METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION c) Male and Female Condoms or spermicides – male condom is made up

(Artificial and Natural) of thin latex put over the penis to stop the sperm from entering
1. Contraceptives vagina. 98% effective if used correctly. Female condom is made up
- Are medicines and other devices that are used to prevent unwanted of polyurethane that loosely lines the vagina and stops sperm from
pregnancy. entering. 95% effective if used correctly.
Hormonal Method Of Contraception
- prevents the release of an egg or ovulation. 3. Behavioral Method
a) Oral contraceptives (Pills) – daily oral contraceptives. Some a) Rhythm or Calendar Method – it is a way to determine a woman's
contain estrogens and progestogen; others are progestine only and is over most fertile and infertile times by charting the menstrual cycle. It
99% effective if used according to instructions. is also known as natural family planning or fertility awareness.
b) The patch – is a small patch you stick on to the skin that releases b) Abstinence or celibacy – refers to the avoidance of sexual
estrogen and progestogen. It stops ovulation and is over 99% effective if intercourse.
used according to instructions. c) Outer course –is a sexual activity that does not include the insertion of the
c) The Ring – contraceptive vaginal ring is a small plastic ring a woman penis into the vagina.
inserts into her vagina every month and releases hormones to stop ovulation. d) Withdrawal (Latin –coitus interrupts) – happens when a man
d) Implants –is a small flexible rod that us place under the skin of removes his penis from the vagina and ejaculates outside of the
the upper arm by a health professional and releases progestogen to stop woman’s body.
ovulation.
e) Injectable – long acting reversible contraception does not depend 4. Sterilization – Procedures that make an individual permanently
on you taking it daily and is more than 99% effective. incapable of conceiving or fertilizing a partner.
a) Tubal Ligation / sterilization – surgery for woman in which fallopian
2. Barrier Methods tubes are tied to prevent eggs from travelling to the uterus so a woman cannot
- Physically or chemically blocks the sperm from reaching an egg and get pregnant.
provide a barrier between direct skin to skin contacts. b) Vasectomy – an operation in which the surgeon makes a small cut
a) Diaphragm – is a soft dome made of latex or silicone and is used with in the upper part of the scrotum then ties or blocks the van defences. Men can
spermicidal. It is placed into the vagina to cover the cervix and is 92% to still orgasm or ejaculate after the operation.
96% effective when used correctly.
b) Cervical Caps – there are similar to diaphragm, though they are 5. Intrauterine Device (IUD) – is a small device that is placed in
generally always made of silicone. 92% to 96% effective when used the uterus by a doctor to
correctly. prevent pregnancy.
6. Emergency Contraception - is a measure that protects against Id, Ego and Superego
pregnancy after unprotected sex has already occurred. It could be Freud also regarded personality as composed of three structures: the Id, the
through IUD or higher dosage of pills Ego and the Superego.
 The id is the part which always seeks for pleasure and
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development aggression. It follows the pleasure principle because it wants the person
Sigmund Freud was one of the most prominent person to explain to attain gratification immediately.
sexuality in his theories. According to him, human beings are face with
two forces-  The superego is the person’ sense of morality. It follows the moral
a) Sex instinct or libido (pleasure) and principle whose role is to restrict the demands of the id. It is
b) death or aggressive instinct (harm towards oneself or towards others). developed when the children are taught the difference between
right and wrong.
A person libido or sexual energy is located in an area of the body at different
psychosexual stages. These area of pleasure are called erogenous zones.  The ego follows the analytical principle. It analyses the need
It includes the mouth, anus and genitals. of the id and its consequences as dictated by the superego and thinks
of ways to satisfy the need in an acceptable manner.
Oral Stage - The stage erogenous zone is the mouth which
receives gratification through eating and sucking. Religious Perspectives
Anal Stage - The erogenous zone is the anus in which sexual gratification  Judaism holds positive a positive and natural outlook toward marital
is der Phallic stage- erogenous zone is the genitals. sex which they consider as a blessed by God and pleasurable for both
man and woman
Here the child experiences sexual attraction towards the opposite sex  In Islam, Muslim men are allowed to have up to four wives but Muslim
parent. women can only have one. Sex in only permitted within marriage and
Oedipus complex (sexual attraction of the boy child toward the mother) extramarital sex is penalized.
Electra complex (sexual attraction of the girl child toward the father)  Taoism, which originated in China, sex is not only natural and healthy,
but a sacred union necessary to people’s physical, mental and spiritual
Latency Stage - sexual impulses lie dormant as the child is occupied by the being.
social activities such as going to school and playing.  In Hinduism, sexuality is seen as individual force. And the act of ritual
Genital Stage - where the erogenous zone is again the genitals. love making is a means of both celebrating and transcending the physical.
At this time, the sexual attraction is directed towards others,  For the Roman Catholic Church, marriage is purely for intercourse and
usually one of the opposite sex. procreation.
Clarifying Sexual Terminologies LOVE: EMOTION OR DRIVE?
Sex - is derived from the Latin word secare which means “to divide” while  Attraction is a characteristic that cause pleasure or interest by appealing
the word sexuality means “to unite” thus it can be seen that the two words to a person’s desires or tastes, and causes to be drawn to the other.
have opposite meaning.  Human societies greatly value physical beauty. A desire for beauty lies
Adolescence- is a period of sexual exploration and experimentation within the brain.
which includes sexual fantasies and realities.  In a research conducted by Langlois, et al, (1987), even infants who are
Gender- refers to the characteristic of the people as males and female. not yet exposed to cultural standards of beauty will show a preference for
It is the lived role as a boy or girl, man or woman. A set of expectation that beautiful faces.
prescribes how the females and males should think, act and feel and refers to  When 2-8 months old infants were shown pictures of the women’s faces
gender role. that had been previously rated for their attractiveness, the infants spent
Gender reassignment- denotes an official and usually legal change of more time looking at the faces of the ones which are rated to be more
gender. attractive.
Gender identity- is a category of social identity that refers to an  Most romantic relationship begin with two individuals falling in love
individual’s identification as male, female or some category other than male with each other.
or female.  The singers Robert Palmer compares love with an addiction. This was
verified in a study in which 17 participants who were madly in love were
THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT asked to go to the lab and bring a picture of their loved one.
 Attraction is a characteristic that cause pleasure or interest by appealing  Participants were then placed in a brain scanner FMRI. The results
to a person’s desires or tastes, and causes to be drawn to the other. revealed that when participants gazed at a photo of their beloved, regions
 Human societies greatly value physical beauty. A desire for beauty lies in the brain were activated.
within the brain.  Those parts are closely associated with the anticipation of reward and
 In a research conducted by Langlois, et al, (1987), even infants who are with focused attention. That is the dopamine system in the brain. Rather
not yet exposed to cultural standards of beauty will show a preference for than defining love as an emotion, “Being in love” can be considered a
beautiful faces. strong motivation – an addictive craving to be with the other person.
 When 2-8 months old infants were shown pictures of the women’s faces
that had been previously rated for their attractiveness, the infants spent John Lee: Love Styles
more time looking at the faces of the ones which are rated to be more  Most romantic relationship begin with two individuals falling in love
attractive. with each other.
 The singers Robert Palmer compares love with an addiction. This was Other several types of Love based on The Triangular Theory of Love
verified in a study in which 17 participants who were madly in love were Liking (Intimacy) – Only emotional intimacy has no passionate intention.
asked to go to the lab and bring a picture of their loved one. Infatuation (Passion) - High degree of psychological arousal.
 Participants were then placed in a brain scanner FMRI. The results Empty Love (Commitment) - Only commitment.
revealed that when participants gazed at a photo of their beloved, regions Romantic Love (Passion & Intimacy) - Emotional intensity & Sexual
in the brain were activated. Excitement.
 Those parts are closely associated with the anticipation of reward and
with focused attention. That is the dopamine system in the brain. Rather
than defining love as an emotion, “Being in love” can be considered a THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE
strong motivation – an addictive craving to be with the other person. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
1. Eros (Eh-ros) 1. Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE)
 New relationship are neurotransmitters that are involved in mood, motivation, attention, and
 Physical Attraction and Sexual Desire excitement.
 Ideal characteristics of partners 2. Serotonin
 Seldom last forever is a neurotransmitter that has been associated with mood, obsession, sex and
2. Agape (AH-ga-pay) sleep.
 Altruistic & Selfless love 3. Phenyl ethylamine (PEA)
 Type of Love that is more acceptable to women than men - is a neurochemical that can increase the levels of DA and NE especially in
3. Storge (Store-gay) the pathways involving mood and pleasure. This has been called “love
 Love-related friendship drug.”
 Non-sexual affection 4. Oxytocin and vasopressin
 Gradual & Slow Process type of Love are neuropeptides released from the pituitary gland.
5. Endorphins
Robert Stenberg,1986: The Triangular Theory of Love - were named for “endogenous morphine”, the body’s natural opiates, similar
Intimacy- Desire to give and receive emotional support. to the man-made drugs morphine or heroin.
Commitment- Cold component of love and it is a decision to maintain.
Passion- Intensely romantic or sexual desire for another person. Physical THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE:PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
attraction & Psychological arousal. 1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory
When someone received a reward such as free ride or other favors from
another, a positive feeling may be experienced.
2. Physiological Arousal Theory
This explains the most acceptable theories about emotions: the bodies
experience a physiological change first, then people assign an emotion to that
physical sensation.

3. Evolutionary Theories
- This explains that love arose due to some sociobiological need.

Based on social psychological data, the factors that would determine with
whom people fall in love are (Rosenthal, 2013):

-Physical attractiveness (though beauty is in the eye of the beholder)