Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development.

ISSN: 2630-7065 (Print)

2630-7073 (e). Vol. 3 No. 5. 2020
Association for the Promotion of African Studies

THE IMPACTS AND POSSIBLE WAYS OF MANAGING CORRUPTION

AND INSECURITY IN NIGERIA
Nweke, Igboanugo George
Department of Criminology And Security Studies
Chukwuemeka Odimegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam, Anambra State.
[email protected],[email protected]; +23408164609943
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13367. 34720

Abstract
This paper scrutinized corruption and problem of insecurity in Nigeria. Nigeria is a
country with potentials for greatness; a large population comprising of a dynamic
workforce, a growing economy, natural resources, raw materials and oil deposits which
make her the largest exporter of crude oil in Africa. Despite these indices for greatness,
fifty-nine year plus after independence Nigeria is yet to find her feet among the
community of nations as insurgency continues to take its toll on the country and make
life insecure and miserable for the ordinary Nigerian citizens. Corruption is a major
cause or causes of conflicts, insecurity and backwardness which continued to be seen as
an enormous challenge to the development of the country. There was a period in Nigeria
when security, peace and tranquility were the priority of the government, during this
period one could sleep with two eye closed without thinking of the unknown to occur .
Those were the days Nigeria stood tall among African Nations with the reference title of
“Giant of Africa” owing to its large population, economy and corruption in its minimal
but today, Nigeria is living on past glory. Presently, security tension in Nigerian is
associated with Nigeria historical development. Nigeria originated from British colonial
rule and took it with the merging of Southern protectorate and Northern protectorate in
1914. It’s first threat to peace and tranquility after independence from 1966 to 1970, the
beginning of struggle for peace. Nigeria experienced numerous military coups and long
periods of uncivilized, autocratic and brutish military rule from 1966 until 1999 when
democratic civilian government was established. This study adopted psychoanalytical
Theory and rational choice theory. The study used a descriptive survey research design.
Primary and Secondary source of data collection were used to gather information for this
study, for primary sources, oral interviews and questionnaires, while journals, textbooks
and newspapers were used as secondary sources. The study used SPSS to analyze the
data collected. This paper investigated the issues of corruption and insecurity in Nigeria
and the negative effects of the insecurity and corruption to the development of the
country. The findings according to Transparency International Statistics,2020, showed
that Nigeria is the number146 out of the 180 countries of the world with the highest

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corrupt practice index it was also ascertained that corruption is a major cause of
insecurity in the country. However, it is recommended that the Nigerian Government
should establish a special court for the speedy trial of individuals accused of corrupt
practices, capital punishments is also canvassed .And finally, government should give
top priority to management of corruptionthan eradication of corruption in its change
agenda.

Keywords: Corruption, Insecurity, management, Nigeria.

Introduction

Recently, Nigeria has been entangle in a firebox of corruption and insecurity

leading to scores of deaths of innocent civilians, foreigners, some members of the
nation‟s security personnel, elected officials and many government workers. The
corruption and insecurity challenge has assumed formidable dimensions forcing
the country‟s political and economic managers and, indeed the entire nation, to
rue the loss of their loved ones, investments and absence of safety in most parts
of the country. The number of corruptions vary, but include bribery, extortion,
cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and
embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug
trafficking, money laundering, and Human trafficking, though it is not restricted
to these activities. And these have increasingly become the regular signature that
characterizes life in Nigeria since 1990 (John & Nzeni, 2015).It is a strong position
of this paper that eradication of the two cankerworm is not the best approach in
tackling the phenomenon, but adequate management of the problem is strongly
canvassed ,if strictly adhered to will witness maximum cooperation and see
Nigeria in no distance time as a corrupt free Nation.

Government has tried everything from “force-for-force” to carrot-and-stick

approach to diplomacy but the problem seems to rise with greater monstrosity
like the proverbial phoenix. There has also been strong advocacy for a
multistakeholder intervention to the insecurity question rather than lean on
military options alone (Shina & Urim, 2014; Open Society, 2012; Ujomu, 2001),
but the problem has defied the present medication it is getting. This may not be
unconnected with the increasing ethnic hate, religious bigotry, political rivalry
and a growing population of disgruntled citizens in the country who feel that
they have been short-changed and given very limited or no access to the
common patrimony.

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Association for the Promotion of African Studies

Corruption is a major cause or causes of insecurity and backwardness which

continued to be seen as an enormous challenge to the development of the
country. It‟s first threat to peace and tranquility after independence from 1966 to
1970, the beginning of struggle for peace. Nigeria experienced numerous military
coups and long periods of uncivilized and autocratic military rule from 1966
until 1999 when democratic civilian government was established. All this
military interventions in politics were as result of corrupt and insecure nature of
the country during the civilian era.

Egwu (2001) had made this observation when he argued that the primordial
tendencies of various ethnic groups towards violence, the perennial eruption of
various ethnic militias and the preponderant religious fundamentalism in place,
given expression to by some sections of the dominant religious establishments in
Nigeria, have inevitably aggravated the scale and propensity of insecurity and
widened its scope in various ramifications

Not only has the continued state of insecurity threatened the very fabric of
national integration in the country and created the ecology of fear, disquiet and
anxiety, it has also meted a deadly blow or what Imhonopi & Urim (2012) call
“spectral bite” to industrial development. The destruction of the badly needed
infrastructure has taken the country many years backwards. The government has
continued to trudge on in the face of this daring challenge and has continued to
evolve strategies to contain or douse this conflagration. Meanwhile, academic
writers, social researchers, scholars, security experts and consultants have also
not rested in making diverse recommendations and probable solutions to
address this national blight. In this paper, focus is on examining the
contributions moral values and virtues can make in tackling insecurity in
Nigeria. According to Faith(2013) corruption is a social phenomenon which
manifests its self in various human actions such as dishonesty, selfishness
,embezzlement ,moral degeneration ,bribery ,instability and covetousness.
Corruption is also the abuse of public office for private gain.It is however, a well
known fact that corruption breeds insecurity if not properly checked and
monitored.
Conceptual Clarifications
Corruption
Corruption in Nigeria is not exclusively preserved for politicians, civil servants,
and captains of industry. Among the common people there is an instinctive

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honing of stealing skills. One should stop thinking people suddenly become
corrupt when they join the government. However having been tutored and
mentored on petty stealing probably from a tender age ,Nigerians naturally
explode when they occupy positions of authority at any level either in private or
public sector. They join the bandwagon of selfish leaders after suddenly finding
themselves in the corridor of power Rather than use their positions to repair its
ills; they conform to the enrichment craze. In other words corruption is defined
as the involvement in illegal, dishonest, or wicked behavior which is destructive
of the moral fabric of society. To some people corruption is the conscious and
will plan act by a person or group of persons to appropriate by unlawful means
the wealth of another person or group of persons.

The concept corruption like many other concepts in social sciences has no settled
meaning. This means that there is no straight backed definition, or generally
accepted, or encompassing definition for the term corruption. However, certain
definitional attempts have been proffered by different scholars. Although, there
is often difficulties in defining it, because it means not only different things to
different people, and even to the same people different things at different times,
but also sanctions usually are attached to corrupt practices which hides them and
gives them subtle forms. Thus, some people see corruption as a conscious and
well planned act by a person or group of persons to appropriate by unlawful
means the wealth of another person or According Akuje, (2009), corruption is a
phenomenon so difficult to define, yet it percolates every structure of the society.
It affects the military as well as it soils the hands of the civilians He went further
to define corruption as follows ;When we use our position in society to secure
certain advantages jumping a queue, being waved off at the checkpoint or
making others bend the rules to accommodate our demands … by whatever
means even if it is just „thank you‟ our action however innocent, however well-
intentional, however unthreatening to others, has corrupted a system or a
convention or some rules and regulations in application. In this regard, even
whatever form of seasonal gifts, free air tickets, lunch or dinner kola is no longer
exempted, since these are likely to influence future courses of action and
transactions the giver or receiver is thus corrupting protocol or breaching some
rules and regulations in Nigeria society. According to Ibietan (2013:43),
corruption can also be classified based on the arena it occurs namely: Political,
Economic, Bureaucratic, Judicial and Moral; Political corruption may manifest in
activities connected with elections and succession, taking the form of
manipulating people and institutions to retain power or office. Economic

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Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development. ISSN: 2630-7065 (Print)
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corruption could assume the subversion of institutional regulations and

circumventing procedures to get unmerited advantage. Bureaucratic corruption
goes beyond obtaining pecuniary benefits. It includes cronyism, favouritism,
nepotism, and associated ills that warrant merit to be slaughtered on the altar of
mediocrity in recruitment, promotion and motivation of employees as necessary
planks upon which personnel administration rests and offer cardinal
explanations for low productivity, inefficiency and poor service delivery in the
public sector. Judicial corruption implies perversion of justice, compromising
attitudinal disposition of law enforcement agents/agencies, Sundry ills and
avoidable human errors in the administration of justice. Moral corruption entails
committing morally reprehensible acts deliberately and on a sustained basis.
Corruption is a major problem of Nigeria.

Management

Management is the life giving element of any organization. Henri, (1991)

Management is conduct of affairs of business, moving towards its objective
through a continuous process of improvement and optimization of resources”.
Koontz, (2013) “Management is the process of designing and maintaining an
environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently
accomplish selected aims”. Follett (2008) “Management is the art of getting
things done through people. Terry, (2000) Management is a process consisting of
planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and
accomplish the objectives by use of people and resources and for Hissom(2009),
Management is the organizational process that includes strategic planning,
setting objectives, managing resources, deploying the human and financial assets
needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results. Management also includes
recording and storing facts and information for later use or for others within the
organization. Management functions are not limited to managers and
supervisors

Insecurity

Conversely, insecurity is the antithesis of security and has attracted such

common descriptors as want of safety, danger, hazard, uncertainty, want of
confidence, state of doubt, inadequately guarded or protected, instability,
trouble, lack of protection and being unsafe, and others (Achumba, Ighomereho
& Akpor-Robaro, 2013). Achumba et al ( 2013) argue further that these common
descriptors point to a condition where there exists a vulnerability to harm, loss of
life, property or livelihood. Insecurity just as security is seen also in diverse

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ways. Some people would take it to mean absence of safety or presence of

danger; hazard; uncertainty; want of confidence; doubtful; inadequately guarded
or protected; lacking stability; troubled; lack of protection and unsafe. Insecurity
can make one to lose confidence, be afraid, unsettled, oppressed, lose focus, and
be devastated and lose one‟s humanness.

Therefore, they consider insecurity to be a state of not knowing, a lack of control,

and the inability to take defensive action against forces that portend harm or
danger to an individual or group, or t hat make them vulnerable. For Beland
(2005), insecurity is the state of fear or anxiety stemming from a concrete or
alleged lack of protection. It refers to lack or inadequate freedom from danger.
This definition reflects physical insecurity which is the most visible form of
insecurity, and it feeds into many other forms of insecurity such as economic
security and social security. In this paper, insecurity is conceived as a situation
where human and national security of a state is compromised by internal or
external forces or interests exacerbated by the formers weak or poor economic,
military and/or human resource development conditions.

Insecurity is a state of being subject to danger or threat. Insecurity on the other

hand, is the antitheses of security (Agbekaku et al). However, because of the very
many ways in which insecurity has been described in association with the
various ways in which it affects individuals. Some of the common descriptors of
insecurity include: wants to safety, danger, hazard, uncertainty; want to
confidence; doubtful; inadequately guarded or protected; lacking stability;
troubled; lack protection and unsafe, to mention few. All of these have been used
by different people to define the concept of insecurity. These different
descriptors however run into a common reference to a state of vulnerability to
harm and loss of life, property or livelihood. According to Agbekaku et al.
(2016),the insecurity situation in the country has led to many wondered why
Nigeria has not returned to the state of nature where, according Thomas Hobbes,
life was solitary, nasty, brutish and short. Igbodalo (2012), have pervasively
argued that insecurity in a given state not only affect the growth and survival of
democracy but also lead to high level of poverty, unemployment, high rate of
crimes, poor standard of education, high rate of illiteracy, poor infrastructural
development, poor state of health facilities among others. (Ighodalo, 2012).
Pointed out that effects of insecurity are manifested in increasing poverty,
diseases, unemployment, poor medical care, poor housing facilities, lack of
portable water, epileptic power supply, lack of access to power and resources by
minority groups and their exclusion from policy making. (Ake, 2000). To have

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security thus, means to be safe, secured, protected and enjoy peace of life. That is,
the state of being or feeling secure, freedom from fear, anxiety, danger, doubt,
something that gives or assures safety, tranquility, certainty, protection and
safeguard.
Theoretical Framework

This research anchors on the psychoanalytic theory and Rational choice theory.
The psychoanalytic theory was propounded by Sigmund Freud (1981). He
postulates that human life is controlled by two categories of instincts – the life
instinct is associated with creativity, achievement and other positive things of
life. On the other hand, death instinct is associated with aggression, hostility,
destruction, deceit and even war. Going by Freud, crime resides in the instinctual
drive of an individual. Therefore corruption resides in the id as a component of
human personality. The irrational impulses of the id propel humans to engage in
corruption because at this point they may feel highly insecured in the prevalence
economic situation in a country. Only individual with strong superego can
minimize their rate of corrupt practices in an entrusted government and private
establishments. On the other hand when people feel insecured as a result of their
inability to meet their financial and social obligation, they may become
frustrated, aggressive and hostile. People who find themselves in this situation
may resort to criminal behavior, such as deceit, duping, armed robbery,
kidnapping and killing.

Rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that humans are reasoning
actors who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational
choice.

Adam Smith-,who proposed the idea of an invisible hand moving markets in the
mid-1770's usually gets redit as the father of rational choice theory. In
criminology, the rational choice theory views man as a reasoning actor who
weighs means and ends, cost and benefits, and makes a rational choice.
foundation of rational choice theory is behavioral choices, that includes the
choice of the person to engage in criminal activity based on
intent/premedication and that the possible benefits outweigh The Rational
choice theory the risk.(Mccarthy,2014).

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Corruption and Insecurity Nexus

Fifty-four years after independence, insecurity continues to pose a challenge to
Nigeria. At the root of this is corruption. Corruption remains one of the greatest
challenges to security in the country. The connection between corruption and
insecurity is not far-fetched. Corruption fans the embers of poverty, crimes and
by extension insecurity. For instance, armed robbery, cultism, terrorism, disease,
unemployment and other factors which lead to insecurity are directly or
indirectly related to corruption (Dike 2005).The advent of militancy, kidnapping
and terrorism in Nigeria can be traced to corruption. In the Niger Delta region
where militancy first occurred, it was championed by political thugs who were
initially recruited by corrupt politicians prior to elections in the region. These
thugs who became idle after the elections had no other job but found one in the
form of militancy which eventually metamorphosed into bombing of oil
installations and kidnapping of foreign oil workers for ransom. Despite amnesty
granted to the militants leading to the sheathing of sword, kidnapping for
ransom or rituals spread across the country and till date many find it a „lucrative‟
business. The same is also true of the NorthEast of the country where the Boko
Haram sect continues to make life insecure for citizens. Like their predecessors,
Niger Delta militants, many of the sect members were once political thugs.
Political corruption is one of the major causes of poverty. Despite its oil wealth
and abundant resources, owing to corruption, Nigeria remains one of the poorest
countries in the world with many Nigerians living below the poverty line.
According to a recent World Bank report (2005), Nigeria is one of the poorest
countries in the world. This poverty status of the country results from the fact
that selfish individuals divert funds needed for development into their pockets
while the masses are left in abject poverty. Such funds no doubt could have been
used to better the lot of the citizenry. It is on record that more than $400 billion
was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999 while
the country‟s GDP per capita fell from US $1,010.00 in the early 1980s to US
$300.00 in 1999 (Okaduwa 2007). When people are frustrated because their needs
are unmet they may resort to conflict as a way of expressing their frustration.
This is in line with the saying that a hungry man is an angry man. In the Niger
Delta region cited earlier on, embezzlement of funds by past officials of the state
such as former Governors and local government Chairmen have robbed their
respective states and local government areas of the needed funds for
development purpose. In addition, the middlemen men between the community
and the Multinational Oil Companies diverted the compensation meant for the

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various communities to their private use while the people were left aggrieved as
a result of environmental degradation and poverty. This twin factor contributed
to militancy in the area. The poverty level and educational backwardness in the
North East Zone of the country is also said to be one of the contributory factors
to the conflicts in the area. In the case of unemployment, when people are not
engaged in meaningful work and are lacking the basic necessities of life, they
bring attention to their plight by engaging in destructive behaviour at the
slightest provocation. There is a common saying that „an idle mind (hand) is the
devil‟s workshop‟. Nigeria is made up of jobless youths who are ready to do
anything, even engage in criminal activities as a way of engaging themselves if
nobody does. These Jobless youths resort to armed robbery, electoral violence,
assassinations, kidnapping, and rituals as a way of making a living. This is why
according to political activist Odumakin (2012), with 60 million unemployed
youths, Nigeria have no peace. While we are not oblivious of the fact that there
are other reasons why people engage in criminal activities, we cannot rule out
the fact that activities resulting from unemployment are indirect consequences of
corruption. Corruption leads to unemployment, unemployment to conflicts and
conflicts to insecurity. Many Nigerian youths have become preys to terrorists
and are easily radicalized. In the Niger Delta region for instance, unemployed
youths were the ones employed in the armed conflicts between Multinational Oil
Companies and militants while many of such youths are members of the Boko
Haram sect. Furthermore, criminal and corrupt elements in the country use their
ill-gotten wealth to sponsor acts inimical to the security of the country. For
instance, corrupt politicians use state money or money they have embezzled to
sponsor political thugs in different parts of the country

Consequently the result of their tested, trusted and sincere leadership styles gave
birth to a peaceful “one Nigeria” and this was celebrated as the Nigeria flag of
green white – green was hoisted and the Union Jack lowered appropriately to the
admiration of all Nigerians. In the turn of events, the Nigerian leaders defended
the emotional integrity of Nigeria with full restoration and preservation of
cultural values to the best of their ability, agility and professionalism. It is on the
annals of history that these skillful or adept politicians maintained absolute self-
respect and genuinely protected the oneness of this country through good
governance. To this end, there is the need for our current politicians and leaders
to emulate their ideas, desist from corrupt practices, and shun ethnic tendencies
that are capable of scuttling the peaceful co-existence of this nation. It is
flabbergasting that in the 21st century where there are a large number of

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leadership models to emulate; politicians and administrators continue to settle

scores in the old fashioned, Stone Age way (Nwamaka, 2015). It is worthy of note
to state that corruption in its entirety breeds insecurity, because when funds that
are meant for the benefits of the poor masses are being siphoned ,embezzled and
fraudulently taking away by those in authority could lead to state of anarchy
and lugubrious situations where lives will be short and brutish. Issues of
insecurity is a global phenomenon that have eaten deep into our fabrics .Nigeria
specifically, it ranges from political, economic, religious and environmental
security of lives and properties of the citizenry. However, it is also disheartening
and important to state that insecurity in Nigeria is not only as a result of
unemployment, poor policies and irregular criminal justice systems, but as a
result of corruption, embezzlement, misrepresentation and all other fraudulent
acts that are capable of undermining the integrity of the country.

Examinations of the causes of corruption and insecurity in Nigeria

Many reasons have been put forward as probable causes of corruption and
insecurity in Nigeria. This includes the following:

Cultural Factors: The unethical culture of get-rich quick, ostentatious living, low
civic culture and weired value system of the society caused corruption in
Nigeria. Dike (2003.) cited in Alimi & Isiramen (2016), described the situation has
deteriorated culture and weak value system of the society, and in view of the less
developed culture, it is difficult to have corrupt-free society. Honestly, hard
work, altruism and patriotism are difficult to come by; because the culture has
legalise illegality (Alayomi, 2013). Vaulting ambition of get-rich quick of the
society causes the prevalence of corrupt practices. Excessive avarice, urge for a
shortcut to wealth by the general public, the absence of a strong sense of national
commitment and dolling out of chieftaincy tittles of corrupt officials by
traditional rulers, are contributory factors to pervasive corruption in Nigeria
(Alimi & Isiramen, 2016:301).

The factors responsible for incidences of insecurity as discussed below are not
peculiar to Nigeria alone but may apply to other parts of the world. According to
Otto & Ukpere (2012), insecurity is a result of malignant environment dominated
by man‟s insensitivity to man. Many people in authority take advantage of their
positions to force down policies that impoverish the masses is so much as it
benefits them and a few others. High handedness is also another problem
wherebyNigerians see themselves as adventures with the business called Nigeria
and so are concerned mainly with how much enters their pockets no matter how

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that happens. Ethnicity and corruption are also causes of insecurity. Also, the
justice delivery system does not encourage the fight against insecurity. Offenders
of grievous cases may get very light sentences where they are not completely let
go. Poverty and proliferations of small arms have also been blamed in Nigeria.
About 70% of the population lives in poverty. This predisposes the poor to
violence which is fueled by the ease of access of small arms. The importation of
weapons by developing countries has risen dramatically (Otto & Ukpere,
2012:6763).

Weak Penal Institutions: The police, court systems and administrative tribunals
and panels contributed to the endemic, systemic and pandemic corruption,
because the institutions are also culpable of corruption. They have been caught
severally on charges of collusion, hence, no power to punish powerful
individuals who looted the treasury (Aghayere & Alimi, 2009) cited in Alimi &
Isiramen (2016:301). The formal and informal institutional systems are severely
weakened by corrupt practices, it becomes harder to implement and enforce laws
and policies that could ensure transparency and accountability.

Ngwube & Okoli (2013) revealed that the causes of corruption in Nigeria ranges
from “non-conformity to religious tenets, imparted values ideas and ideas alien
to our culture, ethnicity which encourages favouritism and nepotism, a weak
legal system which is honoured in the breech than observance. Other causes of
corruption are: poverty, illiteracy, get-rich mania, static, and wrong attitude to
public property, absence of a welfare scheme which cushions effect of
unemployment, retirement, large families, and quest for power, double
standards and low level of patriotism”. These are important in themselves; it
does appear that poverty is the most import single factor that promotes the wide
spread of giving and taking bribes i.e illegal financial inducements in the
country.

Ujomu (2001), also identified, another cause of insecurity in the nation as the
intolerance existing among the various ethno-cultural and religious groups in the
country mainly due to elite manipulation and greater deprivation and frustration
within the society. This has consequently led to an increase in inter-tribal and
communal clashes and violence. Eme & Onyishi (2011), identified the causes of
insecurity in Nigeria as; improper funding of the police and other security
agencies, non-payment of the allowances and salaries of these security agencies.
Monetization of the labour market which have cause lots of unemployed
graduates to go through a lot of mental torture in the process of security jobs:

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gross party indiscipline and infighting among political gladiators, poor welfare
of the police, military and paramilitary personnel, with lack of adequate working
tools, and inadequate personnel.
Government poor Attitude to crime control

To Ajah (2009) in the work of Faith (2013) government poor attitude to crime
control is another reason while violent crimes have remained on the increase in
Nigeria, noting that Nigeria has not been blessed with good leaders who are
more committed to fight crime by ensuring that full weight of the law are
employed on law offenders. They went further to assert that our government no
longer pays attention to the primary functions of providing security, neither do
they listen to the plight of the poor masses. The above assertions is a
contradiction of social contract theory of state ,where individuals soled their
rights believing that same will be protected by the State.

How Corruption and Insecurity can be managed than being eradicated.

Restoration of indigenous values and institutions: Nigerian indigenous values
and systems were for the most part debunked by first, the missionaries, and then
the colonialists in a much more forceful manner. Indigenous solutions to
corruption and insecurity must once again be explored followed by the
rediscovery of indigenous systems of administration. Rwanda has successfully
done the latter through the Gacaca, Abunzi, Umuganda, Umudugudu and other
indigenous systems. The above is by no means a call for Nigeria Christians and
Muslims to revert to African traditional religion as is often perceived whenever
the indigenous is mentioned. Far from it. The merging of Nigeria‟s social,
cultural, and moral values with its religion was the handiwork of some over-
zealous missionaries and racist colonialists. Nigerians have come of age to
separate between religion and other causes and to realize that one can be fully
functioning in his chosen religion and still abide by several positively rewarding
indigenous Nigerian values.

Formal, Informal and non-formal Education: The greatest vehicle for cultural
transmission towards a transformation of prevailing social paradigm is
education. In its formal form, the curriculum of learning across Nigerian must be
overhauled to make for real mental and intellectual independence. In its non-
formal manifestation, conferences, workshops, camps, and other non-formal
learningsituations must be widely utilized to re-educate citizens on the fact that
real living occurs only when individuals have sound moral values, or at least,

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consistently and seriously aspire to it. Informally, the media will be mobilized as
a crucial element of mass mobilization towards an appreciation of the Nigeria‟s
authentic social, cultural and economic environment.

Religion as a nation building institution: Nigerians listen to their spiritual

leaders, much more than they do to politicians and policy makers. The pulpit
ought to be mobilized as a knowledge and faith-based platform for reaching the
souls of Nigerians and in directing them towards nation-building.

• Promotion of the “African” nation state: For the past 50 years, Nigerians have
been struggling in vain to assimilate the artificially imposed colonial boundaries.
It is time to promote the greater African nation-state and de-emphasize the
cosmetic divisions that is filled with antagonistic ethnic groups.

• Nigerians must be encouraged, motivated and facilitated to travel widely

across the continent in order to overcome the ethnic animosities that was ignited
by colonialism, established by the post colonial tussle for power among ruling
elites, and strengthened by geographic claustrophobia.

• Strengthening of anti-graft institutions: Strong anti-graft institutions are

necessity across Nigeria state, as in any other part of the world. Governments
across Nigeria should appoint credible and determined individuals who may
even be nationals of other African countries, to take up the fight against
corruption in the high and low places. A strengthened judiciary is a necessity in
this respect.

The need for the establishment of anti-corruption and security agency court that
will take charge of all criminal cases against corrupt politicians and
administrators.

The EFCC need leadership that commands legitimacy, which will enable them to
assert their independence and build the integrity with its rank and file. EFCC
should be empowered and grant absolute autonomy in handling cases relating to
corruption.

Economic growth: Poverty breeds vice. Nigeria government should embark on

not just the deceptive increment in Gross Domestic Product, but real
development in terms of standard of living. Health, education, food security, and
infrastructural growth must be given prominence.

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Research Design
The research design for this study is content analyses of data obtained from
Transparency International and the Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Transparency
International is an international non-governmental anti-corruption watch-dog.
The organization uses Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) to reflect the
perceived levels of corruption in the public sector. The CPI gathers data from
sources that span the last three years and ranges from between ten (highly
clean) and zero (highly corrupt). This implies that, the closer a country‟s CPI is
to ten (10) the more transparent the country is. Conversely, the closer a
country‟s CPI is to zero (0), the more corrupt the country is. Transparency
International uses the perception of knowledgeable respondents, local and
expatriate residents, business elites, scholars and country analysis in arriving at
the CPI. The CPI is a better measure of the level of corruption than the
country‟s ranking. The ranking only shows a country‟s position among others
and not the level of (TI 2002).

The Mo Ibrahim Foundation is a reputable non-governmental and African-

Centered concerned with promoting and rewarding good governance in
Africa. The organisation‟s Ibrahim Index of African Governance is relevant, up
to date and one of the most reliable indexes of African Governance. One of the
components used by the foundation is safety and rule of law which is
measured in percentages. The data obtained from the two organizations will be
presented in tables and analysed using averages and percentages. With the aid
of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) at 95% level of significance that
is 5% (.0.05%) margin of error.
Results and Discussion
The independent and dependent variables as contained are corruption and
insecurity respectively. Data on these variables as obtained from and Mo
Ibrahim Foundation from 2010 – 2019 are presented and analy zed in tables 1
The Level of Corruption in Nigeria
Transparency International CPI represents the rate of transparency in the
public sector. It ranges from 0 – 10 which for the purpose of this study, is
converted to percentages. The percentages of the CPIs are also deducted from
100 to arrive at the percentages on the level of corruption in Nigeria as
presented in table 1 and 2.

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Table 1. Transparency international corruption perception index and ranking for

Nigeria 2011 – 2020

Year CPI Transparency

No. of Ranking Corruption Ranking
(%) Count (%)
ries
Cover
ed
2011 1.0 10 91 90 90 2
2012 1.6 16 102 101 84 2
2013 1.4 14 133 132 86 2
2014 1.6 16 145 144 84 2
2015 1.9 19 158 152 81 6
2016 2.2 22 163 142 78 21
2017 2.2 22 179 147 78 32
2018 2.7 27 180 121 73 59
2019 2.5 25 180 130 75 50
2020 2.4 24 180 146 76 44
Source: Adapted from Transparency International Corruption Perceptions
Index 2010 – 2019

The data in table 1 indicates that the level of corruption for the decade has
been high. This range from 90% in 2010 to the lowest of 73% in 2019, the
average, and rate of corruption for the period is 80.5% which is very high.
Conversely, the country recorded poor scores in transparency. The highest
score in transparency was 27% in 2017 and lowest in 2019 with only 10%. This
is a very poor performance in transparency. The country‟s ranking shows that
Nigeria has been among the six most corrupt countries between 2010 – 2014.
Though the country‟sranking improved from 2016 to 2019, it does not indicate
a reduction in the level of corruption. It only shows that more corrupt
countries were included in the survey.
Rate of Insecurity in Nigeria

The major components of insecurity are physical or potential threats to the

personal safety of the citizens, the extent of social unrest, political persecution,
violent crimes and human trafficking. It also include the extent of government

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involvement in armed conflicts, cross border tension, domestic armed

conflicts and number of displaced people. The extent of insecurity among fifty
three African countries is presented table 2.

Table 2. Nigeria‟s scores and ranking in insecurity 2010/2019

Year Score Security Ranking Sco o Insecur Insecu

o re n ity rity
n (%) Ranki
Security( ng
%)
2010 43 43 57 10
2011 42 43 58 10
2012 42 43 58 10
2013 41 45 59 8
2014 43 43 57 10
2015 42 44 58 9
2016 44 43 56 10
2017 47 36 53 17
2018 44 - 56 -
2019 46 36 54 17
Source: Adapted from Mo Ibrahim Foundation; Ibrahim Index of African
Governance 2010_2019

Since the Mo Ibrahim Foundation presents only the country‟s scores on safety
and security, Nigeria‟s scores and rankings in insecurity were arrived at by
subtracting the later from the former. The ranking in insecurity is arrived at
by subtracting Nigeria‟s ranking in safety and security from the total of fifty
three countries covered by the survey. The data indicates higher scores and
rankings in insecurity in Nigeria as compared to security scores and rankings.
The rate of insecurity was highest in 2014followed by 2013 and 2014. Nigeria
was the
eight(8 )mostinsecurecountryinAfricain2014.TheaveragerateofinsecurityinNi
th

geriafortheperiod2010 – 2019 is 56.6% as compared to 43.3% for security.

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Conclusion
The insecurity and corruption in Nigeria has become a formidable challenge for
the Nigerian government and peoples. The governance challenges facing the
polity have trickled into the society, resulting in moral decadence. The growing
dissatisfaction, discomfort and distress within the larger society coupled with the
unbaiting official corruption, high unemployment rate, economic crisis,
pauperization of the masses, decaying infrastructure and a futile national
integration project have heated up the socio-political environment. Corruption
has made Nigeria a sleeping giant and has done more damage to the country
than anything else we can think of, if we consider that it is directly or indirectly
at the root of every evil. Corruption encourages kleptocracy, breeds poverty,
unemployment and contributes to as well as exacerbates conflicts. Insecurity in
the country results from conflicts and non-conflict sources. Corruption and
insecurity are therefore twin problems of development in Nigeria. While
corruption is the result of various factors ranging from political, social to
economic, insecurity is mainly the offshoot of corruption. The effects of
corruption and insecurity on Nigeria‟s socio-political and economic development
are myriad. Corruption and insecurity therefore pose a serious development
challenge to the nation as they threaten the existence of Nigeria as a nation.
Since corruption gives rise to insecurity, there is need to first manage corruption.
If this is done, insecurity would be dealt a lethal blow. In this regard, the
following are recommended: Improvement in the standard of living of the
people is necessary if the fight is to be won.

Recommendations

This paper therefore, recommended the following as a means of combating the

negative impacts of corruption and insecurity in Nigeria socio political economy;

1. Nigerian Government should establish a special court for the speedy trial of
individuals accused of corrupt practices, capital punishments is also canvassed.
Judiciary should anchor their judgment on the bases of meritocracy than on the
ground of technicalities of law as witnessed in the cases of prominent and
influential political juggernauts in the country

2. Government should give top priority to management of corruption than

eradication of corruption in its change agenda.

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3. Good governance, transparency, accountability and the rule of law are

necessary if the fight against corruption and by extension insecurity is to be
achieved, also, Nepotism ,Favorism ,Godfatherism and Ethnocentric believe in
appointment of individuals that would hold any political offices should
estopped.

4. Law enforcement agents should be equipped adequately to deal with the

problem of terrorism and our military personnel should be on attacking side
than defensive side in the war against terrorism in Nigeria.

5. Corruption and insecurity need to be managed properly for Nigeria to be able

to effectively play its role as the giant of Africa and a force to be reckoned with
globally.

6. Management of corruption and insecurity in Nigeria is a task that should not

be left to the government alone; all hands must therefore be on deck if the
country is to be purged of this twin evil.

7. Finally, proliferation of arms and ammunitions, armed conflicts, terrorism,

ethno- religious crisis, kidnapping, political assassination and other violent
crimes have become a reoccurring phenmenon in Nigerian social relations,
Government at all level should as a matter of urgency regulate and legislate on
the above issues so as to foster fast management and curtailing the negative
impact of corruption and insecurity in Nigeria.

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