CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The 21st century is exemplified by violence which is now the order of the day and is very
much prevalent in human interactions. Terrorism is perceived and acknowledged as one of the
greatest threats that confronts contemporary world. The security of any nation is
tremendously imperative and it comprises the existence of peace, safety of lives and property.
Given the circumstance where these are not assured, there will cease to exist any form of
significant development. The activities of terrorist has posed a threat to the very existence
and survival of states in various ramifications.

Nigeria as a country has repeatedly been faced with issues of penetration, ethnic
divisions and religious/sectarian bifurcations which also define its fault-lines and plurality.
These and other issues constituting the National Question in Nigeria which has remained
unresolved led to the violent agitations and monster of terrorism in the name of Boko Haram.

Osabiya (2015) affirms that the national question involves the unresolved
contradictions in the society that have continued to entrench Nigeria in a brutal circle of
crises. It goes without saying that the sum total of conflict, unemployment, insecurity, and the
subsequent emergence of Boko Haram is as a result of the failure of the Nigerian state to
address the unanswered national questions.

Other Scholars have argued that poverty, unemployment and ignorance contribute
significantly to the spread of the sect’s activities in Northern Nigeria. Indeed, it is beyond all
reasonable doubt that the current insurgency in the North is worsened by the high level of
poverty, unemployment and illiteracy prevalent in Northern Nigeria. This reality is
corroborated by Marxist proposition on religion’s influence on man (Akinbi, 2015).
Accordingly, when a young man is poor, illiterate and unemployed, he becomes a clean slate
for any kind of brainwashing which is more potent when it comes from religion aided by
culture. This is so because this category of people lacks the intellectual power to question
logically or critique what they are told. Also, the activity component of the brainwashing given
to them provides a quasi-equivalent of employment, thus they feel engaged in acting what
they have been brainwashed on (Awoyemi, 2012, p. 24).

This study thus argues that if the emergence of Boko haram is to annihilate western
education and its features for bringing underdevelopment in the region, then such argument
is faulty as most of the gadgets, and technological devices used by this insurgent group are
product of western education and discoveries. Boko haram’s successive destructions,
attacking and killing of innocent Nigerians would have been futile, if not for western
educational/scientific discoveries.

National security is a premise for national economic growth and development of

nations. This is because peaceful nations attract foreign investors while the domestic investors
freely operate the economy with little or no tensions and apprehensions. According to
Nwanegbo and Odigbo (2013), security is the pillar upon which every meaningful
development could be achieved and sustained. Nigeria as a nation state has witnessed
unprecedented series of agitations in the forms of kidnapping and abduction, armed
robberies, bombing, and carnages of all forms and magnitude in the past decade and a half.
The most dastard so far is the activities of a group of some Islamic militants that called
themselves the ‘Boko Haram’, interpreted to mean ‘western education is evil’. With the
coming to the scene by Boko Haram in 2002, the insecurity situation in Nigeria seemed to
have assumed higher and more complex dimensions. A part from the frequency and intensity
of deadly attacks and carnages, insecurity situation in Nigeria cuts across cities, towns and
villages that there is hardly anywhere to run to for cover. Lives and properties are not safe for
urban dwellers as well as for the rural dwellers. People live in apprehension almost every day.

In fairness, insecurity is not a problem that is unique to Nigeria. It has geographical

spread across the globe. The United States, United Kingdom and many countries face the
challenges of insecurity within their borders on a daily basis (Adejumo, 2011).The difference
between these nations and Nigeria according to Adejumo is how they manage the threats.
 The speed with which evil is growing in Nigeria and the merciless ways that lives of
innocent ones are being wasted are worrisome. People are burdened on a daily basis with
psychological and emotional trauma resulting from gory sights of lifeless and mutilated bodies
of loved family members, close associates and colleagues littered on the streets, public
squares and everywhere. Apart, a stable economy cannot be guaranteed in the face of
insecurity.

Many nations have looked to their education to help them overcome growth and
developmental challenges at one time or the other. One of the beliefs of Nigeria’s philosophy
of education is that “education is an instrument for national development and social change”
(Federal Republic of Nigeria; 2009:5). National
development is impeded by restiveness of youths in the forms of bombing, killing, maiming
and wanton destruction of public and private properties. How can Nigeria’s education be
positioned to withstand the forces of terrorism and guarantee security of the nation? The
objective of this paper therefore is to suggest values, moral and religious education as
solutions to terrorism and insecurity in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Attempts at conceptualising security have not yielded any consensus, largely because
scholars, writers and practitioners have been influenced by their training, orientation and
perspectives. In its common usage for instance, it denotes situation where a person or object
is not exposed to any form of danger or risk of attack, accident or deterioration. Security
practitioners submit that the concept is usually tied to the safety of citizens, ability of a
nation-state to contain internal rebellion and external aggression (Zabadi, 2005). The latter
part of this assertion takes the dimension of national security which introduces military might
and capabilities to the understanding of the concept. In popular parlance, this is referred to as
the traditional view of security.

Baldwin (1997, p. 13) sees security as “low probability damage to acquired values”. His
conceptualisation of security is encompassing as it does not border only on the presence and
absence of threats, but also on the preservation of acquired values. This definition explains
why values is what changes the nature of security threats that ranges from country to
country; and how the various countries react to these threats.

In a related discourse, Imobighe in Oche (2001) averred that: Security has to do with
freedom from danger or with threats to a nation’s ability to protect and develop itself,
promote its cherished values and legitimate interests and enhance the wellbeing of its people.
Thus, internal security could be seen as the freedom from or the absence of those tendencies
which could undermine internal cohesion and the cooperate existence of the nation and its
ability to maintain its vital institutions for the promotion of its core values and socio-political
and economic objectives, as well as meet the legitimate aspirations of the people. Internal
security also implies freedom from danger to life and prosperity. (Oche, 2001, pp. 76-77).

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions have been formulated to guide the study

1. What are the policies did government have to assist those that have been affected by
book haram activities
2. What is the Nigerian government doing in order to eliminate boko haram completely
3. What are the problems face by the Nigerian government in fighting terrorism and
insecurity
4. What are the solutions to terrorism and insecurity in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The research objectives is to find out some of the following:

i. The policies that the government have to assist victims of the Boko Haram activities
ii. No also know what the Nigerian government doing in order to eliminate book
haram completely
iii. To know the problems of fighting the terrorism and insecurity in Nigeria
iv. And to prefer a solution to those problems
v.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study cannot be over emphasized considering the increasing
crime and insecurity faced by our country Nigeria and Africa at large. This problems has
greatly affected the national development and growth of Nigeria.

The project is therefore necessary to prefer solution to the ever rising lost of life and property
leading to dwindling drop of our Economy.

Secondly, it provides an opportunity to enhance awareness of the citizens on the effect

of terrorism and crimes which will help towards raising the interest of the people on fighting
insecurity and terrorism.

Thirdly, the study offers enormous significance because it will highlight on the areas in
which government can reduce insecurity and how the people can assist government in this
fight

Besides, those students in the field of Criminology and Securities Studies will find it
educative, interesting and challenging in that, the various activities of book haram and
techniques are revealed and logically analyzed.

Finally, this research work will be of value to those who may want to carry out similar
research in the nearest future.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is to find out effect of terrorism and national security to the development of
Nigeria

a. To find out the policies or strategies used in fighting Boko haram

b. To identify the constraints or problem faced by the Military in fighting Bako haram
c. To suggest appropriate solution to reduce crime and national security in order to
reduce or defeat baka haram or crime in Nigeria.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

INSECURITY: The state of being open to danger or threat; lack of protection, The state of
being subject to danger; vulnerability

CRIME: A crime is an offence that merits community condemnation and punishment,

usually by way of fine or imprisonment. In ordinary language, crime is an action
or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law

TERRORISM: Terrorism is a violent strategy used by various people and groups to achieve a
certain goal. Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a government or its citizens to further certain
political or social objectives

NATIONAL SECURITY: National security refers to the security of a nation state, including
its citizens, economy, and institutions, and is regarded as a duty of government.
National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state
through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political
power

EDUCATION: Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge,

skills, values, beliefs and habits.
The act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the
powers of reasoning and judgment, andgenerally of preparing oneself or others i
ntellectually for mature life.

ILLITRACY: Is lack of knowledge in a particular subject or is the inability to write and read. Is
also the inability to read or write, or the actual or perceived state of being
uneducated or insufficiently educated.

POVERTY: Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material
possessions or money. Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or destitution refers
to the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such
as food, clothing and shelter
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPTUAL CLASIFICATIONS

All countries are concerned with what should be done to achieve sustainable
development. This means giving close attention to security and fight against terrorism through
the use of military or diplomatic process.

2.1.1 INSURGENCY

Insurgency is an ambiguous concept. The United States Department of Defence (2007)

defines it as organized movement that has the aim of overthrowing a constituted government
through subversive means and armed conflict (Cited in Hellesen, 2008:14). This definition
suggests that insurgent groups employ unlawful means towards achieving an end, which could
be political, religious, social or even ideological. The goal of insurgency is to confront and
overthrow an existing government for the control of power, resources or for power sharing
(Siegel, 2007:328).

2.1.2 TERRORISM

According to Ekaterina (2008), terrorism is a sort of violence that uses one-sided violent
approach against civilians. It also engages uneven violent confrontation against a stronger
adversary, which could be a state or a group of states. Chomsky (2001:19) defines terrorism as
“the use of coercive means aimed at populations in an effort to achieve political, religious or
even other aims”. The US State Department defines terrorism as “premeditated, politically
motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or
clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience” (cited in Isyaku, 2013: 17-18).
The United Nations (1992) defines terrorism as “an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated
violent action, employed by semi- clandestine individual, group or state actors, for
idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct
targets of violence are not the main targets” (Cited in Siegel, 2007:385). For Lesser (1999:6),
international terrorism can be referred to as an act in which terrorists cross national borders
to perpetrate attacks within the territory of other states. The targets of attacks could be
embassies, individuals, schools, government parastatals, security institutions, international
organisations, et cetera. Terrorists could also hijack ships on the high sea and planes in the air.
Therefore, terrorism is an act that aims at achieving social, political, religious, economic and
even psychological goals through the use of coercive and intimidating acts outside the context
of legitimate warfare activities that conveys some forms of messages.
2.1.3 SECURITY

According to Francis (2005: 22), security is a state of being safe and the absence of
fear, anxiety, danger, poverty and oppression. It is the preservation of core values and the
absence of threats to these values (Cited in Alli, 2010:73). Imobighe (1990:224) opines that
security is the freedom from threats to a nation’s capability to defend and develop itself,
promote its values and lawful interest. For Zabadi (2005:3), security is a state in which people
or things are not exposed to danger of physical or moral aggression, accident, theft or decline.
This view is associated with the survival of the state and the preservation of its citizens. In
other words, the state has the responsibility of the use of force and power for the safety of its
territory and its people. Furthermore, there is the crucial need to define national security.
Held (1998:226) gives a traditional meaning of national security. He describes national security
as “the acquisition, deployment and use of military force to achieve national goals”. Romm
(1993) describes it as the lack of danger or risk to held standards, values and ideals and the
absence of fear that such values will be attacked now or in the future. Thus, national security
is the preservation of the values a nation holds as relates to the defence of it territory from
human as well as nonhuman threats and guides in the pursuit of it national interest in the
international system.

2.2 THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY

A much clearer definition of security has been given by Buzan (Stone, 2009, p. 1) thus:
“…the pursuit of freedom from threat and the ability of states and societies to maintain their
independent identity and their functional integrity against forces of change, which they see as
hostile.” This definition appears exhaustive as it breaks down the nature of “value” and
emphasised the maintenance of functional integrity against forces of change. This definition is
also particularly peculiar as it emphasizes the perception that states reject all forms of
terrorism because it tampers with their functional integrity through unacceptable forces of
change.

In recent scholarship however, the concept of security has widened in scope and form.
Nwolise (2012, p. 14) justifies this view as follows:

Security in contemporary usage has expanded horizontally and vertically. He posited

that horizontally, security has gone beyond the military to encompass economic, political,
environmental, social and other aspects. He stressed that vertically, security has gone beyond
the state to incorporate and emphasise the individual, social groups, (ethnic, religious,
professional), the state, and humanity at large. Thus, there is a dramatic shift in the concept of
national security, to human security.

Hubert (2001, p. 3) argues from a human security dimension this way:

In essence, human security means safety for people from both violent and non-violent
threats. It is a condition or state of being characterized by freedom from pervasive threats to
people’s rights, their safety or even their lives... It is an alternative way of seeing the world,
taking people as its point of reference, rather than focusing exclusively on the security of
territory or governments.

From the above averments, it can be persuasively inferred that human security
constitute a cardinal plank in the narrative and characterisation of security. Corroborating
further, George and Hilal (2013, p. 51) opine that human security paradigm adds a new
dimension to traditional security by emphasizing on the human being rather than the state.
According to them, whereas traditional security is state-centric and concerned primarily with
interstate security, the protection of borders and sovereignty, with human security “non-
military/non-traditional threats to security have led to the broadening of the reference object
of security to include individuals, non-state actors and sub-national groups.” They concluded
that this paradigm shift has profound implications for not just inter-state relations in
contemporary politics, but much more for regime survival.

2.2.1 The concept of national security

In the preceding section, tremendous allusions or references have been made to this
concept; therefore, this section takes a very concise approach to the discussion of issues. In a
terse sense, national security projects the conditions and requirements to maintain the
survival of nation-state through the instrumentality of politico-economic and diplomatic
power. Its beginning that is traceable to Post-World War II in the United States of America
crystallised around military strength, but contemporary realities and global dynamics have
deepened the meaning to embrace non-military, economic and environmental dimensions
plus values held paramount by the nation or society (Nwanegbo & Odigbo, 2013).

The logical consequence of the above averments is that national security is conceived
as embracing economic, energy, environmental and political components of the concept.
Security threats can originate and be perpetuated by entrepreneurs of violence which may
comprise (but not limited to catalytic and flammable non-state actors, narcotic oligopolies,
multi/transnational organisations and non-governmental organisations. To ensure national
security therefore, it is essential to temporise threats to shared values through diplomacy,
marshalling economic power to facilitate and assure cooperation, and using intelligence and
counter terrorism strategies (Anyadike, 2013). This characterization of national security
presents a fairly detailed perspective and unconventional view of the concept.

It is also noteworthy that there is an inference that national security embodies state
sovereignty, sanctity of territorial borders (against external aggression) and containing
internal rebellion (Dyke, 1966). This view converges with that of Zabadi (2005) which
operationalises the concept mainly from its conventional and traditional planks of military
statecraft and superior power. It is plausible to argue further that the State must possess the
resilience of ensuring independence in the development process, foreign policy orientation
and practice in order to be construed as fulfilling part of the requisite conditions for national
security. The views expressed below by Samai (1987) underscore and summarise the essence
of discourse in this section thus:

Security is multidiamentional issue. The dimension and levels on which the concept and
respective policies are based can be specified as political military, external and internal, social
and economic. That is to say, a nation’s security is encompassing of all necessary factors which
bring security to a nation. Security is not limited to deter external attack as the other
dimensions could be more dangerous (Samai, 1987, p. 6).

2.3 THEORITICAL FRAME WORK OF BOKO HARAM

The Boko Haram issue started as an insignificant agitation of an Islamic sect with a
strange commitment to non-conformist standards of social organization in Muslim-dominated
Bauchi and Borno states. It began in Bauchi State on July 26, 2009 and since that time, the
group has extended its activities to other Northern states as well as to other parts of Nigeria.
Unlike the militants in the Niger Delta that were driven by purely economic goals, Boko Haram
is driven by proclivity in religious conviction, political aspirations and social practice.
Specifically, its ultimate goal is to make Nigeria an Islamic State and uphold only the laws of as
set out in the Koran (Walker, 2012). This group believes Islam detests western civilisation and
that western education is blasphemous. Literally, “Boko Haram” means ‘western education is
a sin” or “forbidden”.

Going by its alleged creation and sponsorship by a famous politician in Borno State in
the early 2000s and its socio-religious outlook and agenda, Boko Haram is thus an Islamist
insurgent group that arose from political, social and religious discontent within the Nigerian
State (Adesoji, 2011:99-119). The recruits of the sect are mostly youths from the northern
parts of Nigeria that are dissatisfied with the economic, political and social status quo. They
include unemployed youth, stark illiterates, and refugees from neighbouring African countries.
Thus, the sect explores the social-economic negativities of the country to recruit and radicalize
its members (Nicoll, 2011:1-3).
 Eso (2011) observes that the push factor to recourse to terrorism in the bid to influence
public policy is beyond sectarianism. He buttresses this by arguing that most of the attacks of
the sect have been focussed at the state and its institutions, plus the civilian populations. It
has launched attacks on military institutions such as military barracks, police stations
(including the Force Headquarters in Abuja); and have also swooped on educational
institutions at all levels, government establishments, places of worship (both churches and
mosques) and have assassinated key political figures, statesmen and religious leaders that
oppose their philosophy. The strategies have included kidnapping, targeted killing,
assassination, suicide bombing, bombing with Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), VBIEDS,
ambush, and driveby shooting.

In their own analysis, Ogbonnaya and Ehigiamusoe (2013:46-60) aver that the attack
launched on the United Nations Office in Abuja in 2011 gave the militant group a face similar
to that of the Al-Qaeda’s. Locally, the sect is referred to as the ‘Nigerian Taliban’ due to the
gravity and tenacity of it operations. More importantly is the strong link the group has with
other transnational extremist groups, including Al-Shabab and Al-Qaeda. Crucial aspects of
their relations with other transnational militant groups include training, funding, strategic
knowledge on planning and tactical attacks and activities, ideological influence and human
power resources (Ogbonnaya, Ufiem and Ehigiamusoe, 2013:46-60).

While the Niger Delta militancy was a struggle for equity, that of Boko
Haram’s has been a struggle for control of the state and superiority over the security
forces. Ogbonnaya and Ehigiamusoe (2013:46-60) thus infer that what the two terrorist
groups represent in terms of the global potential and feasibility for non-state actors as
security challengers with destructive capabilities rivalling those of the state is alarming.
The tenacity of events between 2011 and 2014 reveals that the Nigerian State has not
effectively equipped it security institutions with 21st century equipment and that it has
not given its military personnel the requisite training for the much needed capacity to
defend the country from internal insurrections and external threats. Furthermore, the
government has not lived up to its responsibility in handling these challenges and
ensuring security. Militancy in the Niger Delta and the rise of Boko Haram have thus
 facilitated and aggravated the irony of sectional indifference. During the heightened
militancy in the Niger Delta, the North did not care much about the fate of the victims
and not until the increasing terror of the Boko Haram in Nigeria did the rest of the
country began to be worried about the amount of terror

The source of this movement (Boko Haram) can also be traced back to the Yan Tatsine
violent outburst of lawlessness close to the beginning of 1980s (Adesoji 95-108). What started
basically as a disagreement between two Muslim movements according to Farrel, grow fuller
into all out-cry violent in Maiduguri, Yola and Kaduna. The law enforcement along with
military at last succeeds to suppress the violence which left 4,000 persons death. However
their clumsy reply give rise to an enormous height of disbelieves from inside the district and a
developing opposition in the direction of the secularist state (2). According to Adesoji:
The aftermath of the Yan Tatsine riots was that a number of conservative Islamic groups
began to emerge and gain popularity in Borno State. Amongst one of these was Mohammed
Yusuf. A school dropout, he had undertaken religious studies in Chad and the Niger Republic
before returning to Maiduguri where he established a local mosque and religious school. Yusuf
became the local head of one such group called Jama’atul Tajdidi Islam before leaving it as a
result of a dispute over its strategy and tactics (95-108).

Yusuf was powerfully positioned by the fourteenth century law don Ibu Taymiyyah –
regarded as a main philosopher intended for basic groups in the Middle East – he produced
his own religious group in 2001 (Johnson 2). Yusuf supporters spoke of themselves as
Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’wati Wal Jihad or persons who are dedicated towards the
spread of the Prophet Teachings and Jihad. Interpreted as “Western schooling is
transgression”, Soon after that the Government gave the insurgent the name Boko Haram.
Yusuf’s censure of local Islamic scholars as well as set up political group move the feelings of a
lot of discontented persons in his district, and shortly the figure of his supporters increased in
sizes considerably. In 2004, a Newswatch magazine article reported that “students in a
number of technical colleges in Maiduguri and Damaturu had torn up their certificates of
education and left their studies to join up for Qur’anic lessons and preaching” (Danjibo 3). He
as well added that, the position and pull of the insurgent rapidly grew to be obvious to local
Government officials. Without a doubt, Adi Modu Sheriff, the executive Governor of Borno
State, remembered being offered that very day to become a member of the movement by a
past commissioner in his government named Alhaji Buji Foi (3).

Obviously, we can agree that the formation or emergence of Boko Haram and a lot of
these conflicts are in truth further ingrained in religious identity and extremist beliefs as well
as in political and economic tension. Long-lasting battles of who must have power over
political power, economic rivalries among different tribal groups often give birth to this
aggression. For example, it was largely economic rivalries which give birth to Jos conflict given
that the local government had carried out plan of action, which were seen by a lot of people
as giving an edge to some and therefore was termed as prejudiced in the direction of non-
indigenes that were, for the most part, Muslims.

2.4 THE CONCEPT OF TERRORISM

From the etymological point, the word terrorism comes from Latin and French
words: terrere, and terrorism, meaning “to frighten” and “state rule by terror” respectively
(Oche & Dokunbo, 2001). It should be noted that, there is no unanimous definition of who a
terrorist is, as there is no generally accepted definition of terrorism among scholars and
experts in this field. Terrorism is an elusive concept that has been argued to mean different
things. However, the arguments of different scholars may help form a basis to describe the
concept of terrorism. Cooper (2001, p. 882), posits that defining terrorism is not an exercise in
futility, although there may be differences in the definitions advanced by scholars, these
definitions provide good stands through which reasonable progress can be made to determine
pre-emptively what looks like terrorism in times to come. (Ibietan, Chidiozie & Ujara, 2014)

Best & Nocella (2004, p. 1), affirm that “all terrorism involves violence, but not all
violence is terrorism” and they posited further that “… the institutional use of physical
violence directed against innocent persons – human and/or inhuman animals – to advance the
religious, ideological, political, or economic purposes of an individual, organisation, or state
government” amount to terrorism. Their definition gives this research a decent outset as it
helps to corroborate the fact that violence in this context is directed at innocent persons, but
it might as well also include targeted persons who may not be exactly “innocent” in the sense
of the word.

Al-Thagafi (2008, p. 3) views terrorism as “the use of either organised or random

violence against innocent people in order to intimidate them for political reasons.” This
definition can be said to be narrow as it does not explain the nature of the perpetrators of
these violent acts regarded under the concept of terrorism. Some scholars view terrorism
from a different point, positing that sovereign states could also engage in acts of terrorism or
become sponsors of terrorism and not just militants or civilians (Cline & Alexander, 1987, p.
215). A noteworthy conceptualisation of terrorism given by the Arab Convention for the
Suppression of Terrorism (Al-Thagafi, 2008, p. 4) goes thus:

Any act or threat of violence, whatever its motives or purposes, that occurs in the
advancement of an individual or collective criminal agenda and seeking to sow panic among
people, causing fear by harming them, or placing their lives, liberty or security in danger, or
seeking to cause damage to the environment or to public or private installations or property
or to occupying or seizing them, or seeking to jeopardize national resources.

The above averment is fairly detailed owing to the fact that it seemingly captures the
overt nature, intent and mechanisms of terrorism. Compared to the foregoing definitions, the
US Department of State (in Al-Thagafi, 2008, p. 4) captures it as “premeditated, politically
motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or
clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience” (Ibietan et al, 2014, p. 69)

Okeke (2005), opines that terrorism has become such a world-wide phenomenon that
Cardinal Renato Martino, described terrorism as the 4th world war, and the 3 rd world war
being the cold war which ended with the demise of the former Soviet Union. He corroborated
further that:

We have entered the fourth world war…I believe we are in the midst of another world
war…and it involves absolutely everyone because we don’t know what will happen when we
leave a hotel, when we get on a bus, when we go to a coffee bar, war itself is sitting down
right next to each and every one of us. (Okeke, 2005, p. 23).

The statement above implies that no nation is immune from acts of terrorism, it also
concludes that no nation can guarantee absolute security for its citizens, without collaboration
with the larger international community.

Terrorism can be engaged in by one person or more. The operational area of terrorism
is the whole universe. Terrorism takes place in a guerrilla-like manner because it does not
have any known battle field. Instruments of terrorism are generally light, not heavy. The major
characteristics of terrorism are the element of surprise attack, intimidation and fear. Terrorists
do not have any known identity. They do not operate like regular combatants. They appear
like perfect gentlemen but with dangerous intentions. Their only strength is in the use of
terror without notice, at any time, to attack and intimidate any physical or moral person in
order to score a political point. And what makes terrorism more problematic is the inability to
articulate the catalytic agent that sustains it (Akinterinwa, 2010, p. 24).

2.4.1 Terrorism and Insecurity: Conceptual explanation

The word terrorism comes from the reign of terror instigated by Maxmilien Robespierre
in 1793 following the French revolution (About.com, 2014). This implies that terrorism is not a
child of modernity; it is as old as the existence of man. The history is as old as human’s
willingness to use violence to effect politics
Terrorism does not lend itself to one single acceptable definition. The term according to
Terrorism Research (Undated) is better understood from the point of view of the person that
is being represented. This is because to the victims of terrorism the perpetrators are terrorists
while to the perpetrators, terrorism is an act targeted at reforming or enforcing change.
Against this background, Terrorism Research (Undated) describes terrorism as a tactic and
strategy, a crime and a holy duty, a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable
abomination. For Hornby (2000), terrorism is the use of violent action in order to achieve
political aims or force a government to act. The United States Department of Defense cited by
Terrorism Research (Undated), defines terrorism as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or
threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments
or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious or ideological.” The
people or individuals that carry out acts of terrorisms are known as terrorists.
Characteristically, terrorism involves the following:
• Use of unlawful violence believing that violence will usher in a better system
• Use of unlawful and assorted dangerous weapons
• Motivated by goals that might be political, religious or ideological
• Secretive in membership recruitment and locations of residence
• Fewer in number comparable to the larger society they attack
• Have strong will and could die for the course they uphold
• Most times, operate as syndicates
• Derive financial and military supports from national and international loyalists
• They are militant, they use coercion, intimidation and instill fears in people Their tactics
involve:
• Suicide bombing, car bombing, rocket propelled grenades, assassinations, abductions and
kidnapping, disguising and hijacking.

• Attacking Public squares, government buildings and installations, churches and mosques,
schools, bridges, police stations, military barracks and installations as well as market squares
and prisons to free inmates particularly their members incarcerated.

2.5 TERRORISM, SECURITY DEFICIT AND THE NIGERIAN STATE

The emergence of Boko Haram in Nigeria has brought about the disappearance of
peace and security of life. A nation is considered insecure when it cannot adequately ensure
the protection of its citizens from any form of violence. One can therefore draw an inference
that the relationship between terrorism and national security in Nigeria is very negative, as
epitomized by the record of violent attacks perpetuated by Boko Haram from 2010-2015 with
concomitant devastation in the national psyche.

It is evident from an earlier study conducted by Akinbi (2015, pp. 36-48) that three
major attacks were traceable to Boko Haram insurgency in 2010. They are the Bauchi prison
break which occurred on 7th September, 2010; bomb attack on Maiduguri Police Station on
7th October; Mogadishu Army Barracks Mammy market in Abuja on 31 st December. Sixteen
persons were reported dead, three injured, Police Station destroyed and 721 inmates freed
from the Bauchi prison.

In 2011, five incidents were recorded thus: bomb explosion in Abuja and Bauchi on
29th May, failed Police Headquaters bombing in Abuja on 16 th June; Damaturu attacks on
4th August; Insurgents and Nigerian Army Clashes in Maiduguri and Damaturu on 22 nd and
23rd December; and on the 25th December, St. Theresa’s Catholic Church, Madalla was
bombed. The casualty figure in these five major attacks was given as 281 dead.

The year 2012 also witnessed five dastardly insurgent acts as follows: Kano multiple
bomb blasts occurred on 21stJanuary; attack on a Christian Chapel in Bayero University, Kano
during a Sunday Service on 29th April; a church was bombed in Kaduna on 17 th June, while on
7th August, insurgents engaged worshippers in a Deeper Life Church in sporadic shootings. It
was the turn of Christians in Maiduguri and Potiskum on 25 th December to experience
shootings during the Christmas service. A total of 266 persons lost their lives as documented
by Akinbi (2015).

There was an upward surge to eleven tragic occurrences in 2013 as detailed thus: on
1st January, the Nigerian Army took the battle to Boko Haram (raiding their hide outs) and
killed thirteen militants; on March 18, an outward bound Kano Luxury Bus was bombed in
which sixty-five persons were feared dead; there was a massacre in Baga (Borno State) on
16th April; on 6th July, shooting occurred in a Yobe State School. An attack was carried out on a
mosque in Maiduguri on 12 th August, while on 12th September, Boko Haram insurgents
ambushed some soldiers and killed them. The Baga massacre; Yobe State School shootings,
the Maiduguri Mosque attack and ambush laid on the Soldiers recorded a total casualty figure
of 325 as dead. Between 12th and 18th September, the Nigerian Army executed an offensive on
the Boko Haram sect, in which one hundred and fifty militants and sixteen soldiers died. On
19th September, further attacks by the Insurgents led to the death of sixteen persons in Borno
State. Not less than fifty students died in the Guiba College massacre in Yobe state on
29th September. In October, two major raids inspired by the Federal Government on
Damaturu and other enclaves of the militants resulted in 229 loss of lives that were mostly
Boko Haram fighters.

The country witnessed unprecedented spate of unrest in 2014 resulting from terrorist
attacks which totaled nineteen. Apart from the months of January, March, July and November
which recorded one attack each, and seeming cease fire experienced in August, September
and October, no other month had less than two attacks (as recorded in April and December).
February had three attacks, May and June witnessed four respectively. In cumulative terms,
no less than one thousand, nine hundred and twenty three persons died, while five hundred
and fifty two people were kidnapped (Akinbi, 2015, pp. 37-38). Other details show that on
26th January, there were various attacks in parts of Northern Nigeria, while between February
15th and 25th, Yobe State recorded two incidents with one occurring in a Federal Government
College. On 14th March, Giwa Military Barracks in Maiduguri was violated, and some Boko
Haram detainees were released, but later recaptured and executed.

On 14th April, 2014, Abuja experienced a twin bombing and the next day, what turned
out to be the celebrated kidnap of 276 Chibok School Girls occurred in Borno State. Abuja
witnessed a car bombing on 1 st May, there was the Gamboru-Ngala attack in Borno State on
5th May and on the 20th May, the Jos car bombings was recorded, a week later, the orgy of
violence shifted to Buni Yadi in Yobe State. On 1 st June, the location of bombing moved to
Mubi in Adamawa State. There was the Gwoza massacre in Borno State on 2 nd June. June
20th and 23rd to 25th witnessed the Borno State and Middle Belt attacks respectively. The
Nigerian Military raided Boko Haram camps on 26 th July and mowed down about one hundred
militants. The only occurrence in November (28 th) found expression in bombing and gun
attacks in Kano. There was a record of kidnappings in Gumsuri, Borno State on 13 th December,
while between 28th and 29th of December, there occurred a failed offensive by Boko Haram
insurgents into Northern Cameroon.

The 2015 half-year narrative of insurgent disturbances with an extension to July 6 th at a

total of eighteen almost equaled the preceding year’s record. It is also quite pathetic to note
that the death toll at minimum of three thousand and ninety five persons, and the wounded
at a conservative estimate of one hundred and seventeen persons present enormous human
loss and unqualified cost to Nigeria (Eme & Ibietan, 2012). The taxonomy for these attacks
shows seven as occurring in January; five in February; one in March; one in April; none in the
month of May; two in June and two within the first week of July. The January episode
commencing from 3rd to 7th; 9th; 12th; 18th; 25th; 29th and 31st oscillated from Baga massacre
through refugees’ flight from Baga; failed Boko Haram raid on Cameroon; attacks on villages in
Northern Cameroon; Boko Haram offensive against Northern Armed Forces in Maiduguri;
Nigerian Military Collaboration with Chadian Soldiers to recapture the border town of Michika
due to fighting in Northern Cameroon on African Union initiatives.

The February 2015 account of terrorist activities started on the 1 st with the raiding of
Sambisa forest by West African Allied Forces (four countries), and on the 6 th with Boko Haram
raid on Bosso and Diffa towns, making it the first time that Niger as a country was attacked.
On the 13th of February, Boko Haram insurgents crossed into Chad on four motor boats
through the lake, while on 21 st February, Baga town in Borno State was recaptured by the
Nigerian Army, and on the 24 th, the Chadian forces engaged Boko Haram rebels in a duel
around the Gamboru area of Nigeria. The record for March shows that between 9 th and 18th of
the month, the Chadian and Nigerian Forces overran Boko Haram and retook Fatouri and
Damasak towns in North-east, Nigeria. On 24th April, the Nigerian Military Forces ransacked
Sambisa with an intent to dislodge the insurgents from their stronghold.

On 16th June 2015, the Boko Haram insurgents made an audacious advance into the
Chadian Capital-N’Djamena to launch twin suicide bomb attacks on that country’s Police
Headquarters and Police Academy (Akinbi, 2015, p. 40), while on 22 nd June, two female suicide
bombers desecrated a mosque in Maiduguri, killing worshippers in the process. Between the
1st and 2nd July, 2015, multiple mosque massacres occurred in the North-eastern parts of
Nigeria, killing scores and injuring tens of people as earlier documented in this discourse. On
6th July, the contested peace of Jos town was again punctuated with a bomb attack in which
more than two score of persons lost their lives.
The implication of security deficit induced by terrorism on the populace and Nigerian State
can be gleaned from its reverberating effect and as decelerator of economic growth and
development. Peace is an irreducible minimum requirement and platform for economic
progress and transformation. The North-eastern part of the country has been reduced to
ashes and a shadow of its previous situation occasioned by deteriorating unemployment and
worsening food crises. It is arguable therefore, that Boko Haram insurgency has exacerbated
the miseration and pauperisation of the citizenry, especially around the North-east
geopolitical zone. This inference is predicated on the relative; absolute; and dollar per day
poverty measures from the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics which put poverty rate on
the above three indices at 71.5%; 61.9% and 62.8% respectively (Subair in Alao, Atere & Alao,
2012, pp. 8-10). It is also discernible that government spending on security has progressively
escalated, with tendency towards kleptomania resulting from lack of transparency, poor
accountability and floppy control system in public governance in Nigeria. This position is
validated by the revelations emerging from the probe of alleged arm deals fraud levelled
against Col. Sambo Dasuki (Retd) and other Politically Exposed Persons in the Nigerian public
domain. Palpable fear and a feeling of insecurity as corollaries of insurgency conjoin to
underscore the Nigeria’s image question as highlighted by Ibietan, Chidozie and Ujara (2014).

2.6 CAUSES OF INSECURITY IN NIGERIA

Many factors have been postulated as causing unrest in Nigeria. Some writers put their
blames on the government while some others pass the bulk on parents. Other writers hold
the youths as being responsible while others settle on the combination of these factors.
Putting all these factors together will provide some of the following as responsible factors for
the general state of insecurity in Nigeria.

Unemployment, Bad governance, Lack of quality education or training, Lack or

inadequate basic infrastructures, Corruption and corrupt practices of government officials,
Perceived victimization, Arrant poverty in the midst of affluence, Ethnic superiority, Religious
superiority, Domination and exploitation, Materialism and the display of it with impunity,
 These factors according to Omede (2012) may not actually be the causes of unrest in
Nigeria. Omede sees these factors as symptoms, shadows and not the substance. For instance,
as Omede noted: Why unemployment if we may ask? Who is to provide the jobs? And why
are they not providing the jobs? The answers may be found in corruption, misappropriation of
public funds and lack of quality education, bad governance, and etcetera. Corruption, lack of
good or bad governance, ethnic superiority and domination of one community or person by
the other as well as the rest others mentioned above are all moral and values problems
(Omede; 2012:315). One cannot expect anything good to come from an individual that does
not fear God, an individual that is morally bankrupt and has wrong or negative values. An
orange tree cannot produce guava fruits, it is practically impossible. The behavioral offspring
of such morally deficient individuals are domination, exploitations, pride, and all that have
been mentioned before. Such individuals are simply “educated sinners”. It may interest us to
note that the heart of the problem of man is the problem of the heart. Therefore, moral and
values deficiencies as well as insufficient and wrong religious education are causes of unrest
and general poor state of security of Nigeria as a nation.

From the discussion above it is clear that terrorism is a cancer to national development
and progress and also if people are given quality education and good religious education it will
reduce terrorism in Nigeria.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 This chapter deals with the research design and this cover the type of data and source,
the study population and sample, the chapter also highlight on the data collection method
and instruments.

This chapter prevents the research design which is essentially the blue print on the data
collection and the method adopted for the collection of the data. The chapter has also
highlighted the techniques used in the data collection, the instrument of data collection and
the method of data analysis and presentation.

This study also relies extensively on the information from primary and secondary
sources where questionnaires were used. Other sources of data are secondary source and
include unstructured interviewed and a combination of structured and open-ended
questionnaires e.t.c.

According to black and champions (1976) “research methodology provides a blue print
to study problems and determine the boundaries of the research world”. Therefore, it covers
all forces by which the researcher plans to carry out his/her project work in such a simplified
form to achieve the objective of the study.

Akani (1983:15), “defines methodology as the ways and means by which the researcher
intends to carry out the study”. Methodology also involves the tools and machinery that will
be used in accomplishing the state objectives.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The study has adopted a descriptive research design and will rely on the assessment of
the opinions and views of respondents on terrorism and national security in Nigeria, an
Examination of boko haram activities from 2010 to 2016.

The data will be collected using a survey method and this involves the assessment of both the
masses, government officials and the security agencies.

The use of questionnaires will be used to solicit responses in the various areas of
terrorism and national security in Nigeria the problems and the solutions using boko haram
activities from 2010 to 2016, so as to provide information that will answer some of the
pertinent questions.

3.2 LOCATION OF STUDY

The study relied on information record from both primary and secondary sources.
Some information were derived from interviews of citizens of Nigeria. Under this primary
sources the uses of available and comprehensive questionnaires administered to beneficiaries
at random was employed. The use of this source of data for the sake of this research study is
suitable and relevant because of its comprehensiveness and all including ability.

In addition to the primary source, an interview will play a vital role in obtaining and
make good use of the available existing information (or data).

3.3 POPULATION OF STUDY

This research work will be targeted at the citizens, government and security agencies.
This is because they are all Nigerians, and we believe they know some of the challenges being
faced by the Country.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE SIZE

In this research work, the sampling method to be used will be the Simple random
sampling method. Because the method allows the possibility for every citizens to have equal
chance of being selected as sample for the study.

The researcher develop questionnaires which covers two parts sections, namely,
Section A: which covers bio-data of the respondents, while Section B: covers the issues of
terrorism and national security in Nigeria, an Examination of boko haram activities from 2010
to 2016.

In all a total of ten (10) questions items were develop to cover the various issues of
terrorism and national security in Nigeria, an Examination of boko haram activities from 2010
to 2016.
3.5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Due to lack of time and the sake of simplicity in the research, data collected was
summarized using the manual method. After this, the data was converted into simple tables of
frequencies for the purpose of analysis presentation where the outcome presented and was
done in tables of frequencies and percentages. This approach is found easier and clearer for
presentation and description of the findings.

3.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

Simple stratified random sampling method will be adopted in the selection of the
correspondent for the study. This is so to capture the different ideas or information of all
levels on terrorism and national security in Nigeria, an Examination of boko haram activities
from 2010 to 2016. A structured (open ended) questionnaire which is developed by the
researcher covers various aspects of problems of terrorism and national security in Nigeria
and the solution will be adopted for the collection of the data.

3.7 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ON THE FIELD

The research have suffered poor response from the top officers of the security agencies
because of their tired schedules and some the security men are not willing to answer the
questions been asked by the researcher

Another problem encountered on the field is that some of the citizens don’t know
much about security and some a afraid to answer the questions.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

 This chapter deals with the organization, manipulation and analysis of data collection

through questionnaires as well as testing the questionnaire that were formulated.

According to Osuala (2001), data refers to things ideas, concept and facts known which

conclusion is drawn after proper investigation has been carried out. Basically data is usually

obtained from two (2) sources, primary and secondary dairy sources, the researcher will

employ the use of primary data in analyzing this work.

The questionnaires ideas design to collect data on Terrorism and National Security: An

examination of Boko Hara activities from 2010 - 2016. Out of the fifty (60) questionnaires

administered, only thirty four (50) were returned.

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION

To facilitate the analysis of the data collected, each question is treated independently and

based on 100%.

The respondents were given two options of agreeing or disagreeing with the questions, the

response to each question is tabulated and percentage base on the response are calculated

for the purpose of analyzing and drawing conclusion on it.

4.2 BIODATA OF RESPONDENTS

The Bio-data of the Respondent provide the characteristics of the respondents who

were involve in the study.

Table 4: 1 Distribution of Respondents by Gender

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

 Male 26 52.0

Female 24 48.0

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey July, 2017

According to the table 4: 1 above 26 of the respondents representing 52.0% were

males while 24 representing 48.0% were females. This is an incision that the male dominate

their female counterpart.

Table 4: 2 Marital Status of the Respondents

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Single 19 38.0

Married 23 46.0

Widow/Widower 5 10.0

Divorce 3 6.0

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey July, 2017

Table 4: 2 above shows that 19 of the respondents are still single, 23 are married and 5

had lose their spouses while 3 had their marriage divorce.

Table 4: 3 Age Distributions of Respondents

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

28 – 27 years 15 30.0
 28 – 37 years 25 50.0

38 – 47 years 8 16.0

Above 47 years 2 4.0

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey July, 2017

The above table 4: 3 shows that majority of the respondent’s falls within the age range

of 28 – 37 years, followed by those within the ages of 18 – 27 years. While 8 of the

respondents are within the ages of 38 – 47 years only 2 are above 47 years of age. The result

shows that majority of the respondents are in their prime age.

Table 4: 4 Higher Academic/Professional Qualification Attainment of the Respondents

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Basic Education 5 10.0

Post Primary 18 36.0

Post Secondary 19 38.0

H.N.D/BSc/BA and above 8 16.0

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey July, 2017

From the table 4: 4 above shows that 5 of the respondents had basic Education, 18 had

post Primary (Secondary e.t.c) Education and 19 had Post Secondary (Diploma, NCE, IJMB)

Education, While 8 had H.N.D/BSc/BA and qualification.

Table 4: 5 Working Experience of the Workers

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

1 – 5 years 13 26.0
 6 – 10 years 18 36.0

11 – 15 years 13 26.0

Above 15 years 6 12.0

Total 50 100

Source: Field Survey July, 2017

From the above table 4: 5 show 13 people has 1 – 5 years working experience and 18

people had 6 – 10 years working experience, 13 people also have 11 – 15 years working

experience while only 6 people have above 15 years working experience

SECTION B

This section gives answers to the question asked below.

QUESTION 4: 6 To what extent is Insecurity and terrorism affecting people in Plateau state

and Nigeria at large?

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Very bad 40 80.0

 Not bad 10 20.0

Total 50 100

Field Survey: February, 2019

The table above 4: 6 shows that 40 people representing 80% said insecurity and terrorism is

affecting Plateau people and Nigeria at large very bad while only 10 people representing 20%

said is affecting people very bad. We can said that insecurity and terrorism is affecting people

very bad.

QUESTION 4: 7 What are the factors hindering the effective fight against Boko Haram and

Insurgency in Nigeria?

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Poverty 17 34.0
Corruption 8 16.0
Bad Governance 25 50.0
TOTAL 34 100%
Field Survey: February, 2019

From the table above 17 respondents said poverty is the factor hindering the effective fight

against Boko Haram and insurgency in Nigeria and 8 representing 16% said is bad governance

while majority of the respondent which are 25 representing 50% said id bad governance.

So we can conclude that bad governance is the major factor hindering fight against

Boko Haram and insurgency in Nigeria.

QUESTION 4: 8 Does Nigerian Government have any Policy for training repented criminals?
 Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Yes 22 44.0

No 2 4.0

Not really 26 52.0

TOTAL 50 100%

Field Survey: February, 2019

The results above shows that 22 respondents representing 44% confirm that Nigerian

Government have policy for training repented criminals and only two respondent said Nigeria

Government don’t have any policy while majority of the respondents partially agree that

Nigerian Government have policy for training repented criminals.

QUESTION 4: 9 Is security poor welfare a factor hindering fighting insecurity in Nigeria?

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Yes 30 60.0

No 5 10.0

Partially 15 30.0

TOTAL 50 100%

Field Survey: February, 2019

From the above table 4: 9 shows that 30 people representing 60% said poor welfare for

security is a factor affecting fighting insecurity or terrorism and 15 respondents partially agree

while 5 respondent did not accept that as a factor.

From the analysis above it can be deduced that, security poor welfare is the factor hindering

fighting insecurity in Nigeria.

QUESTION 4: 10 Do you think that unemployment is one of the problems that is causing

increase in terrorism?

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Yes 30 60.0

No 3 6.0

Partially 17 34.0

TOTAL 50 100

Field Survey: February, 2019

The above result shows that 60% of the respondents are of the view that unemployment is

one of problem that is causing increase in terrorism. 32% partially agree that unemployment

is one of the problems that s causing increase in terrorism, while 6% said not unemployment

that is causing increase in terrorism.

Base on the above analysis it can be conclude that, unemployment is one of problem that is

causing increase in terrorism.

TABLE 4: 11 Is corruption a security challenge to security forces in curbing crimes in the

society?
 Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Yes 43 86.0

No 7 14.0

TOTAL 50 100

Field Survey: February, 2019

The above table 4: 11 stated that, 43 respondents with 86% agree a challenge to security

forces in curbing crimes in the society, while only 7 respondents said that corruption is not a

challenge to security forces in curbing crimes in the society.

What policies should government have to assist does that have been affected by Boko

Haram activities?

i. Government should provide relief materials to the affected people.

ii. Government should create refugees centers across the states.

iii. Government should rebuild houses destroyed by Boko Haram in the affected

communities.

iv. Government should rehabilitate people affected by the Boko Haram activities.

QUESTION 13: What should government do in order tp eliminate Boko Haram completely?

i. Government should retrain it security forces

ii. Government should provide arms and ammunitions for our security forces

iii. Government should increase security forces welfare

QUESTION 14: What are the problems face by the Nigerian Government in fighting terrorism

and insecurity?
 i. Insufficient weapons

ii. Poor military skills

QUESTION 15: In your own view what are the solutions to terrorism and Insecurity in

Nigeria?

Categories Frequencies Percentage (%)

Good governance 4 8.0

Education 4 8.0
Employment 2 4.0
Fight against bribery and 5 10.0
corruption
All of the above 35 70.0
TOTAL 34 100
Field Survey: February, 2019

Above table shows that 4 respondents said the solution to terrorism is for government to

provide good governance, 4 respondents said education followed by 2 respondents

representing 4% agree that employment is the solutions to insecurity, then 5 presenting 10%

agree that fighting against bribery and corruption is the solution to insecurity in Nigeria while

majority of the respondents taken 70% agree that all of the above are the solutions to

Insecurity in Nigeria.

4.3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

From the data presentation we can conclude that Terrorism and Insecurity is the major

problems face by Nigerian government today.

 Therefore, for those problems to be dealt with Government need to take a step

towards solving those challenges or problems.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

This study has examined Terrorism and National Security: An examination of Boko

Haram activities from 2010 to 2016. Other relevant areas which the study highlighted are the

challenges faced by the security forces and the government and the study sighted some

factors that is coursing in Terrorism and Insecurity.

The study also figures out the factors responsible as challenges facing the security

forces.
 The study considered some relevant and related literatures that cover different issues

about Boko Haram, Terrorism and Insecurity.

The study assessed the views of some selected people as target of the study.

Questionnaires were development with several questions on Terrorism and National Security:

An examination of Boko Haram activities from 2010 to 2016 so as to elicit the opinions,

knowledge from the selected people. Their responses were analyzed through using simple

percentages and the findings presented in simple tables.

5.2 CONCLUSION

From the assertions of the respondents to questions answered in the questionnaire

administered, the study concludes the following:

i. Boko haram is a deadliest terrorist group that have kill a lot of people

ii. Government should educate it citizens on the danger of terrorist group

iii. Religious bodies are not involve fully in security issues

iv. Government do not educate the rural people on the importance of given the security

forces information

v. Poverty is a major problem which also cause or contribute security issues

vi. Some Nigerian youth take terrorism as means of making quick money

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations which are found useful and if rationally

adopted, will go a long way in enhancing the fight against Terrorism and Insecurity in Nigeria.

These recommendations include:

i. Government should provide employment for the unemployed youth

 ii. Since we notice that poverty is one of the major problem of insecurity government

should provide skill acquisition for women and the youth.

iii. Another way is for Religious leaders to Educate their follows since some of the

terrorist claim they are doing it for Religion

iv. Government should rebuild houses of those people that have been affected by the

Boko Haram activities and the people should be rehabilitated

v. Finally Government should bring more policies about that will help reducing the

pains of those affected by terrorist activities.

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

The questionnaire suffered a poor response from the respondents due to their tight

schedules in which their absolute positive response would be given perfect judgment on

terrorism and National security.

More so, the research work could not cover wide range of respondents due to time and

financial constraints.

With these, it would be suggested that any other researcher(s) willing to do his or her

research work on this area should endeavor to get much of the opinions from middle and

lower-level management who were not busy as the top-level managers.

 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

National Open University of Nigeria,

Jos.

Dear Respondents,

I am a student of the National Open University of Nigeria, undertaking a Research on

the topic: TERRORISM AND NATIONAL SECURITY: An Examination of Boko Haram activites

from 2010 to 2016. In view of this, your honest and sincere response will go along way in

contributing to the success of this all – important work, as you kindly and by ticking in the

appropriate box provided or by writing on the dotted lines; where provided.

Thanks.
 Tina

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION A:-

PERSONAL DATA

Please tick where applicable in the box/space provided below:-

Respondents identification No: ………………………………………

1. Sex a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )

2. Marital status

a. Single ( ) b. Married ( ) c. Widow/Widower ( ) d. Divorce ( )

3. Age a. 18 – 27 ( ) b. 28 – 37 ( ) c. 38 – 47 ( ) d. Above 47 ( )
 4. Highest Academic/Professional qualification?

a. Basic Education ( )

b. Post Primary (Secondary etc). ( )

c. Post Secondary (Diploma,NCE,IJMB). ( )

d. H.N.D/BSc/BA and Above ( )

5. Working Experience of the Workers

a. 1 – 5 years ( )

b. 6 – 10 years ( )

c. 11 – 15 years ( )

d. Above 15 years ( )

SECTION B:-

6. To what extent is Insecurity and terrorism affecting people in Plateau State and Nigeria

at large?

a. Very bad ( ) b. Not Bad ( )

7. What are the factors hindering the effective fight against Boko Haram and Insurgency

in Nigeria?

a. Poverty ( ) b. Corruption ( ) c. Bad Governance ( )

7. Does Nigerian government have any policy for training repented criminals?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( ) c. Not really ( )

8. Is Security poor welfare a factor in fighting Insecurity in Nigeria?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( ) c. Partially ( )

9. Do you think that unemployment is one of the problems that is coursing increase in

Insecurity? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( ) c. Partially ( )

10. Is corruption a security challenge to security forces in curbing crimes in the society?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

11. What policies should government have to assist does that have been affected by Boko

Haram activities?__________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. What should government do in order tp eliminate Boko Haram completely?

_____________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

13. What are the problems face by the Nigerian Government in fighting terrorism and

insecurity?____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

14. In your own view what are the solutions to terrorism and Insecurity in Nigeria?

_____________________________________________________________________________

____________________
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