DSM Work 1
DSM Work 1
DSM Work 1
3. Evaluate flags:
- Determine CO and ZF based on the result:
- If (OP0 + OP1) = OP2, CO=0, ZF=1.
- If (OP0 + OP1) > OP2, CO=0, ZF=0.
- If (OP0 + OP1) < OP2, CO=1, ZF=0.
These sequences outline the steps involved in each topic's computing process using the ALU-
based network and ROM contents.
Evaluating both the carry out (CO) and zero flag (ZF) during the subtraction step provides
crucial information to accurately determine the relationship between the sum of operands (OP0 +
OP1) and operand OP2.
1.Carry Out (CO): CO indicates whether there was a borrow during the subtraction operation. If
CO is 1, it signifies a borrow, indicating that the result (OP0 + OP1) is less than OP2.
2. Zero Flag (ZF): ZF indicates whether the result of the subtraction is zero. If ZF is 1, it means
the result is zero, signifying that (OP0 + OP1) is equal to OP2.
By considering both CO and ZF, the computation can accurately determine whether (OP0 +
OP1) is greater than, equal to, or less than OP2. This enables precise control flow or decision-
making in subsequent steps of the algorithm.
Certainly! Here's the topic written in a similar style to the previous one, along with the
advancements made:
Advancements:
- Introduction of mnemonic codes for instructions, making it easier to define ROM contents.
- Use of mnemonic codes like "IN" for input and "ADD" for addition, similar to microprocessor
technical manuals.
Here are some examples of mnemonic codes and their corresponding machine code
representations:
1. **Input Operation:**
- Mnemonic: IN A,P
- Machine Code: p1 p0 0 1 1 1 1 1
- Description: A ← P (where P represents one of the four possible inputs)
2. **Addition Operation:**
- Mnemonic: ADD A,P
- Machine Code: p1 p0 0 0 0 0 1 1
- Description: A ← (A + P)
3. **Subtraction Operation:**
- Mnemonic: SUB A,P
- Machine Code: p1 p0 0 0 1 1 1 1
- Description: A ← (A - P)
5. **Logical OR Operation:**
- Mnemonic: OR A,P
- Machine Code: p1 p0 0 1 1 1 1 1
- Description: A ← (A OR P)
Advancements:
- Introduction of mnemonic codes for various ALU operations like addition, subtraction, logical
AND, and logical OR.
- Implementation of mnemonic codes for shift operations, denoted by "SRL" for Shift Right
Logic and "SLL" for Shift Left Logic.
Advancements:
- Introduction of the concept of a "program" to describe a sequence of instructions.
- Explanation of programming phases and the use of a mnemonic code-machine code translator
(assembler).
- Introduction of the term "Program Counter" (PC) to refer to the instruction address generated
by the sequencer, which indexes individual program instructions for execution.
- Mention of alternative terms like "Instruction Pointer" (IP) used in technical literature to refer
to the Program Counter.
Certainly! Here's the sequence of operation for each topic along with advancements:
2. **Introduction of Microcode Memory (MCM):** Separate the sequencer from the network
and introduce a new ROM memory, MCM, to store microcodes representing sets of control
signals required for executing instructions.
3. **Microcode Addressing:** Use machine codes to represent addresses in the MCM, enabling
compact instruction codes independent of the number of control lines.
**Advancements:**
- Introduction of MCM to store microcodes, allowing for a more compact instruction format.
- Utilization of machine codes as addresses in MCM, enabling compact instruction codes even
with increased control lines.
**Advancements:**
- Introduction of microinstructions and microprograms to execute instructions with multiple
clock cycles.
- Implementation of MPC and MPM to sequentially execute microinstructions within
microprograms, overcoming timing limitations.
- Separation of instruction execution into two phases: instruction retrieval from PM and
execution of microprograms stored in MPM.
- Enhancement of control signal generation through sequential decoding of instructions by MPC
and MPM.
**1.3.3 The Microprogrammed Sequencer and the Computing Network**
**Advancements:**
2. **Integration of Microprogram Memory (MPM):** Connect MPM outputs to control lines for
incrementing or loading the Program Counter (PC), loading the Microprogram Counter (MPC),
and advancing the MPC.
3. **Sequencer Adaptation:** Adapt the computing network by replacing the sequencer with a
microprogrammed one, allowing for more intricate control and management of instruction
execution.
**Advancements:**
- Utilization of microinstructions to control signal configurations, enabling precise instruction
execution.
- Integration of MPM to store microprograms, facilitating the execution of complex instructions
by sequential activation of microinstructions.
1. **Instruction Cycle:** Implement a cyclical instruction cycle comprising Fetch, Decode, and
Execute phases, with microinstructions executed sequentially over multiple clock cycles.
**Advancements:**
- Establishment of a continuous instruction execution cycle through coordinated activation of
control lines in microinstructions.
- Optimization of instruction sequencing to ensure smooth execution of consecutive instructions.
1. **Initialization Process:** Define the execution of the first instruction after system reset by
targeting microprogram memory location zero.
2. **Configuration of Microinstruction at Location Zero:** Configure the microinstruction at
location zero to load the current instruction into the MPC, enabling PC increment and
preparation for executing the next instruction.
**Advancements:**
- Seamless execution of the first instruction post-reset by setting up microinstruction at location
zero to initialize the instruction cycle.
- Utilization of NOP instruction at location zero to facilitate startup initialization without
executing any operation.
These advancements signify the evolution of the computing network towards more efficient and
controlled instruction execution through microprogrammed sequencing.