Priyanka.N, Dipjyoti Gogoi, - H3eV

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 10, Issue 6, June-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
A Spatio-temporal Shoreline Change Detection Assessment for

Coastal Zone Management - A Case Study on South Chennai,
Tamil Nadu
Priyanka.N1, Dipjyoti Gogoi2, G.Bhaskaran3
1,2
Research Scholar, Centre for Water Resources Management (CWRM), University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
3
Professor, Centre for Water Resources Management (CWRM), University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
-------------------------------------------------------------------*****************-------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The Coastal Regulation Zones Act covers creeks, bays, oceans, rivers, and backwaters that are touched by tidal
waves and forces up to 500 meters from the high tide line, as well as the land between the low and high tide lines
(CRZ). The coastal climate is dynamic and unprecedented, and its impact has had a negative impact on the
coastal community's livelihood. The union government establishes the coastal regulation zones (CRZ) and
associated laws under section 3 of the Environmental Act, 1986, which gives the government the authority to set
any rules it deems essential to protect the environment and ecosystem. To evaluate the land use practices from
the shorelines are categorized into four zones according to the environmental act on coastal regulation zone.
Sentinel imageries are used to digitize and analyze shoreline change detection and its effects on coastal zone.
DSAS is highly used tool to derive the statistical calculation of shoreline change detection over a period in the
coastal area. The causes and land use practices in the region are determined using geospatial technologies for
the years 2000 and 2020. The study consists of buffering and classifying coastal land parcels according to the
requirements of coastal regulation zone (CRZ) management categories I, II, III, and IV. The illegal,
unauthorized and even government approved constructions are most vulnerable to the coastal region. Shoreline
changes in the region are caused by natural climate conditions as well as artificial activities. This study is aimed
to identify the zone wise land use practice categorization and its impact to the ecosystem. The shoreline is
dynamic and the resource management in the coastal area is most complicated due to the imbalance between
technological development and urban growth it leads causes to the environmental condition.
Keywords: Coastal Regulation Zones, Ecosystem, Geospatial, Shoreline
1. INTRODUCTION
Shoreline is the boundary between land and sea keeps changing its position continuously due to dynamic environmental
conditions. It is one of the most rapidly changing landforms of the earth and the changes depend on geology,
geomorphology and wave action along the coastline, periodicstorms, changes in sea-level, sediment transport by
longshore currents and anthropogenic activities The changes in the shoreline often result in coastal erosion or accretion,
depending on the dominant processes like wind, tides tsunami, storms, hurricane, cyclones, flood etc., acting on the
coastline. Erosion is one of the major issues in world coastline, particularly for a country like India facing explosive
population growth. About 23 % of the Indian coast is affected by various degree of erosion in several pockets resulting
in loss of beaches and consequently to set back of the coastline that threatens the coastal communities. Therefore,
accurate demarcation and monitoring of shorelines are essential for all the coastal infrastructure projects and sustainable
coastal zone management.Traditionally, the shoreline mapping is carried out using conventional field surveying
methodsor on interpretation of aerial photographs [23]. In the recent years, remote sensing data has been widely used in
shoreline change studies because of their synoptic and repetitive data coverage, high resolution, multispectral
capabilities and its cost effectiveness in comparison to conventional techniques. This study investigates the coastal
erosion and accretion variation in long-term scenario using multi-temporal satellite imageries with the aid of Digital
Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The results of the study will be more informative for erosion hazard management
in South Chennai district of Tamil Nadu.The concept of coastal vulnerability is based on human value judgements
concerning risk to various elements of the natural and human environment from a variety of sources. The quantification
of vulnerability largely depends on the conception of the source of the risk and what element of value to humans is
threatened. Since vulnerability is affected by a diverse range of parameters, it is common for geographic information
systems (GIS) to be used as a vehicle for integration of data and the creation of indices that express their combined
effect. . Coastal area is dynamic in nature and it leads the planners to understand its most prominent phases for fruitful
future in the region.
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3572

2. Study Area
Chennai is located at 13.0827° N, 80.2707° E on the southeast coast of India and in the northeast corner of Tamil Nadu.
It is located on a flat coastal plain known as the eastern coastal plains. The city has an average elevation of 6 metres, its
highest point being 60 m. Chennai city is classified into three regions based on geology, sandy areas, clayey areas and
hard-rock areas. Sandy areas are found along the river banks and the coasts. For this study south Chennai is chosen and
it lies between 12º47' N 80º15' E and 13º00' N 80º05' E[fig. 1]. It forms part of the Survey of Indian toposheet[3]
Chennai city is the economic hub its most prominent thing to safeguard and conserve the coastal resources.Hence
according to the observation of the chosen study area these are some of the main and major rural un-civilized (kuppam)
coastal community built-up near shoreline which is highly prone to vulnerability to them and causes the pollution to the
environment and physical features of the nature. The google earth image has been presented for the areal overview of
the shoreline changes of the South Chennai [fig. 2].
Fig. 1: Study Area Map
Fig. 2: Study Area Map

3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted for this research was based on the Environmental Act, the coastal regulation zone for
conserving the coastal environment and resource management. Using DSAS tool in ArcGIS software the shoreline
change detection analysis is derived for evaluating the erosion and deposition rate in the coastal area. The Sentinel
satellite imageries are used for accessing the land use land cover change detection analysis for 20 years. Using Buffer
tool the land parcel is divided into four zones to identify the coastal vulnerability in the region followed by coastal
regulation zone management. The topographic wetness index is used to study the soil erosion and soil capacity in the
coastal area.
4. RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Shoreline change detection analysis:
Coastal-shoreline erosion & accretion occurs as a result of actions such as tidal forces, seasonal fluctuations in sea-
level, hurricane-force winds, and tsunamis, but the coast usually returns to normal after a few months or even years. In
shoreline change detection analysis, one of the most essential parameters in the detection of coastal erosion and
deposition, as well as the research of coastal morpho-dynamics, is shoreline computation[1]. Shoreline lines are the
land-sea interface that shifts unpredictably in reaction to one or more causes in nature, such as morphological, climatic,
or geological factors. The waves, tides, winds, current, storms, sea-level rise, geomorphic processes of erosion and
accretion, and human activities are all factors that influence shoreline alteration. The shoreline also shows the recent
formations and destructions that have occurred along the coast. Waves alter the shape of the shoreline and create
various coastal landforms. The vulnerability of coastal areas grows as a result of erosion, which might put human
operations along the coast at danger. Furthermore, the increased number of coastal disasters renders the beaches
extremely vulnerable to change.
4.1.1 Digital Shoreline Analysis System
A time series of different coastline positions is utilized to calculate the rate of shoreline change statistics using the
Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension tool. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is a software
plugin for ArcGIS that simplifies the calculation of shoreline change along the coastline[2]. The user has to provide the
shoreline data, and the software will guide the user in generating measuring points (transects) and calculating shoreline
changes at each location. As a result, a visual representation of shoreline change along a coast has been created. This
form is significantly more statistically valuable than a single overall average[17]. The generated map clearly indicates
unusually high rates of erosion/accretion. The study location is north Chennai, Tamil Nādu. The data used in this
research paper is the data obtained by the USGS.
EPR NSM SCE
Fig. 3: Shoreline change detection analysis

Table 1: Statistical analysis for shoreline analysis
Net shoreline Shoreline change

2000 - 2020 End point rate
movement envelope
Deposition 0.64 12.68 12.68
Erosion -0.34 -6.81 0
4.1.2 End Point Rate (EPR)

The end point rate is calculated by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest
and the most recent shoreline [fig. 4]. The major advantages of the EPR are the ease of computation and minimal
requirement of only two shoreline dates. The major disadvantage is that in cases where more data are available, the
additional information is ignored[24].The Transect is indicating the erosion and deposition rates for the 20 years in the
south Chennai coastal area.
Fig. 4.End Point Rate (EPR)

4.1.3 Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE)
The shoreline change envelope reports a distance, not a rate. The SCE is the distance between the
shoreline farthest from and closest to the baseline at each transect. This represents the total change in shoreline
movement for all available shoreline positions and is not related to their dates.It clearly evaluating the dynamic nature
of shoreline for the different period of time [fig.5].
Fig. 5:Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE)

4.1.4 Net Shoreline Movement (NSM):
The net shoreline movement reports a distance, not a rate. The NSM is associated with the dates of only two shorelines.
It reports the distance between the oldest and youngest shorelines for each transect. This represents the total distance
between the oldest and youngest shorelines.The overall distance between the shoreline of 2000 and 2020 is shown
below [fig.6].

Fig. 6:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM)

4.2 Land use/Land cover
The land use Land cover maps are used to estimate the number of different land features that exist inside the region for
which the map is being created. Use of the area in every city's, land cover area has changed in the last thirty years, but
how effectively it has evolved is what matters[21]. It is necessary to prepare and compare LULC maps from various
locations in order to determine their growth and development over time. Using ArcGIS software, the South Chennai
region is subset from the satellite image. The ArcGIS software was used to construct the LULC map's layout and
legends for its final output. The period of study 2000-2021, the Classified Land Use Map for Distribution.
Fig. 7: Land use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis
4.2.1 Change Detection Analysis

Create a detailed tabulation of changes between two categorization images, use Change Detection Statistics. The
changes recognized by this technique are notably different from those detected by just defensing the two images. While
the statistics report includes a class-by-class image comparison, the analysis focuses on the initial state classification
changes; that is, the analysis determines the classes into which those pixels changed in the final state image for each
beginning state class[14].

Fig. 8: Land use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis
The remote sensing techniques are utilized to monitor and analyze environmental issues at the global, national, and
regional level. The purpose of change detection is to analyze the variability in the images related to a specific area that
is captured over a distinct period of time.Classification and Change detection are the most important analysis techniques
of remote sensing. Change detection examines the changes in spectral characteristics of a region in the course of time in
order to determine the processes leading to changes in land use or land cover.
Table 2: Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis (2000 – 2020)
2000 2020
Changes
Class
Area in hectares % Area in hectares % (in %)
Wetland 160.04 5.47 90.52 3.09 -2.38
Built-up 870.84 29.77 1548.44 52.83 23.06
Wasteland/sandy area 1139.76 38.96 660.82 22.55 -16.41

Vegetation/scrubland 586.04 20.03 528.9 18.04 -1.99
Waterbodies 169.02 5.78 102.33 3.49 -2.29

Fig. 9. Land use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis
Change detection calculated for LULC maps for the years 2000 and 2020. This calculation shows the nature of change
in LULC classes concerning every class acquired from a matrix algorithm. The study of change detection analysis
shows an increase of 20.45% in the built-up during 20 years period (2000–2020). Scientifically, the vegetation land
cover class has remarkably reduced by (2.8%) during the year 2020 as compared with (8.20%) during the year 2000
respectively with a total amount of during the entire period. Water bodies have reduced by (1.8%) during the year 2016
and (8.49%) in the year 2005. These large changes are due to urbanization by way creation of high-density residential
areas, which have more than doubled mainly at the cost of agricultural land .The 2000 to 2020 change detection map
shows that there is a drastic increase in Built-up land for about 20.45 %, the Scrub land have decreased to 2% of the
total area, the Waste land is been decreased to about 15.9%, and the Waterbodies have been decreased to about 1% over
the 20 years. The South Chennai region has seen a rapidly built-up and industrial development which shows the regions
is facing more urbanized towards all over the coastal zone, hence due to more Rapid urbanization there is decrease of
natural resource and water body and encroachment of the wasteland which is not certified so these caused poverty, lack
of water, loss of soil due to urbanization and many more danger in future, it also affected the outer ring rural & semi-
rural areas.
4.3 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)
The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), also known as the Compound Topographic Index (CTI), is a steady state
wetness index. It is commonly used to quantify topographic control on hydrological processes. The index is a function
of both the slope and the upstream contributing area per unit width orthogonal to the flow direction.

Fig. 10: Topographic Wetness Index

The index is highly correlated with several soil attributes such as horizon depth, silt percentage, organic matter content,
and phosphorus. Methods of computing this index differ primarily in the way the upslope contributing area is
calculated.In a/tan b where is the local upslope area draining throughcertain point per unit contour length. The TWI has
been used to study spatial scale effects on hydrological processes. The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) was
developed by Beven and Kirkbywithin the runoff model TOPMODEL. The topographic wetness index is unit less.The
above map [fig. 10] explains about the areas that appear red or orange are areas that will not accumulate water, areas in
yellow or green as areas that are neutral, and areas in teal, light blue and blue as being areas that will accumulate water
at varying degrees.This map explains about the areas that appear red or orange are areas that will not accumulate water,
areas in yellow or green as areas that are neutral, and areas in teal, light blue and blue as being areas that will
accumulate water at varying degrees.
So this topographic wetness index map[fig. 10] indicates that the South Chennai has very low accumulation of water
that is present in the area of lower parts of it which maybe Adyar basin, Sholinganallur,Pallikaranai because it has
wetland/marshy land so that the wetness index maybe high in that parts of areas, whereas the other parts of South
Chennai has very low to moderate wetness with various varying degrees.

4.4 Coastal Regulation Zone Management
Ministry of environment and forests, issued the coastal regulation zone notification for regulation of activities in the
coastal area. As per the notification, the coastal land up to 500m from the high tide line and a stage of 100m along
banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers subject to tidal fluctuations, is called the coastal regulation zone
[Environment Protection Act, 1986].
(a) (b)
Fig. 11: Coastal Regulation Zone wise categorization
In this perspective, a fast eroding undeveloped coast, for example, has no vulnerability since it will react to disruption
through natural processes and achieve a new equilibrium. 234 McLaughlin and Cooper ENVIRONMENTAL
HAZARDS However, the socioeconomic characteristics do not measure entire vulnerability because it is dependent on
the chance of physical coastal changes; a stable coast with ample infrastructure has minimal risk. The indicator has a
cultural bias due to the socioeconomic characteristics used.
Table. 3: Coastal Regulation Zone wise Categorization – 2000 – 2020
Coastal regulation zone (CRZ) Area (in %)

Zone - I Zone - II Zone - III Zone - IV
Classes Year
2000 2020 2000 2020 2000 2020 2000 2020
Wetland 3.29 1.59 4.54 2.17 4.53 4.53 3.98 2.94
Built-up 25.89 40.53 32.03 48.79 32.11 49.02 33.87 54.2
Waste land/sandy 57.06 38.92 47.4 29.18 44.19 33.02 37.58 23.03
Vegetation/scrubland 6.33 9.2 10.62 6.82 5.17 5.16 5.36 5.04
Water body 7.4 9.73 5.41 13.02 13.99 13.99 19.21 14.77
According to the coastal regulation zones the study area south Chennai has divided into four buffers which are
(500,750,1000,1200 meters respectively). So in that analyze of area it shows that the south Chennai has high water
cover and vegetation in the year 2000.

Coastal Land Use Practice Zone Wise Categorization - 2000

60
50
40
in percentage
30
20
10
0
wetland vegetation waterbody Built-up waste land/sandy
Class
Fig. 12: Coastal Regulation Zone wise categorization - 2000
Fig. 13: Coastal Regulation Zone wise categorization - 2020

Coastal Land Use Practice Zone Wise Categorization - 2020
The total area of south Chennai is about 24 sq.km.so hence the south Chennai has more waterbodies in the previous year
60
50
40
in percentage
30
20
10
0
wetland vegetation waterbody Built-up waste land/sandy
Class
Table 4:Coastal Regulation Zone Wise Analysis of South Chennai Coastal Community
Coastal Regulatory Zone Built-up area (%)

Zone
(CRZ)
Year 2000 Year 2020 Changes
Ecologically sensitive places
I 25.89 40.53 14.64
(500 mts)
II Built-up area (750 mts) 32.03 48.79 16.76
III Rural area (1000 mts) 32.11 49.02 16.91
IV (1200 mts) 33.87 54.2 20.33

Fig. 13: Coastal Regulation Zone Wise Analysis of South Chennai Coastal Community
The coastal regulation zone wise area calculation is given for the period of 2000 and 2020 with special reference to
built-up [table 4]. The Increasing population near the shore is most vulnerable the four buffer zones are created 500,
750, 1000, and 1200 as zone-I, zone-II, zone-III and zone-IV respectively. First zone, is very closer to the shore and
most prominent zone it should be focused more than other zones [fig. 13]. The built-up encroachments is increased
14.64% in the last twenty years at the zone-I (500 meters) only. Its showing the illegal and unauthorized construction is
allowed and it should be banned the severe restriction can only help to conserve the coastal resource and ecosystem.
The built up is lavishing the coastal area like 16.76, 16.91, 20.33 percentage in zone – II, III, IV respectively. Shoreline
is unstable due to erosion process the zone – I may fall into zone – II area. The coastal zone should be treated like
recreational, tourism, economic purpose and also the marshy lands, vegetation cover may help to reduce the erosion
rates.
CONCLUSION
The South Chennai region is rapidly increased by urbanization and it’s densely populated who are against to coastal
regulation zone and extremely vulnerable to the coastal ecosystem. Rising sea levels, coastal erosion, coastal floods,
and large tidal ranges can lavish their livelihoods. Commercial and tourism interests are welcoming concept with eco-
friendly tourism concept.The coastal hazards may increase the loss of life, property and it leads long term process for
recovery and restoration of the resources in the coastal area. These will be protected through strict enforcement of the
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Act, and any future coastal development and protection work along the Chennai coast
will be based on an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) approach for long-term sustainable development. The
Government should take action to safeguard the coastal communities during coastal vulnerability and strictly not to
allow anymore construction near the sea shore to ensure that coastal ecology is balanced. The geographical and
climatic factor in the coastal area is not stable and fragile it emerge the risk level of coastal community in the region.
There should be an alternative household planning should immense in future to develop and provide the basic facilities
to the communities in the region. The shoreline changes is showing the dynamic nature of the coastal area it eroding
the land simultaneously depositing it indicating the sea level changes in the region. The TWI is used for evaluating the
moisture capacity in the soil and it indicating very low accumulation in the study area where the wetlands and
waterbodies are having moisture content. The coastal land use practices should beplanned most prominently for
safeguarding the coastal livelihoods, resource management, balancing coastal ecosystem. This study is mainly aimed to
indicate the vulnerable land use practices for 20 years to understand the urge for precautionary activities in the coastal
area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Centre for Water Resources Management (CWRM), University of Madras, Chennai for
providing the necessary requirements for the research. We thank ICSSR (Indian Council for Social Sciences Research)
for funding this research work, which has helped us to carry out our work in an effective way.

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International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211

A Spatio-temporal Shoreline Change Detection Assessment for

Keywords: Coastal Regulation Zones, Ecosystem, Geospatial, Shoreline

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3572

Fig. 1: Study Area Map

Fig. 2: Study Area Map

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3573

4. RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

EPR NSM SCE

Fig. 3: Shoreline change detection analysis

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3574

Table 1: Statistical analysis for shoreline analysis

Net shoreline Shoreline change

Deposition 0.64 12.68 12.68

Erosion -0.34 -6.81 0

4.1.2 End Point Rate (EPR)

Fig. 4.End Point Rate (EPR)

Fig. 5:Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE)

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3575

Fig. 6:Net Shoreline Movement (NSM)

Fig. 7: Land use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis

4.2.1 Change Detection Analysis

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3576

Fig. 8: Land use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis

Wetland 160.04 5.47 90.52 3.09 -2.38

Built-up 870.84 29.77 1548.44 52.83 23.06

Wasteland/sandy area 1139.76 38.96 660.82 22.55 -16.41

Waterbodies 169.02 5.78 102.33 3.49 -2.29

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3577

Fig. 9. Land use Land Cover Change Detection Analysis

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3578

Fig. 10: Topographic Wetness Index

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3579

4.4 Coastal Regulation Zone Management

Fig. 11: Coastal Regulation Zone wise categorization

Table. 3: Coastal Regulation Zone wise Categorization – 2000 – 2020

Coastal regulation zone (CRZ) Area (in %)

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Coastal Land Use Practice Zone Wise Categorization - 2000

Zone - I Zone - II Zone - III Zone - IV

Fig. 12: Coastal Regulation Zone wise categorization - 2000

Fig. 13: Coastal Regulation Zone wise categorization - 2020

Zone - I Zone - II Zone - III Zone - IV

Coastal Regulatory Zone Built-up area (%)

III Rural area (1000 mts) 32.11 49.02 16.91

IV (1200 mts) 33.87 54.2 20.33

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