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    Understanding The Genetic Materials DNA Replication

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    noeme babia
    The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase that showed DNA, not proteins, was transformed between bacteria strains and was the material carrying genetic information. It then explains the basic structure of DNA, how it replicates, and how DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.

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    Understanding The Genetic Materials DNA Replication

    Uploaded by

    noeme babia
    10 views44 pages
    The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase that showed DNA, not proteins, was transformed between bacteria strains and was the material carrying genetic information. It then explains the basic structure of DNA, how it replicates, and how DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.

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    Understanding the Genetic Materials DNA Replication

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    The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase that showed DNA, not proteins, was transformed between bacteria strains and was the material carrying genetic information. It then explains the basic structure of DNA, how it replicates, and how DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views44 pages

    Understanding The Genetic Materials DNA Replication

    Uploaded by

    noeme babia
    The document summarizes key discoveries in determining that DNA is the genetic material. It describes experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase that showed DNA, not proteins, was transformed between bacteria strains and was the material carrying genetic information. It then explains the basic structure of DNA, how it replicates, and how DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 44

    Chapter 2

    The discovery of DNA as Genetic Material

    • How was DNA discovered?


    • Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
    • Father of genetics
    • Who studied genetics/heredity in plants.
    • Conduct an experiment in pea plant.
    The discovery of DNA as Genetic Material

    • Fredrick Griffith (1928)


    • Was studying Streptococcus pneumoniae (pathogen that causes pneumonia)
    • There are two strain of this pathogen:
    • S strain(causes pneumonia) and R strain (does not)
    • He injected it in a mouse.
    The discovery of DNA as Genetic Material

    • Oswald Avery
    • Identified the molecules that transformed R-strain into S-strain.
    • Macronutrient: protein, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
    • He found out that using the DNA from S- strain bacteria, the R-strain
    transformed into S-strain.
    The discovery of DNA as Genetic Material

    • Alfred Hershey (1908-1997) and Martha Chase (1927-2003)


    • Continued to proved that DNA not proteins was indeed the genetic material.
    • They used a bacteriophage ( a virus that infect bacteria).
    • Composed of DNA core and protein coat.
    • What is DNA?
    • It stand for Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • It is the hereditary material in human and roughly all other organisms.
    • Every cell in a persons body has the same DNA.
    • DNA composed of thousands and thousand of subunits referred to as
    nucleotides connected to one another in extremely long chain.
    • DNA composed of thousands and thousand of subunits referred to as
    nucleotides connected to one another in extremely long chain.
    • DNA nucleotides consist of five carbon sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate and
    one of the four nitrogenous base; adenine (A), guanine(G), cytosine (C), and
    thymine (T).
    • Watson and Crick ( 1953)
    • Presented the three dimensional model of DNA.
    • Won a noble prized for the discovery of the molecular structure of nucleic
    acids.
    Continuous strings of nucleotides
    DNA containing a region that codes/traits.

    GENES
    How DNA replicates
    • DNA replication
    • A process where genetic information is copied precisely
    • Two strands of the double helix complement to each other.
    • Ex. AATCCGTAG Each strand would expose all the
    TTAGGCATC information necessary to construct
    identical strands.
    DNA replication involves the ff. steps:
    DNA replication involves the ff. steps:
    • Unwinding and unzipping
    ➢The old strands that make up the parent DNA molecule are unwound.

    broken
    DNA replication involves the ff. steps:
    • Complementary base pairing
    ➢ Nitrogenous base; pair freely with Adenine- Thymine and Cytosine –Guanine.
    • ex. T
    T
    G
    A
    C DNA Polymerase lagging strand
    DNA replication involves the ff. steps:
    • Joining
    • Two new DNA molecules; each with a parent strand and a new daughter strand are formed
    DNA replication
    Supply the correct based pair:
    • 1. ATCGGCATTATGGCTAGA -old strand
    __________________________ - new strand.

    • 2. CGGAACCTTGATTCGGAA -old strand


    __________________________ - new strand.
    DNA and RNA
    • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
    A long chain made up of building blocks called nucleotides.
    Terms of sugar molecules:
    Contain nucleotides base;
    DNA – deoxyribose Thymine replace by Uracil.
    RNA – ribose A-U
    3 Types of RNA and their function

    Types of RNA Function


    Messenger RNA, mRNA Carries a copy of a messenger transcribed from the DNA
    out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

    Transfer RNA, tRNA Transport individual amino acids to the cites of protein
    synthesis

    Ribosomal RNA, rRNA It holds mRNA and tRNA molecules in just the right
    position to make polypeptides during protein synthesis.
    COMPARE THE DNA AND RNA in
    terms of:

    1. Nitrogenous base
    2. Sugar molecules
    3. Strands
    4. helix
    Comparison between the DNA and RNA
    From DNA to RNA
    From DNA to RNA
    • Transcription
    refers to the process by which genetic information in DNA is
    copied into an RNA molecules.
    -It has to be copied from DNA
    -Copies of genes are sent into cytoplasm to direct the assembly
    of proteins.
    - requires enzyme;
    From DNA to RNA
    • Transcription
    - requires enzyme;
    - Begins in RNA polymerase that binds to a region called a promoter.
    - Separates a section of a two DNA strands; complementary based paring take
    place between the DNA and RNA nucleotides.
    - RNA polymerase binds these nucleotides; forming a specific stop sequence .
    - mRNA exist the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
    Step 1: Initiation
    - It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase
    II binds to a region of a gene called the promoter.

    - Ready to make a strand of mRNA with a


    complementary sequence of bases.
    Step 2: Elongation
    - addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

    - RNA polymerase II reads the


    unwound DNA strand and builds the
    mRNA molecule
    - During this
    process, an adenine
    (A) in the DNA
    binds to an uracil
    (U) in the RNA.
    Step 3: Termination
    - The ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase
    crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The mRNA
    strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA.
    3 Types of RNA and their function

    Types of RNA Function


    Messenger RNA, mRNA Carries a copy of a messenger transcribed from the DNA
    out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

    Transfer RNA, tRNA Transport individual amino acids to the cites of protein
    synthesis

    Ribosomal RNA, rRNA It holds mRNA and tRNA molecules in just the right
    position to make polypeptides during protein synthesis.
    From RNA to PROTEINS

    • When mRNA has copied all the information to make proteins; it will move
    into the cytoplasm, then becomes associated with ribosomes.
    • Transcription
    start when mRNA interacts with rRNA and tRNA.
    CODON
    is a sequence of 3 nucleotides (AUC) in mRNA.
    From RNA to PROTEINS
    • Transcription
    each tRNA has an anticodon; a sequence of 3 nucleotides base that
    complements a specific mRNA codon ;When tRNA anticodons
    bind with the mRNA codons at the ribosomes,
    Amino acids line up according to the order dictated by mRNA.
    Translation is terminated and the ribosome releases the complete polypeptide.
    A chain of amino acids that make up protein.

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