’07, May 21-23, 2007.
[10] S. Rahman, M. Khallat, and B. Chowdhury, “A discussion on the diversity in the
applications of photo-voltaic system,” IEEE Trans., Energy Conversion,, vol. 3, pp. 738–
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