POLITICAL CRISIS

 Political crises arises brought about the conflicts of ideologies and motivations. In a given
setting, there are always anti-government known as leftist who will always question the
validity of every government action, they always question almost all issues of governance
using social differences as their battle cry.

 Every democratic government is governed though a constitution with three branches of

government body such as; legislative, executive and judicial branch. Any break-up of these
three branches may result to political uncertainly and will affect all sectors of the society.

Example: The Watergate Crisis and Its Consequences

The Watergate Crisis does not refer simply to a single event, but to the sequence of events
following;

 JUNE 17, 1972

 President Nixon

 1972 Election Crisis Escalated

 Demographic Party’s National Committee offices

 “Saturday Night Massacre”

All of these events contributed to the end of the Nixon presidency

Drivers of Political Crisis

 Poverty leading to mass action - global mass actions are commonly triggered by economic
inequality where the labor forces and the farmers are mostly at the bottom of the hierarchy
and are vulnerable to abuses.

Example: excessive tax required by the sitting government that is beyond the reach of the poor, high
prices of commodities, high inputs in farm production and very low prices of farm outputs, bias
distribution of lands and others.

 These will lead to mass actions when these poor sectors of the society are being biasedly
abused.

 Injustices by the sitting government - the ideology of a sitting government maybe

oppressive if its objective is self-serving and supports only its allies and disregard the clamor
of other sectors of the society.

Example of government injustices;

 Corruption - the abuse of entrusted power for private gain - is wrong. It destroys the
basic rights of hundreds of millions of people across the world, it has devastating
consequences on the services provided by public institutions and it undermines the
prospect for a better life for future generations - (Transparency International).
  Corruption can mean different things for different people. In short, corruption means
the practice of obtaining power, influence other illegitimate means, often at personal
gains through illegitimate means. Corruption is an unconscionable others' expense.
advantage, or gain of injustice through the abuse of authority and power (Ubani 2016).
Ubani went r. corruption further and stated, "however, anywhere does not exist in a
vacuum". The widespread and acceptable corrupt methods are in a given society, the
more corrupt that society is said to be. Corruption has resulted to crises in many parts
of the world, and those on top have used it to take advantage of others.

 Break-ups of the three branches of the government - the mandates of the three branches
of the government such as:

 Legislative – is to craft relevant laws to address present and future concerns for inclusive
development

 Executive – concerns in the implementation of those promulgated laws

 Judiciary – make sure that there is check and balance on the operation of the other
branches, review promulgated laws if it is within the framework of the constitution and hear
concerns and lapses during the implementation of these laws.

Example of conflict in the three branches of the government:

Apr 09, 2020 Corruption in the Philippines is rampant among government officials, and high-level
government employees from the executive, legislative and judicial branches are often common
offenders. Hundreds of billions of dollars are embezzled from the national budget, and violated laws
are justified as the government's defense of law and order.

 Breach of the constitution – common breach of constitutional provisions emanates from the
abuses and misapplication of the law during its implementation.

Example the case of ABS-CBN;

Feb 10, 2020 "The Office of the Solicitor General's filing of a quo warranto case against ABS-CBN on
alleged violations of its franchise appears to be an effort to shut down ABS-CBN to the serious
prejudice of...

 Rebellion geared to overthrow the government – the 52 years struggle of the CPP-NPA-NDF
in the Philippines caused a lot of crisis from the streets In the Metropolis, Universities up to
the country sides is an example of life long rebellion while its founder is enjoying life of
luxury in Netherlands sapping fresh young women and lavish foods and celebrations. But
what are they fighting for? Allegedly, they are fighting for equality among all the Filipinos.
The biggest problem that, we observe that whoever sits down as the president they are
against, this only means that they are just interested to overthrow the government and they
will sit down in power.
The ideologies of Joma Sison

José María Canlás Sison (born February 8, 1939), also known by his nickname Joma, is a
Filipino writer and activist who founded the Communist Party of the Philippines and added
elements of Maoism to its philosophy. He applied the theory of s Marxism-Leninism-Maoism
on Philippine history and current circumstances.

 Conflicts of ideology – globally there are only two major ideologies that are conflict with
each other , Democracy and Communism; with the inclusion of Islamic whose principle is
that religious and political ideologies goes together.

 Democratic Ideology – democracy as ideology represents the notion that the people, in
their majority , will decide all group issues or plans of action by voting.

 Communist – communism is a philosophical, social, political, economic ideology and

movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of a communist society, namely a
socioeconomic order structured upon the ideas of common ownership of the means of
production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.

 Islamic ideology – Islam is a Political Ideology Disguised as a Religion. Islam is not simply a
system of theology, doctrine and laws, but more accuracy, a political ideology supremacist
and according to its central tenets, followers cannot question what they have been taught,
and they must not tolerate other beliefs.
 CRISIS IN GENERAL
(NATURAL AND MANMADE CRISIS)

Natural Crisis - In law it states as the act of God. But in common knowledge, it refers to any
unavoidable destructive scenario that is beyond human intervention which includes but not limited
to typhoon, earthquakes, forest fires, rid tides and the likes.

Manmade Crisis - Simply refers to any destructive event that human commits that pauses danger,
risk to vulnerable people or things. These crises maybe intentional or accidental; Intentional crisis-
hostage taking, arson and the likes; Accidental crisis- major vehicular accidents, workplace incidents
and the likes.

Social crisis - Men by nature strive to seek peace and enjoy life to the fullest, nevertheless, these
aims are obstructed by various circumstances brought about by social differences such as; tradition,
practices, values, motivations, and the likes that creates conflict between and among members of
the community. These conflicts may turn into destructive scenarios that may result into injuries,
death, destruction of properties and most commonly breaks the peace within the community.

Drivers of Social Crises

 High level of inequality- this refers to a competition between the rich and the poor as well
as other drivers like religious competition, academic completion, social standing and
economic wellbeing.
 Low social mobility- this exist between the situation of living conditions of the urban areas
compared to the living conditions in the rural areas whereinthe urban areas there is a high
level of mobility and on the other hand in the rural areas the mobility is relatively low.

High unemployment triggered by recession or financial crisis- unemployment categorize and divide
people in the community in terms of life style. Low level employment provides low income and
behind in various areas of civilized living. While the high level income, the employers, have all the
opportunities to control the economic and social mobility of the un-employed.

Rising immigration- human immigration is caused by several reasons like war torn countries, search
for employment, and want to avoid chaotic environment and the likes. Immigrants results to various
social inequalities and discriminations. These will lead to violations of individual rights and abuses by
several subgroups that ultimately lead to social conflict.

Imports displacing domestic manufacturing- this is also known as cultural genocide where the local
goods are no longer the preference instead what is preferred are the imported goods. Just for
example, Filipinos prefer to eat apples rather than native guavas or santol, hence these foreign fruits
are preferred to be planted and propagated displacing native fruits.

High crime rates and weak political institutions- discrimination in the enforcement of the laws is very
rampant in almost all countries where the rich enjoys the benefit of the law than the poor ones.
Courts are often inclined to decide in favor of those who can afford to finance the production of
evidences that favors them. With this, scenario, when the oppressed put the law in their hands,
crime incidence will rise, o doubt on that.
 LESSON 3: ECONOMIC CRISIS

Ranges from family, national, international to global needs for supply of goods based on demands.
These crises arise when businessmen corroborates with each other to monopolize and hoard goods
to increase their profit. These business conglomerates sometimes creates scenarios that results to
chaos that increases demands which results to higher prices of goods.

Drivers of Economic Crises;

 Currency crises - control of currency all depends on the level of economic standing of a
certain nation whether highly developed, moderately developed or third world countries.
These first world countries are considered highly developed so they can dictate the value of
their currency due to the importation and exportation of goods from those dependent
countries. With these, the dependent country becomes a milking cow of these developed
countries by lending capital and charge exorbitant interest that deprives the dependent
country to enjoy improvement of its economy.

 Sovereign debt crises - indebtedness in our modern world manifests economic slavery.
When a dependent country seeks debt from other countries, it has to submit to all
conditions that the lending country will impose. In this condition, the borrowing country has
no other option than to take all the risk and suffer the consequence of paying high rate of
interest.

 Recessions - this scenario will indeed drop an economy and make the situation chaotic,
poverty will follow. The most vulnerable groups are those in the labor force that have no
capacity to save for any eventuality. It may also include other sectors that have limited
income opportunities like the small scale business enterprises, farmers sector due to
constrain of monopolistic pricing of middlemen and other factors like bringing products from
farm to market.

 Disruption in banking activity - banking industries plays a great role in the economic
upliftment of a country. The Bank is a conduit for speedy business transactions and increase
economic

 Mobility, hence when it is disrupted it will result to slowing down of economic growth that
will end into poverty and indolence.

 Corruption - opportunities always arises when a person has reached a is given a position of
decision making where the public requires his consent in any major decision. In this case,
these people in authority have all the means to demand that the client has no way to refuse.
Corrupt officials can always get away from their anomalies since they are in a position that is
in demand by the public. Whenever being charge in court, the law is always in their favor
due to the requirement of evidences that is beyond reasonable doubts where the victim
complainant always find difficulty to comply.
 ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

Is the result of human destructive activities; example

 MINING

 causes massive land destruction specially the operation of open pitting. Mining industries
before it operates, has to apply for ECC or environmental clearance certifications with
pertinent terms and conditions but the problem is when they erase a mountain can they
plant a mountain?

 These mining activities, though it is true that it generates income and provides other
necessities but the natural condition is highly sacrificed.

Philippine Mining Law is primarily regulated by the Philippine Constitution, which provides that all
resources are owned by the State.

National laws, i.e. Republic Act No. 7942 (the Philippine Mining Act ") and its implementing rules and
regulations (" IRR") contained in Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
Administrative Order No. 2010-21), local ordinances and executive issuances on mining must be
consistent with the Philippine Constitution

Below is a list of the current mining laws and policies.

I. MINING ACT OF 1995.

II. REVISED IRR OF MINING ACT OF 1995.

III. AMENDMENTS TO REVISED IRR OF MINING ACT OF 1995. 1. DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS.
DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO 97-06

 DEFORESTATION

Due to several situations, men continues to move upward to the mountain terrain and clear the
forest to give way for their farming activities for survival. When the mountains are denuded, it will
cause flooding to the lower portion of the place and landslides at the immediate mountain sides.

Upland farming is not the only culprit in the cause of deforestation but more so with commercial
logging,

The loggers cut the trees and never dare to plant a substitute all these are contributory to
deforestation that is why all countries in the world are suffering from floods and landslides.

Men in their quest to mitigate these situations spend billions of their to construct flood controls but
to no avail. They said, these actions are scientific, but was there any success? But try to observe,
during the COVID 19 Pandemic, the world slows down and human activities were reduced into a
minimum and the effect is that the environment slowly show self-healing, natural vegetation starts
to sprout and the atmosphere slowly clears from air pollution.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 705 May 19, 1975

REVISING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 389, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE FORESTRY REFORM CODE OF
THE PHILIPPINES

An act regulating the practice of forestry in the Philippines and appropriating funds therefor,
repealing for the purpose republic act numbered six thousand two hundred thirty- nine (R.A. No.
6239), known as "The Forestry Profession Law" 2014 Joint Memorandum Circular. JMC 2014-01

Jul 30, 2001 Congress of the Philippines Eleventh Congress. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147 July 30, 2001.
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES AND
THEIR HABITATS, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by
the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

 Prompted by flash floods and landslides in the southern Philippines in January, President
Aquino issued Executive Order No. 23 (Declaring a Moratorium on the Cutting and
Harvesting of Timber in the National and Residual Forests and Creating the Anti-Illegal
Logging Task Force) to impose a total log ban throughout the country.

 HB 4206 - National Mangrove Forest Protection and Preservation Act.

 HB 460 - National Mangrove Conservation and Rehabilitation Act of 2013.

 SB 143 - Coastal Environment Program.

 SB 2237 - National Mangrove Reforestation.

 Republic Act No. 11038 Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System (eNIPAS) Act
of 2018

 TOXIC WASTE

We are not aware specially the farmers that we were scammed by multinational corporations by
introducing synthetic fertilizers that allegedly increase yield in the farm not knowing that after
several application the fertilizer poisoned the soil that leads to loss of fertility where you can no
longer plant unless you will apply that synthetic fertilizer in this case, the farmer is a captured
market that can no longer resist even the prize of the fertilizer goes high since it is a need. Hence, in
a scientific parlance, this can be categorized as environmental toxic waste systematic disposal.

The Republic Act 6969 otherwise known as Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
Control Act of 1990" is the overarching law of all policies, regulations, and guidelines pertaining to
toxic chemicals and hazardous and nuclear in the Philippines

Apr 01, 1990 It also empowers the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to
control, supervise and regulate the relevant activities of the Philippines on toxic chemicals and
hazardous wastes.

The newly reorganized DENR through Executive Order No 192 mandated EMB to formulate rules and
regulations on solid and hazardous waste.
Procedural Manual Title III of DAO 92-29 "Hazardous Waste Management" DENR AO - Series of 2004
DAO 1997-28 Amending Annex A of DAO 28 Series of 1994 Interim Guidelines for the Importation of
Recyclable Materials Containing Hazardous Substances.

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE
NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING ACTS PROHIBITED AND
PROVIDING APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representative of the Philippines in Congress assembled:
comprehensive solid waste management policy in the country, the Philippines Republic Act 9003 (RA
9003), known as the "Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000." Also, this section presents the
current status of compliance and the issues on its implementation. After discussing the current
situation of waste management in the country.

 POLLUTION

This is very broad in context where it includes but not limited to; air pollution, water pollution,
sound pollution soil pollution and the likes.

 AIR POLLUTION

Republic Act No. 8749, or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. RA 8749 currently serves as the
foundation for the country's air quality management.

For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quali standards under this Act or its rules and
regulations, the Department, through the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), shall a fine of not
more than One hundred impose a thousand pesos (P100,000.00) for every day of violation against
the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied
with.

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT LAWS-REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3931, AN ACT. No person shall throw, run,
drain, or otherwise dispose into any of the water and/or atmospheric air of the Philippines, or cause,
permit, suffer to be thrown, run, drain, allow to see or otherwise dispose into such waters or
atmospheric air, any organic matter or inorganic matter or any substance in gaseous or liquid form
that shall cause pollution of such waters or atmospheric air.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1152 [PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE] The Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration shall monitor regularly meteorological factors
affecting environmental conditions in order to effectively guide air pollution monitoring activities.

Activities relating to weather modification such as rainfall stimulation and storm seeding.

 QUARRYING

It is the extraction of mineral resources especially sand and gravel to include boulders for back filling
an other purposes.

This is destructive to the environment, example the black sand quarrying along beaches and rivers all
over the country; example of which was the collapse of at least 200 meters land mass along the
beach of Zambales, the DENR withhold any information regarding the incident but reliable sources
states that it due to quarrying done by Chinese nationals that they use for their island backfilling on
some part of the spratly that is now the subject of dispute by several claimants of these pieces of
islets.

R.A. No. 7942 The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation.

A quarry permit shall have a term of five (5) years, renewable for like periods but not to exceed a
total term of twenty-five (25) years.

No quarry permit shall be issued or granted on any area covered by a mineral agreement or financial
or technical assistance agreement. Section 44 Quarry Fee and Taxes.

 DRIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

 Overconsumption - the disparity between needs and wants causes over consumption due to
the luxury ambition of humanity consuming beyond the needs like having more than two
cars in the family, this can contribute to over demands that production industries have to
compete in their productions that brought about abuse of our natural resources.
 Growth Economy - this is just a matter of competition between countries, families and
individuals with an end in view of satisfying their luxurious clamors. However, it is not
limited on this factor but a race of technology aimed at controlling economic force that
finally dictates what others must and should do.
 RELIGIOUS CRISIS

There is a prediction that conflict of religion will trigger the third world war, whenever this is true or
not, it remains as something to be considered as an immediate concern as we are watching what are
unfolding around the globe, the rise of several religious groups that are claiming to be the true
religion and preach that without joining them, there is no salvation. The very purpose of religion
should be to unite people but as we see it goes the other way around since even the families are
broken by conflicting preaching of several religious groups.

Religions caused a lot of bloodshed in the past. Many wars were fought for the sake of religions. The
subject of religious violence is still a contentious issue, and religious wars are still fought in some
parts of the world. For a long time, world religions have been stumbling blocks in the progress of our
civilization. There are people, who fervently wish for the destruction of the world so that they can go
to heaven and live there forever. In the context of religion, it is probably the most violent thought,
which one can find in many religious scriptures with necessary justification.

Drivers of Religious Crisis:

Religious fundamentalism

Religious fundamentalism - Fundamentalism, type of conservative religious movement characterized

by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts. Once used exclusively to refer to American
Protestants who insisted on the inerrancy of the Bible, the term fundamentalism was applied more
broadly beginning in the late 20th century to a wide variety of religious movements.

The concept of modern religious fundamentalism was introduced with the publication of the "The
Fundamentals", a series of books published between 1909 and 1920 appealing to Christians to
believe in certain religious doctrines of Christianity. The term 'fundamentalist' was soon used to
describe a section of Protestant Christians who bore a separatist attitude towards modernity. In the
later years, the term was used to relate to the most extreme believers of every religion in the world.

Religious extremism

The phrase "religious extremism" describes faith-based actions that are deliberate attempts to cause
harm to other people. It includes violent religious movements, routine asceticism that is extreme
enough to cause medical concern and beliefs that cause harm through denial of medicine or mental
harm through abusive family behaviors.