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    CH 7

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    fernfern dungo
    The document discusses sampling design and procedures. It defines key terms like population, sampling frame, sample, and sampling. There are two main types of sampling: probability and non-probability. Probability sampling aims to give all elements an equal chance of selection and includes techniques like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all elements an equal chance and includes methods like quota sampling, judgment sampling, snowball sampling, and convenience sampling. The document also covers steps in sample planning like defining the population, determining sample size, and executing the sampling process.

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    CH 7

    Uploaded by

    fernfern dungo
    17 views11 pages
    The document discusses sampling design and procedures. It defines key terms like population, sampling frame, sample, and sampling. There are two main types of sampling: probability and non-probability. Probability sampling aims to give all elements an equal chance of selection and includes techniques like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all elements an equal chance and includes methods like quota sampling, judgment sampling, snowball sampling, and convenience sampling. The document also covers steps in sample planning like defining the population, determining sample size, and executing the sampling process.

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    The document discusses sampling design and procedures. It defines key terms like population, sampling frame, sample, and sampling. There are two main types of sampling: probability and non-probability. Probability sampling aims to give all elements an equal chance of selection and includes techniques like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all elements an equal chance and includes methods like quota sampling, judgment sampling, snowball sampling, and convenience sampling. The document also covers steps in sample planning like defining the population, determining sample size, and executing the sampling process.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views11 pages

    CH 7

    Uploaded by

    fernfern dungo
    The document discusses sampling design and procedures. It defines key terms like population, sampling frame, sample, and sampling. There are two main types of sampling: probability and non-probability. Probability sampling aims to give all elements an equal chance of selection and includes techniques like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all elements an equal chance and includes methods like quota sampling, judgment sampling, snowball sampling, and convenience sampling. The document also covers steps in sample planning like defining the population, determining sample size, and executing the sampling process.

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    of 11

    Chapter 7

    Sampling Design
    and Procedure

    Some fundamental definitions



    Population
    :
    Is the theoretically specified aggregation of survey elements from which
    the survey sample is actually selected.

    Sampling Frame
    :
    Is the list of elements from which the sample is drawn

    Sample
    :
    A subset or some part of a larger population

    Sample design
    :
    Is a definite plan for obtaining a sample frame

    Sampling
    : Is the process of using a small number or part of a larger population to
    make conclusion about the whole population.

    Element
    :
    Is unit from which information is collected

    Statistic
    :
    Is a characteristic of a sample

    Parameter
    :
    Is a characteristic of a population

    Steps involved in sample planning (Sampling procedure


    )
    A) Defining the population

    implies specifying the subject of the study

    Specification of a population involves identifying which elements
    (items) are included, as well as where and when.
    B) Census Vs Sample

    Once the population has been defined, a choice must be made between
    census and sample

    Advantages of census

    Reliability

    Detailed information
    Limitation of census

    Expensiveness

    Excessive time and energy
    Need for sampling

    The use of sample has the objective of estimating; testing and
    making inference about a population on the basis of information
    taken from the sample

    Sampling can save time and money

    Sampling may enable more accurate measurement, because sample


    study is generally conducted by trained and experienced investigator

    Sampling remains the only way when population contains infinitely many
    members

    It usually enables to estimate the sampling error



    If the choice of sample units is made with due care and the population is
    homogeneous, the conclusion of the sample survey can have
    almost the same reliability as those of census survey

    Sampling technique also enables researchers to obtain detailed study

    Sampling technique also enables researchers to obtain detailed study, as
    the number of sample units is fairly small these can be studied intensively
    and elaborately

    Limitations of sampling technique



    Less accuracy

    Misleading conclusion

    Need for specialized knowledge

    If it is done by average researcher the selection is liable to error
    Sampling technique is used under the following conditions

    When the number of units is very large

    When at most accuracy is not required

    Infinite population

    When census is impossible

    Homogeneity

    Essentials of an ideal sample



    An ideal sample

    should fulfill the following four basic characteristics



    Representative-ness

    Independence

    Adequacy

    Homogeneity

    C) Sample design

    Operationally, sample design is the heart of sample planning

    Sample design should answer the following:
    •
    What type of sample to use?
    •
    What is the appropriate sample unit?
    •
    What frame (list of sampling unit) is available for the population?
    •
    How are refusals and non-response to be handled?

    D) Sample size determination


    There are a number of sample size determination methods

    Personal judgments

    Budgetary approach

    Traditional inferences
    : we need to have information about the estimated variance of the
    population, the magnitude of acceptable error and the confidence
    interval.

    Bayesian Statistics
    :
    This is the selection of the sample size, which
    maximizes the difference between the expected value
    of information (EVI) and cost of sampling. That is, marginal
    cost of information (MCI) should be equal to Marginal value of
    information (MVI)

    E) Cost of Sampling
    :
    The sample plan must take into account the estimated cost of sampling.
    F) Execution of sampling process
    :

    Sampling Techniques

    Sampling techniques are basically of two types namely, non-probability
    sampling and probability sampling.
    Non-probability

    Non-probability sampling technique does not give equal chance that
    each element of the population will be included in the sample.

    Non-probability sampling can be adequate if the researcher has no desire
    to generalize his findings beyond the sample

    1. Quota sampling


    Under this sampling approach, the interviewers are simply given quotas
    to be full-filled from the different strata.

    The researcher must makes sure that the sample is as representative
    and generalize-able as possible

    2. Judgment (Purposive or deliberate) sampling



    In this approach the investigator has complete freedom in choosing his
    sample according to his wishes and desire.

    The experienced individual (researcher) select the sample based
    upon his judgment about some appropriate characteristics required
    from the sample members.

    The researcher selects a sample to serve a specific purpose, even if this
    makes a sample less than fully representative

    3. Snowball Sampling

    It is also known as
    Multiplicity sampling
    or
    Multi-stageSampling.

    The term snowball comes from the analogy of the snowball, beginning
    small but becomes bigger and bigger as it rolls downhill.

    The major purpose of snowball sampling is to estimate characteristics
    that are rare in the total population.

    First initial respondents are selected randomly but additional respondent
    are then obtained from referrals or by other information provided by
    the initial respondent.

    4. Convenience Sampling

    This is a "hit or miss" procedure of study.


    No planned effort is made to collect information

    This sampling technique is not scientific and has no value as a research
    technique.


    In general, the availability and willingness to respond are the major
    factors in selecting the respondents

    Probability Sampling

    All probability samples are based on chance selection procedures.

    Chance selection eliminates the bias inherent in the non-probability
    sampling procedure, because this process is random.

    Probability sampling is the most preferred type of sampling
    because of the following characteristics
    •
    sample units are not selected based on the desecration of the researcher
    •
    Each unit of the population has some known probability of entering the
    sample

    1. Simple Random Sampling



    It is the basic sampling method in every statistical computation.

    Each element in the population has an equal chance of being
    included in the sample.

    It is drawn by a random procedure from a sample frame
    . Systema c Sampling

    Systematic sampling involves only a slight difference from simple
    random sampling.

    The mechanics of taking a systematic sample are rather simple.

    If the population contains N ordered elements, and sample size of
    n is required or desired to select, then we find the ratio of these two
    numbers, i.e., N/n to obtain the sampling interval.

    Systematic sampling may increase representative-ness when items


    are ordered with regard to the characteristics of interest

    3. Stratified Sampling

    If population from which the sample to be drawn does not constitute a
    homogeneous group, stratified sampling technique is used in order to
    obtain a representative sample.

    Under this technique, the population is divided into various classes or
    sub-population, which is individually more homogeneous than the total
    population.

    The different sub-populations are called strata.

    Then certain items (elements) are selected from the classes by
    the random sampling technique

    The following questions should be considered in the context of stratified


    sampling
    •
    How to form strata?
    •
    How should items (elements) be selected from each stratum?
    •
    How many items to be selected from each stratum(sample size)?

    4. Cluster sampling

    In cluster sampling the primary sampling unit is no more the individual
    elements in the population rather it is say manufacturing unit, city or
    block of city, etc.

    After randomly selecting the primary sample unit (city, part
    of city), we survey or interview all families or elements in that
    selected primary sample unit.

    The area sample is the commonly used type of cluster sampling.

    But it is less precise than random sampling.

    Cluster sampling is used only because of the economic advantage it
    possesses

    5. Multi-stage sampling

    Items are selected in different stage at random.

    Multi stage sampling is a further improvement over cluster sampling

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