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West Science Economic and Entrepreneurship

Vol. 1, No. 12, December 2023, pp. 694~703

Navigating Cultural Entropy: Leadership Strategies and


Organizational Dynamics in Higher Education Institutions

Asni Mustika Rani1, Syamsul Hadi Senen2


1,2Faculty of Economics and Business Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung,

Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT


his study examines cultural entropy in higher education institutions,
Article history:
focusing on its impact on employee performance and organizational
Received December 2023 dynamics. Using a systematic literature review approach, articles from
Revised December 2023 Scopus, Emerald, and Google Scholar (2010-2023) are analyzed to
Accepted December 2023 understand factors influencing cultural entropy, its relation to
leadership, and parallels with healthcare settings. The findings
indicate that bureaucratic excess, unclear communication, and limited
Keywords: employee engagement contribute to cultural entropy.
Cultural Entropy Transformational leadership is identified as crucial for addressing
higher education institutions cultural entropy, emphasizing the need for leaders promoting positive
Leadership Strategies change and continuous learning. However, the study is constrained by
Organizational Dynamics the limited literature on cultural entropy in higher education. Further
Transformational Leadership research is necessary to develop tailored interventions for diverse
academic contexts. Proactive leadership is emphasized as vital for
managing cultural entropy, drawing insights from successful
healthcare interventions. Implementing policies to address employee
stress can contribute to a more balanced work environment. The study
adds to the scant literature on cultural entropy in educational
institutions, highlighting unique manifestations and challenges.
Exploring parallels between healthcare and academia provides a novel
perspective, underscoring distinct dynamics in educational settings
and advocating for tailored approaches in addressing cultural entropy.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Name: Asni Mustika Rani
Institution Address: Faculty of Economics and Business Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia,
Bandung, Indonesia
e-mail: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION workload can lead to burnout and increased


stress levels among education employees. In
Lecturers and education staff in
addition, academic uncertainty is also an
Indonesia face various challenges that can
important factor. Changes in academic
affect their stress levels. One of the main
policies and curriculum can create a level of
factors is the high workload, where lecturers
uncertainty that creates stress, because
are responsible for teaching, research, and
lecturers and staff need to adapt to these
administrative tasks, while staff support the
changes [1]. This uncertainty can affect the
operation of the institution. This significant
planning and execution of their tasks. Limited

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West Science Accounting and Finance  695

resources, both financial and infrastructure, 2. LITERATURE REVIEW


are additional constraints. These limitations
2.1 Cultural Entropy
can create discomfort and frustration among
Cultural entropy describes the extent
employees, who may have to work with
to which energy in an organizational culture
limited resources to achieve educational
is used by employees to do work that is
goals.
unproductive or does not provide added
Administrative and bureaucratic
value to the organization [9], [10]. It also
demands in the education system also
reflects how much conflict, obstacles, and
contribute to stress levels [2]–[4]. Complex
frustrations employees face on a day-to-day
administrative requirements and rigorous
basis, hinder the optimal performance of
performance evaluations can create
employees and the organization. Cultural
additional stress, especially if not balanced
entropy emerges as potential limiting values,
with adequate support. In addition, career
such as bureaucracy, mutual blame, power,
development that does not match
greed, and hierarchy [11]. Cultural entropy is
expectations can create tension. The gap
influenced by the personal entropy of current
between career aspirations and realities on the
leaders and the institutional legacy of past
ground can trigger feelings of frustration and
leaders embedded in organizational
anxiety regarding professional futures [5].
structures, systems, policies, and procedures.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been an
The amount of energy obtained from an
extra challenge involving adjustments to
organization, otherwise referred to as "value-
online learning, policy changes, and the
added work" that adds value to the
psychological impact of crisis situations [6],
organization, is equivalent to the amount of
[7]. This sudden change adds a layer of
energy invested in the organization, minus
complexity and can significantly increase
the amount of energy required to maintain the
stress levels among lecturers and staff. By
functionality of the organization.
understanding these factors, higher education
When the level of dysfunction or
institutions need to implement policies and
disruption in an organization is high,
supports that can help manage their
employees have to expend more energy to
employees' stress levels, creating a more
complete their tasks. The additional energy
balanced and sustainable work environment.
required to complete this work is called
Employees in higher education
"cultural entropy" because it is caused by
institutions can also face various problems
factors related to organizational culture. Some
related to cultural entropy. Cultural entropy
of the factors that cause cultural entropy
reflects the extent to which energy within an
include excessive control, prudence,
organization is used to do unproductive work
confusion, bureaucracy, hierarchy, internal
or to overcome barriers in organizational
competition, blame, and silo mentality.
culture [8]. The emergence of cultural entropy
Employee efforts to address cultural entropy
in the educational work environment can also
result in energy that is no longer available for
be related to the ability of leaders to lead and
value-added work. When cultural entropy is
manage work stress. Cultural entropy reflects
high, the energy available for value-added
the level of disharmony and barriers in
work decreases, and organizational
organizational culture that can reduce
performance is low. Conversely, when
employee performance and well-being. This
cultural entropy is low, the energy available
research will discuss the literature on cultural
for value-added work increases, and
entropy in an academic context and
performance levels are high.
emphasize the need for a deeper
understanding and effective management of
cultural entropy to foster a productive and
3. METHODS
innovative work environment, especially in This review was carried out using a
higher education institutions. bottom-up approach method and referring to

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West Science Accounting and Finance  696

the literature to conduct a systematic further explanation of each stage in this


literature review [12]. This methodological methodological framework. This approach
framework system is formed based on the was chosen instead of other methodological
analysis of systematic literature reviews frameworks because it was one of the first to
located in the Scopus, Emerald, and Google be developed by synthesizing methodological
Scholar databases. This method consists of practices from a review of the systematic
four stages, namely initial information, search literature that has been published. The review
strategy, filtering and selection, data was directed by four research questions:
extraction and synthesis. Table 1 provides
Table 1. Methodological Framework
Phase Description
Preliminary information that includes research questions and
Initial information
methodological frameworks that guide a systematic literature review.
Search for articles in a predetermined journal database, written
Search strategy
through keywords that are combined, tested, and revised if necessary.
The initial screening process is carried out to assess the title and
abstract of the search results. After that, the full text of the publication
that passed the initial screening is re-examined (second stage
Screening and selection
screening) to determine which publication will be included in the
review. All decisions taken at this stage are based on inclusion and/or
exclusion criteria set by the examiner and recorded using PRISMA.
A data extraction form has been compiled, tested, and updated if
necessary. This form is used to retrieve important information
surrounding the research question from the articles included in the
Data extraction and
literature review. Coding is done on all data extraction forms to
synthesis
identify themes and subthemes relevant to the research question. This
process ensures that the data captured conforms to the research
criteria, helping to decipher findings from the reviewed literature.

"institution" OR "university" OR "higher


1. What is the concept of cultural education", and only journal publications
entropy in organizations? from 2010-2023 were included in the analysis.
2. What are the factors that influence Related to inclusion and exclusion criteria, all
cultural entropy in employees? types of journal publications, including
3. What does cultural entropy have to editorials, primary studies, and commentaries
do with leadership? are included. From the search results (see
4. How is cultural entropy in higher Figure 1), we found 3 articles from Scopus,
education institutions? 1000 articles from Emerald and 598 from
Google Scholar. A total of 531 articles were
Article selection and analysis screened based on titles and abstracts, and 450
This research will be conducted in articles were excluded because they were not
November 2023 using databases of Scopus, relevant to the topic. During the second stage
Emerald, and Google Scholar journals. The of screening, the two authors screened the
keywords used were "cultural entropy" AND remaining 81 full-text articles independently.
"employee" AND "organization" OR

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West Science Accounting and Finance  697

Figure 1. PRISMA diagram of the selection process


After discussion, only 6 articles met out on 7 articles included. After the data
the inclusion criteria. The 75 excluded articles extraction form is completed, the authors
were not directly related to the discussion of synthesize the extracted data in NVivo,
cultural entropy in the organization. A adopting a basic theoretical approach to
PRISMA diagram of the selection process is qualitative data analysis [13]. Thematic
shown in Figure 1, including the reasons for categories are developed inductively, based
exclusion and the division of tasks between on the author's understanding and
the two reviewers in this study. The process of interpretation of the data found.
data extraction and data synthesis is carried
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2. Selected Article


Writer Article Title Journal Findings
Mingaleva et al. Organizational Sustainability When managing sustainable
(2022) Culture 2022, 14, 6289 development, organizational
Management as an culture is considered an active
Element of resource and is a key element in
Innovative and organizational innovation. The
Sustainable importance of choosing rational and
Development of adequate organizational change
Enterprises directions and methods is a crucial
factor in achieving business
sustainability. The results of the
analysis show the need to make

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West Science Accounting and Finance  698

changes to the organizational


culture that currently exists in the
company.
Zabiegalski & Action learning and Journal of Ambidextrous organizations are
Marquardt (2022) the ambidextrous Work-Applied able to maintain a balance between
organization Management, exploitation (through action) and
4, 2, 170-183 exploration (through learning) by
not ruling out one.
Bilal et al. (2020) Pragmatic Impact of Pakistan The absence of culture within an
Cultural Entropy on Journal of organization and awareness of
the Job Satisfaction Social Sciences cultural entropy have a significant
among Managers (PJSS), 40, 2, impact on job satisfaction and
Working in Hotel 1129-1138 organizational success. Therefore, it
Industry is very important for organizations
to pay extra attention in reducing
cultural entropy and increasing
employee job satisfaction.
Schmitt (2020) Designing Kybernetes, The notion of generative
decentralized 49, 1, 22-46 appropriateness and capacity in
knowledge technical, informational, and social
management interpretation has proven to be a
systems to effectuate framework that can accommodate
individual and various Knowledge Management
collective generative (KM) models and cumulatively
capacities synthesize various related concepts
and perspectives.
Mash et al. (2016) How to change African Organizational culture change can
organisational Journal of be realized through participatory
culture: Action Primary processes that focus on leadership
research in a South Health Care style, communication, and
African public sector and Family relationship building through CVA
primary care facility Medicine, 8, 1, and feedback, 360-degree LVA,
1-9 feedback and coaching, and action
learning in cooperative inquiry
groups.
Mash et al. (2013) An assessment of South African The entropy of the organization is
organisational Family high, especially in terms of the
values, culture and Practice, 55, 5, values that are dominant today. A
performance in Cape 459-466 change in organizational culture is
Town's primary needed to achieve sustainability
healthcare services and meet desired values.

The concept of cultural entropy in cultural entropy is very high, exceeding the
organizations figure of 54% [11]. Interestingly, in just over a
Cultural entropy, a concept month, Iceland went into economic
developed by Richard Barrett, involves the bankruptcy. Similar findings occurred in a
analysis of individual values in the context of Latvian folk study in August 2007, where
multiple countries by the Barrett Values cultural entropy reached 54%, and in the next
Centre. For example, in an August 2008 study two months, there was chaos and a change of
in Iceland, it was revealed that the level of government.

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West Science Accounting and Finance  699

In this context, "culture" refers to the Cultural entropy refers to the amount
characteristics and values that make up the of energy not available for useful work in an
identity of an organization or nation. Entropy, organization, measured as the degree of
a concept usually associated with physics, is conflict, friction, and frustration arising from
defined as a state in which part of the energy relationship problems, system inefficiencies,
produced by a system is used to overcome and value misalignments. This concept
damage to its components [20]. In the context highlights dysfunctions in an organization,
of organizations, imperfections such as such as undue power, bureaucracy,
bureaucracy, hierarchy, internal competition, inequality, internal competition, and
dishonesty, and mutual blame, lead to the use unhealthy mindsets.
of employee energy that would otherwise be The causative factors of cultural
allocated to productive work [21], referred to entropy involve several aspects, such as the
as "cultural entropy". lack of mechanistic and organic culture in
Cultural entropy in an organization organizations, the existence of authoritarian
can be decomposed into three main elements. cultures that do not support participation, the
First, there are factors that slow down the pace existence of subcultures and cultural
of organization and hinder quick decision dominance, the lack of a strong culture, and
making, such as bureaucracy, hierarchy, the lack of entrepreneurial and market
confusion, quarrels, and rigidity [22], [23]. cultures. All of these factors can lead to
Second, factors that create friction between instability, employee dissatisfaction, and
employees, including internal competition, decreased organizational performance [14]. In
mutual blame, intimidation, and line with research Bilal et al. (2020) In the
manipulation [24], [25]. Third, factors that hospitality industry, one important aspect of
hinder employees from working effectively, cultural entropy is bureaucratic culture which
such as excessive control, excessive prudence, has a negative correlation with job satisfaction
micromanagement, short-term focus, and and commitment. Top-level leaders should
territorialism [26]. direct their attention to bureaucratic
Within the scope of the organization, the level administrative weaknesses, which generally
of cultural entropy directly affects the level of arise from cultural entropy. If cultural entropy
energy that employees can contribute to the lasts for a long period of time, it can encourage
betterment of the company. When entropy is unethical behavior in employees, which can
low, the energy available for productive work trigger a negative response from top
is high, which in turn improves management. In addition, employees can
organizational performance. Conversely, high engage in acts such as theft, fraud,
cultural entropy results in wasted use of intimidation, absenteeism, and sabotage.
energy that would otherwise be allocated to Another contributing factor to
productive work, reducing overall cultural entropy is a rigid and limiting
organizational performance. Since the internal structure [18], [19]. It is a concern that
emergence of the concept of cultural entropy, information indivision is becoming a major
many researchers have begun to develop and value, as poor information flow increases
implement it to various scopes of confusion and reduces an organization's
organizations and institutions, but no one has ability to adapt, transform, and build internal
specifically conducted research on higher cohesion. Relationships within organizations
education institutions, especially higher are eroded by a culture of blame and
education. This research focuses on the manipulation. The rigidity of the internal
development and implementation of Barrett's structure will also affect the movement of
concept of cultural entropy. information and learning in the organization.
The inability of organizations to manage
Factors Affecting Cultural Entropy in
knowledge management for learning can be a
Employees
contributing factor to cultural entropy. Action

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West Science Accounting and Finance  700

learning and organization are ambidextrous, application of action learning principles and
emphasizing the importance of learning, ambidextrous organizational approaches.
curiosity, and the use of questions as key Research Mash et al. (2013, 2016) Both
elements [17]. Ambidextrous organizations of which were carried out in healthcare
are able to maintain a balance between facilities, indicated that there were many cases
exploitation (through action) and exploration of cultural entropy experienced by health
(through learning) by not ruling out either workers. Changes in leadership style have a
[15]. key role in improving organizational culture.
The trend of cultural entropy reflects Managers who transition from administrative
an increase in dysfunction in an organization roles to leader roles are able to form a more
if not handled properly. Problems such as positive organizational culture [18]. These
excessive bureaucracy, internal competition, findings highlight the importance of
lack of employee involvement, and vagueness leadership transformation in shaping a
in duties and responsibilities can contribute to healthy organizational culture.
increased cultural entropy. Identifying and Research Schmitt (2020) It does not
addressing these factors can help directly link cultural entropy with leadership,
organizations reduce levels of cultural but focuses on the formation of knowledge
entropy and improve employee satisfaction management. It concluded that in favor of
and performance. participation In organizations through
knowledge management, personal
The Relationship of Cultural Entropy with
knowledge that has been digitized must
Leadership
remain owned and accessible to its owner or
Of the six articles analyzed, all have
entitled co-workers. This is important so that
in common that overcoming cultural entropy
information remains consistent, transparent,
in organizations requires a leadership role
secure, and independent of changes in social,
that is able to provide significant change. On
educational, professional, or technological
research Bilal et al. (2020), it is emphasized
environments.
that top-level leaders need to provide
Based on the six articles studied, the
adequate understanding and education about
ability of leaders to exert a strong and
policies as well as model desirable behavior
innovative, positive and inspiring influence,
for their subordinates. Furthermore, negative
manage knowledge management and
culture in an organization can change through
learning, becomes a very much needed thing
professional workforce composition, planned
in organizations. The transformational
organizational change techniques, and other
leadership style is focused on creating
organizational culture influences. This
significant change within the organization or
process of organizational culture evolution
group, while inspiring and helping team
begins with changes in the values, beliefs, and
members reach their full potential.
behaviors of leaders, and thus effectively
addresses cultural entropy in the Cultural Entropy in Higher Education
organization. Institutions
Interestingly, leaders who are able to Research related to cultural entropy
transform action learning models also adopt a in organizations is still relatively small,
similar approach by using the power of especially in organizations or higher
questions to stimulate assessment, allowing education institutions. If you look at the
learning to go hand in hand with actions in research Mash et al. (2013, 2016) What is done
organizational performance [15], [17]. There is to health workers, both doctors, nurses, and
a close relationship between these concepts other employees in healthcare facilities, there
and the phenomenon of cultural entropy, are restrictions, such as controls, cost
where the understanding and handling of reductions, long working hours, confusion,
cultural entropy can be enhanced through the and lack of information. These factors indicate

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West Science Accounting and Finance  701

a serious problem, thus indicating cultural must adhere to medical ethics, maintain
entropy. patient confidentiality, and provide quality
Doctors and lecturers, despite being health care. Similarly, lecturers are expected
in different fields of profession, have some to adhere to academic ethics, including
similarities, especially in the context of research integrity, fairness in academic
education and community service. Within the assessment, and maintaining standards of
scope of job demands as employees in professionalism in relationships with
organizations, both professions, doctors, and students and colleagues. Finally, both doctors
lecturers, share similarities in several crucial and lecturers are faced with demands for
aspects. The first aspect is high intellectual responsibility towards students or patients.
demands and professionalism. As doctors, the Doctors must take responsibility for the health
imperative to constantly update medical and safety of patients, providing safe and
knowledge in accordance with the effective care. In contrast, lecturers have a
development of health sciences confirms responsibility for student success and
significant intellectual demands. So do development, as well as providing quality
lecturers, who must stay current with teaching to support their academic progress.
scientific and technological advances in their Based on the similar characteristics of
academic fields [27], while maintaining high doctors and lecturers from the demands of
standards of professionalism in providing work as employees in organizations, there are
teaching and contributing to the academic indications of similarities in cultural entropy
community [28]. issues. Cultural entropy research in higher
Second, there are administrative education institutions, especially higher
responsibilities that must be carried out by education, is a topic that is still rarely
both professions. Although the primary focus researched and very interesting to discuss.
of physicians is to provide direct care to Understanding and handling cultural entropy
patients, they must also address is key to improving employee performance
administrative responsibilities such as and achieving organizational success in
recording medical history and participation in higher education institutions. Targeted
hospital policies. Meanwhile, lecturers are cultural transformation can have a positive
involved in administrative tasks such as impact in shaping a productive, innovative,
lecture schedule management, student and long-term growth work environment of
assessment, and attendance at department an organization.
meetings or academic committees.
Team collaboration is the third aspect 5. CONCLUSION
that is similar among doctors and lecturers.
Cultural entropy, as a concept
Doctors work in multidisciplinary teams in
introduced by Richard Barrett, addresses the
healthcare settings, coordinating with a
degree to which cultural imperfections within
variety of healthcare professionals.
an organization affect employee performance
Conversely, lecturers can also be found
and, ultimately, the entire organization.
working in teams, especially in curriculum
Through various case studies, especially in
development, joint research projects, or
the health sector and higher education
institutional initiatives. Fourth, both doctors
institutions, it was revealed that factors such
and lecturers face demand to update their
as excessive bureaucracy, lack of information
skills and knowledge. Physicians must keep
vagueness, and lack of employee engagement
their medical skills updated as medical
can be triggers for high cultural entropy.
science evolves, while lecturers must remain
Transformational leadership is emerging as a
relevant to the current literature and practices
key element in overcoming cultural entropy,
in their disciplines.
with leaders capable of leading change,
The fifth aspect is a commitment to
shaping positive organizational cultures, and
professional ethics and standards. Doctors
stimulating action learning. Although cultural

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West Science Accounting and Finance  702

entropy in higher education institutions, to achieving a productive and innovative


especially higher education levels, is still a work environment, as well as supporting the
limited area of research, understanding and long-term growth of organizations.
addressing cultural entropy is considered key

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