Q1 Define Computer and write its main part/units.

Ans. Computer is an electronic device which accepts data / instruction as INPUT through input devices, process the
data under the direction of given instruction / stored program and give desire result (information) as OUTPUT on
output devices.
The computer is consists three main units.
1. Input devices/Units 2. Central Processing Unit 3. Output devices/Unit
Q2. Define CPU and its parts.
Ans. Central Processing Unit (CPU):-
 CPU or microprocessor chip the brain of computer is made up of silicon.
 It contains millions of tiny transistor which manipulate data a very high speed and accuracy.
 It performs all the calculation (i.e. plus, minus, multiply, divide etc.) and logical operation.
 It fetches, decodes, executes and stores all instruction given by user or any other device.
 A microprocessor (CPU) having five components.
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit, 2. Control Unit (CU), 3. Clock, 4. Register & 5. Cache Memory.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):-
 ALU performs all the actual calculations like arithmetic operations and logical comparisons.
 Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
 Logical comparisons include comparing, selecting and matching of data.
Control Units (CU):-
 It controls the operations of all parts of the computer.
 It does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer just like a traffic policeman.
Clock:-
 Clock generates pulses and instructions are executed on the basis of pulses.
 Clock speed is measure in MHz and GHz.
Register:-
 It is a temporary storage area that holds the data that is being processed.
 There are fourteen basic registers shared by ALU and CU.
Cache Memory:
 Cache is an intermediate storage area, which is available inside microprocessor.
 The immediate processed information is stored in cache.
Q3. Define memory.
Ans. The ability of storage data/information is called memory.
A storage device refers to a hardware used to store information.
There are two types of storage / memory; Primary and Secondary.
Q4. What is Main memory / Primary Storage and how many its types?
Ans. Main Memory (MU):-
 It is also called Primary Storage, Memory Unit (MU) or Internal Memory/Storage.
 The data / programs entered, it stored in main memory before / during processing.
 Similarly the processed result also stored in it.
 It is quite smaller and the fastest access the data inside the computer system.
 It is divided into two types ROM & RAM.
Q5. Define ROM & RAM.
Ans. Read Only Memory (ROM):-
 It is permanent / non-volatile memory.
 Its data remains saved as computer is switched off.
 It is quite small in capacity, not increase or decrease, fixed by manufacture.
 It contains information about how to start computer (firmware programs).
Random Access Memory (RAM):-
 It is temporary / volatile memory.
 It loses its content as the power supply is disconnected. (Switch off computer).
 It is also small in capacity but may be increase or decrease as per user requirement.
 The data or programs must be stored in it before execution.
Q6. Define External Memory / Secondary Storage also gives some examples.
Ans. External Memory (Secondary Storage):-
 These peripheral devices are permanent / non-volatile memory also known as I/O devices.
 Secondary storage is slower and cheap than main memory.
 It stores large amount of data for long term (permanent).
 It cannot be directly accessed by the CPU, the contents must be first copied into primary storage (RAM).
 Hard Disk, CD and DVD, SD Card and USB flash disk etc. are the example of it.
Q7. Define motherboard.
Ans. Motherboard:-
 Motherboard/Main board connects different parts of computer, is made of layered fiberglass.
 These layers contain copper lines (Buses) providing electrical signals to all parts of computer.
 Motherboard also include the general components Microprocessor, Slots, Ports, RAM , ROM and other
electronic components (i.e. resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, jumpers etc.) .
 Various components may also be attached, detached & upgraded on it according to users need.
Q8. Define Buses and its type.
Ans. Buses:-
 Buses are the electric paths / wires to connect different components of computer.
 These buses sent and receive data among different parts of computer.
 There are three types of buses; control bus, data bus and address bus.
Control Bus:-
 Control bus is a unidirectional pathway.
 It carries command between different components to control all activities in a computer.
Data Bus:-
 Data bus is a bi-directional pathway.
 It carries actual data between the processor, memory unit and other components.
Address Bus:-
 Control bus is a unidirectional pathway of all timing and controlling functions.
 It carries the address of the data (but not the data).
 It also specifies memory location to be used by microprocessor for specific operation.
Q9. Define input devices and its types.
Ans. Input Devices:-
 Input devices are peripheral device through which data has entered and changed in to machine-readable form.
 Input devices are the communication medium between user and computer.
 These devices can be categorized in Text Entering, Pointing and Image Scanning Devices.
Text Entering Devices:-
 Keyboard is the most common text entering device.
 It also performs other controlling function.
 When a key is pressed, its controller chip sends corresponding code in keyboard buffer called scan code,
which is then processed by CPU.
Pointing Devices:-
 These devices are used for the quick movement of cursor on screen usually in graphic mode.
 They includes mouse, joy stick, track ball and track pad.
 Touch Screen is also used as pointing input device.
Image Scanning Devices:-
 These devices are used for converting image into electronic format understandable by computers through light
sensing.
 These devices includes
 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
 Optical Barcode Reader (OBR)
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
Microphones:-
 It is used to accept sound input and convert it in digital audio format.
 Microphones are also used for voice recognition which can convert voice input into text files/command.
Q10. Define output devices and its types.
Ans. Output Devices:-
 Output devices are peripheral devices which are used to display, store or print computer processed result in
human readable form.
 Output devices provide communication between a computer and the user.
 The most common output devices of a computer are monitor and printer.
 There are two types of output devices.
1. Soft Copy output devices 2. Hard Copy out devices
Soft Copy output devices:-
 It is screen display or voice output.
 It is volatile output and lost when other output is shown or computer is turned off.
Following are some of the devices used to give output in soft form.
Monitors:-
 A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form.
 A monitor displays data by small bright dots called pixels.
 Monitors are of two types.
1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
2. Flat Panel Display (FDP)
Data Projectors:-
 Data projectors are used to show colorful output directly from computer disk on a wall or large screen through
an optical lens.
 They are also called digital light projectors and video projectors.
Speaker:-
 Speakers give output in form of sound.
 They are good for people with visual disabilities or where display is not easy.
Hard Copy output devices:-
 It is nonvolatile output result on paper in stable and permanent form.
 These hard copies can be read and used without any device.
Hard Copy Output Devices are:
Printer:-
 They usually give output on paper and can print both text and graphics.
 There are two types of printers. (1- Impact Printer and 2- Non Impact Printer)
Impact Printer:-
 Impact printers are slower and generate lower-quality output.
 They use striking device to produce character against paper and ink ribbon.
 Dot-matrix, Daisy Wheel & Line are kinds of impact printer.
Non-Impact Printer:-
 Non-Impact printers are faster and generate high-quality output.
 They use variety of technology like electrostatic, inkjet, and thermal technologies.
 Ink-Jet Printers, Thermal Printers & Laser Printers are kinds of non-impact printer.
Plotters:-
 Like printer it gives images on paper but typically used to print large format images such as maps,
construction drawing, advertising hoardings etc.
 Plotters are two types; Drum plotter and flatbed plotter.