STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 3,LIBERTY UNIVERSITY

Quiz Preparation Tasks: Your Answers and Notes

6 Energy-Driven Inventions
6.1 Living Systems Require a Flow of Energy
In a phrase, how do physicists define “energy”? The ability to do work
The physicist’s definition of energy is not ____________ __________ Comprehensive enough
for use in defining energy changes within a living cell.
How would a cell biologist define “energy”? The ability to make specific changes occur
List five major sorts or categories of energy change within the cell. (a) biosynthesis, synthetic work is demonstrated by the making of
Fig 6.2. daughter cells from a parent cell
(b) movement is represented by the streaming movement of the
cytoplasm
(c) concentration of a substance within a cell is affected by active
transport
(d) electrical potential is generated by ion movement across a
membrane
(e) heat energy is generated by increasing the rate of respiration
in the cell.
Sometimes the cell pumps substances against diffusion forces that
would otherwise carry those substances the other way. What
term/phrase would we give to this pumping process?
_____________ ___ _______________
On a cold day, which of the following processes do your cells depend E. All of the above
on to maintain an operating temperature of 37 degrees Celsius? A.
muscle contraction, B. shivering, C.Respiration energy production, D.
metabolic heat generation, or E.all of the above?

6.2 Laws of Energy Flow in the Living World

______ is freely convertible from one form to another but _______ Energy, energy
can never be created or destroyed in normal processes.
(That means that in nature, as energy freely changes from one form
to
another, the total amount of energy stays constant.)
Thus, a lit match cannot continue to burn when the wood of the Law of conservation of matter and energy- Energy is freely
match stick is consumed. This statement illustrates what general convertible from one form to another, but energy can never be
lawof energy flow? created or destroyed in normal processes.
Systems that convert energy from one form to another arenot 100% Decreases
 efficient, thus the amount of useful energy ___________.
This is because, in cars and in living things, energy conversion is Energy
inefficient, with much energy being lost in the form ofuseless
_______. Fig 6.4
So, when your car engine burns the octane in gasoline, in what form Heat energy
does at least 50% of the energy of the octane end up?
In a crowded, unventilated room, what causes the temperature to The students burn glucose to maintain cell life and take notes. But
rise? the exchange isn’t even 50% efficient. The rest of glucose’s
energy is lost to the room as heat.
What form of energy do producers use when they set about to Solar energy
generate chemical energy—the energy of C―H and C―O―H bonds?
Thus, a producer organism is called a “producer” because it converts Chemical energy
solar energy to usable ______ _______. Fig 6.5 “Energy In”

6.3 Energy Flows in Chemical Reactions

Existing chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are Chemical reaction
formed between different atoms. In the broadest sense this is the
definition for a __________ _________.
Write out an example of a chemical reaction using names and
symbols of reactants and products with an arrow between them.

Whenever chemical bonds are broken, energy is __________. Required, given off
Whenever chemical bonds form, energy is __________. (Item #1)
Does an endergonic reaction require the input of energy, or does it An endergonic reaction requires the input of energy
give off energy? (Item #1)
What term is given to the amount of energy required to break the Activation energy
bonds in reactant molecules? (Item #3, Fig 6.6)
What is true of the bonds in reactant molecules that keeps most Lower. The amount of energy required to break their bonds is
chemical reactions from occurring in nature? Their energy level is simply not present in their environment.
_______ than the activation energy necessary to break them. (Item
#3)
When ________ energy is not available for a given chemical reaction, Activation
the reaction will not go. (Item #3 )

6.4 Enzymes Direct Energy Flow

How is the activation energy of desired reactions lowered in living ENZYMES. The height of the energy hill is such that, at cellular
things, so that the desired reactions are able to go forward? (Fig. 6.7) temperatures, no bonds in the substrate will be energetically
unstable enough to break. The green (enzyme catalyzed) energy
hill is low enough that ordinary thermal energy within the cell will
allow bonds in the reactant molecules to break freely. Space-
 filling models showing how an enzyme combines with the
reactant glucose to stress just the bond that needs breaking in
order for glucose to begin the energy-yielding process of
respiration.
What words best describe the way in which enzymes bind to reactant Selective, shape
molecules? (second paragraph) The active site is highly __________
for the specific _________ of the reactant molecule.
What exactly does an enzyme do to the chemical bonds within the It weakens it because it binds the reactant in such a way as to
reactant molecule? (second paragraph) stress just the bond that needs to be broken to get the product
that is desired.
By binding to reactant molecules, what effect does an enzyme have It lowers the activation energy. By putting some stress on just the
on the activation energy for a given reaction? Fig 6.7 bond that needs breaking, the energy hill is greatly lowered. The
thermal energy present in the cell is now sufficient to cause the
bond to break.

6.5 Energy Flow in Reaction Pathways: Metabolism

What name do we give to sequences of chemical reactions within Metabolic pathways
cells?
In a ________ __________, the product of one reaction becomes Metabolic pathways
the reactant of the next reaction and so on. Fig. 6.9
If the final end product of a metabolic pathway, it is continually End product
removed and used elsewhere, thenthe reactions of the entire
pathway will be pulled in the direction of making more of the _____
____________. (third paragraph)
An allosteric enzyme has a second binding site other than its own An Allosteric Enzyme. This enzyme possesses an active site that is
active site for converting substrate to product. What does this alterable in shape as a result of binding an inhibitor molecule at a
second site bind to? (fourth paragraph) Fig 6.10 second site on the enzyme’s surface.
Suppose an excess amount of product accumulates at the end of a Feedback inhibition
metabolic pathway. The product then binds to the allosteric site of
the first enzyme along the pathway shutting down the pathway.
What do we call this regulatory process? (fourth paragraph) Fig 6.11
A single regulatory molecule can shut down multiple metabolic Phosphate
pathways if it is able toadd _________ groups that alter the active
site of the first enzyme in each pathway. (last paragraph) Fig 6.12

6.6 Energy Pools in the Cell: ATP

Energy-releasing reactions drive biosynthetic ones forward by ATP
contributing to a pool of _____ molecules. (second paragraph) Fig
6.13a
The substance _______ would most likely enable a flagellum to drive ATP
a bacterium forward through the medium in which it is swimming?
Fig 6.13a
Three phosphate groups linked to a ribose sugar which, in turn, is Adenosphine Triphosphate (ATP)
linked to a pyrimidine base known as adenine: this phrase describes
the structure of _______. Fig 6.13b
Where, in the ATP molecule is the “high energy” bond that carries Last two phosphates
potential energy and is easily broken? (third paragraph) Fig 6.13b
 figure legend.
To derive energy from an ATP molecule, a small amount of
(activation) energy must be added to break that last bond. But the
new bonds that form in the reaction give off far more energy than
was needed to break the bond in ATP. The whole process is nicely
exergonic.

6.7 Energy Flow from Carbohydrates to ATP:

Respiration
In respiration, chemical energy is transferred from glucose to ATP. Heat
The energy transfer however, is not 100% efficient. In the transfer,
some of the energy is lost as _______, (Review Section 6.2 above)
See Figure 6.14. In what major cellular process are three interrelated, Aerobic respiration
exergonic pathways (shown in blue) and oxygen used to generate
large amounts of ATP from glucose molecules?
The term ___________________ could be defined as about 30 Aerobic respiration
individual, sequential chemical reactions that form three metabolic
pathways: one in the cytoplasm and two within the mitochondrion.
List the reactants and products of the summary reaction for aerobic Reactants: Glucose, oxygen, and ADP
respiration. Fig. 6.15 Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Write out the summary reaction for aerobic respiration. Fig 6.15

Name the three stages of aerobic respiration. Fig 6.14 (in blue) Glycosis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transfer Phosphorylation
The three metabolic pathways that make up aerobic respiration are Reactants
really all parts of one larger pathway becausethe products of early
pathways (like NADH) become _______ in the last one. Fig 6.14
(follow the arrows)

Aerobic Respiration: Stage 1 - Glycolysis

What is the first stage of aerobic respiration? Fig. 6.14 glycosis
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it supplies minimal energy Oxygen
without requiring the presence of __________ as a reactant. (early in
paragraph)
In the process of glycolysis one 6-carbon molecule of _______ is Glucose, pyruvates
converted to two 3-carbon molecules of __________. (mid-
paragraph)
Therefore: Is carbon dioxide either a reactant in or product of product
glycolysis?
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces 2 molecules of ATP
_______ for directly driving biosynthetic processes. Fig 6.14.
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it generates two _____ NADH
molecules that can be “cashed in” for ATPs later in aerobic
respiration. Fig 6.14
Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces two molecules of Pyruvate
___________ which Krebs cycle can further degrade for more energy.
Fig 6.14
 Aerobic Respiration: Stage 2 – The Krebs Cycle
All of the six carbon atoms in each glucose molecule leave respiration Krebs cycle
in the form of carbon dioxide. Most of them leave during which part
of aerobic respiration? Figs 6.14, 6.16
Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?a. FADH2 d. NAD
b. carbon dioxide
c. ATP d. NAD+ e. NADH Fig 6.16 (follow the arrows closely)
The Krebs cycle’s NADH products are of value. In what way? Figs They still contain considerable potential energy for generating
6.14, 6.17 ATP molecules substrates around the Krebs Cycle
The most energetic and useful product of the Krebs cycle is the 8 NADH
molecules of ________, because in the final stage of respiration, each
of them is worth 3 ATP molecules. Fig 6.14

Aerobic Respiration: Stage 3 – Electron Transfer

Phosphorylation
What is the immediate source of electrons for electron transfer substrates around the Krebs Cycle
phosphorylation? Fig 6.14, 6.17a
During the electron transfer reactions, protons (H+ ions) are pumped Creates an electrical potential which is relieved by an inward flow
(moved) to one side of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. of protons through the ATPase enzyme that phosphorylates ADP,
See Fig 6.17b. The value of this pumping is that the resulting proton generating ATP.
gradient is then used to ____________. Fig 6.17 d
To review: The final stage of aerobic respiration involvesthe ADP to ATP
phosphorylation of ____ to ____ by transfer of electrons. Fig 6.17d
To review: What is the most valuable product, energetically, of ATP
electron transfer phosphorylation? Fig 6.14 (bottom)
To review: The value of the three stages of aerobic respiration is 36
their ability to break down glucose, a single molecule, with the
resultant production of about ____ ATP molecules. Fig 6.15

6.9 Energy Flow from Photons to Carbohydrates:

Photosynthesis
________organisms build their own energy-rich molecules using solar autotroph
energy. (first paragraph, early)
Plants are considered autotrophic because their cells contain what Chlorophyll
critical molecule? (first paragraph, middle)
Name a process that uses chlorophyll molecules to produce high- Photosynthesis
energy carbohydrates. (first paragraph, middle)
List the reactants and products for the overall process of Reactants: 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H20 (Water) + Solar
photosynthesis. See Fig 6.20 Energy/Chloroplasts (chlorophyll)
Products: C6H1206 (Glucose) + 602 (Oxygen)
In photosynthesis the H atoms used to make high-energy Water, glucose
carbohydrates like glucose come from which reactant molecule? Fig
6.20 (H’s shown in gray). Fig 6.21a, then b, where the H’s come to
rest in “sugars”

Photosynthesis: Stage 1 – Light-Dependent Reactions

The wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis are found in the Visible
_________ portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fig 6.22b
Each wavelength of light has its own _______ level. (first paragraph) energy
What is the value of accessory pigments within the chloroplast’s They absorb wavelengths of light not readily absorbed by
structure? (third paragraph) Fig 6.23c chlorophyll. They transfer the energy of that absorption to nearby
chlorophyll molecules, enhancing their excitation of electrons.
When light of the correct wavelength hits a photosynthetic pigment excited
molecule, an electron within one of its atoms becomes ________.
(third paragraph) Fig 6.24
Accessory pigments and chlorophylls work together within the photosystems
thylakoid membrane in clusters called __________. (fourth
paragraph) Figs 6.25c and Fig 6.26.
Photosystems harvest light energy and use it to transfer electrons to chlorophyll
_________ molecules. (fifth paragraph) Fig 6.24, Fig 6.26 (3)
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic Electron transfer
respiration in that both reaction sequences carry out ________
_________ phosphorylations. Fig 6.17 b,c,d as named there.
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic ATP
respiration in that both processes generate the energy-rich _____
molecule. Fig 6.26 (7)
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic Electrons
respiration in that both processes involve the flow of __________. Fig
6.26 (3)(6)
The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic Membrane/thykaloid
respiration in that both systems are lodge with a ___________
surface. Fig 6.26
What is the role of NADPH in the process of photosynthesis? What Carries high-energy electrons to the second stage of
does it carry? From where to where? Figs 6.21, 6.26, 6.28 photosynthesis where they are used to create energy-rich bonds.
NADPH is formed whenit accepts high-energy __________ from an electrons
excited photosystem. Fig 6.26
To Review: List three products of the light-dependent reaction. Fig Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
6.21a, Fig 6.26

Photosynthesis: Stage 2 – Light-Independent Reactions

In the chloroplast, light dependent reactions take place in the thykaloid, stroma
__________________ membrane, while light independent reactions
take place in the fluid of the ___________. Figs 6.21, 6.26, (third
paragraph)
So then, where, within the chloroplast, are new molecules of glucose stroma
generated? Fig 6.28a,b
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALscan be glucose
assembled together to generate _______ molecules. (fourth
paragraph) Fig. 6.28
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs can sucrose
also find their way into _______ sugar molecules. (late in fourth
paragraph)
The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALsmay starch
eventually become part of the subunits of ________ polymers. (late
in the fourth paragraph)
 The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALsare storage
used to generate transport and __________ forms of carbohydrates
(late in fourth paragraph)

6.1 Energy Flow: An Integrated Picture

0
The overall process that uptakes energy-poor molecules (CO2 and photosynthesis
H2O) from their reservoirs in nature and converts them into energy-
rich molecules is ___________. (second paragraph)
What two processes complement each other within the global carbon Photosynthesis, Respiration
cycle? Fig. 6.30
___________ organisms specialize in capturing energy. (fourth autotroph
paragraph)
___________ organisms are highly efficient at handling energy. Heterotroph
(fourth paragraph)
___________ organisms generate far more C―H bond energy than Autotrophic bacteria and plant (servant organisms)
they themselves utilize. (fourth paragraph)

7 Information and Its Expression in

the Cell
7.1 The Need for Biological Information
Biological information must exist becausecell structure is ________ Complex
enough to require information for its construction. (Review the titles
of Chapters 3, 4, and 5)

7.2 The Nature of Biological Information

Who discovered DNA and from what source did he isolate it? Fig 7.3 Friederick Miescher. Samples of human white blood cells
(first paragraph) (leucocytes) taken from the pus of discarded bandages from a
hospital.Using a variety of salts and precipitation techniques he
was able to isolate a chemically novel sort of biomolecule
containing phosphorus and nitrogen but not sulfur (as is found in
protein fractions). Since his new fraction was derived from the
nuclei of the cells, he called it nuclein (DNA).
Griffith exposed weak living bacteria to just the fluids from heat-killed d. He injected heat-killed virulent bacterial fluids into a mouse to
virulent bacteria. Some of these weak bacteria became virulent and make sure the mouse would survive.
could now kill mice. What control experiment did he do to argue that
his weak bacteria changed to virulence in these studies? (select a
choice from below)
a. He grew his non-virulent bacteria for several years before
infecting mice with them.
b. He injected viruses into his mice to test their resistance to
viral infection.
c. He injected virulent bacteria into rabbits to see if they would
die.
 d. He injected heat-killed virulent bacterial fluids into a mouse
to make sure the mouse would survive.
e. He isolated two strains of bacteria and maintained them in
colonies.
What was the principle tool Rosalind Franklin used to unravel the X-Ray Crystallography
structure of DNA? (Fig 7.8)
DNA contains two chains of nucleotides in which ______ and ______ Sugars, Phosphates
alternate in supporting each chain structurally. (Fig. 7.9)
Where in the DNA molecule’s structure is the genetic information The order of the nucleotide bases in 1 strand
located? (seventh paragraph)
Where in the cell is DNA stored? Fig. 7.11 (left-hand side) Nucleus
DNA is stored within in a partially-condensed fiber called Chromatin
__________. (Fig 7.11, in 1880)

One Way Energy Flow and Materials Cycling:

In nearly all cases, energy flow starts with energy from the sun.

Solar energy is captured by producers, organisms that make their own food.

Most of the energy the producers capture is lost to the environment, but some is passed on to consumers and decomposers.

Energy flows in only one direction, into the ecosystem, through its organisms, and out into the environment.

In contrast, materials are typically cycled among the array of organisms of the ecosystem.

Activation Energy:

Before reactants can enter a metabolic reaction, they must be activated. The amount of energy needed to allow reactants to spontaneously proceed to end products is called
the activation energy. An enzyme cannot change the energy of the reactants or the products, but it can lower the activation energy. Enzymes lower the amount of activation
energy required for reactions to proceed.

Feedback Inhibition:

In this example, three enzymes act in sequences to convert a substrate to an end product. When end product molecules accumulate, some bind to one of the enzymes on the
synthesis pathway. This disables that enzyme, blocking the pathway and preventing synthesis of more end product.

Cellular Respiration:

Major energy molecule in organisms is ATP. ATP synthesis is driven by the metabolic breakdown of molecules such as glucose in cell respiration. Aerobic respiration begins in the
cytosol and is completed in the mitochondrion. Three stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis (in the cytosol) converts sugars into two smaller molecules, glucose and

Energy Input and Release in Glycolysis:

Glycolysis breaks the 6 carbon sugar glucose into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. The first steps of glycolysis require an energy input in the form of two phosphate group
transfers from ATP. These foster relations raise the energy level of glucose enough to allow the energy releasing steps of glycolysis to take place. During the energy releasing
steps glucose is split into two 3 carbon molecules NAD picks up hydrogen and electrons from intermediates to become NADH, and 4 ATP are produced. Because the first steps
required an input of two ATP, the net yield of ATP from glycolysis is two ATP per molecule of glucose. Pyruvate and the electrons and hydrogen carried by NADH will be used in
later stages of aerobic respiration.