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    KMT AND Intermolecular Forces 1

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    F. Andrea Cielo
    The kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of particles in different phases based on their motion and intermolecular forces. In solids, particles are closely packed and vibrate in place due to very strong attractive forces and low kinetic energy. In liquids, particles are farther apart and can slide past one another with moderate intermolecular forces and low kinetic energy. Gases have very weak intermolecular forces allowing particles to be very far apart and move quickly with high kinetic energy.

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    KMT AND Intermolecular Forces 1

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    F. Andrea Cielo
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    The kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of particles in different phases based on their motion and intermolecular forces. In solids, particles are closely packed and vibrate in place due to very strong attractive forces and low kinetic energy. In liquids, particles are farther apart and can slide past one another with moderate intermolecular forces and low kinetic energy. Gases have very weak intermolecular forces allowing particles to be very far apart and move quickly with high kinetic energy.

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    The kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of particles in different phases based on their motion and intermolecular forces. In solids, particles are closely packed and vibrate in place due to very strong attractive forces and low kinetic energy. In liquids, particles are farther apart and can slide past one another with moderate intermolecular forces and low kinetic energy. Gases have very weak intermolecular forces allowing particles to be very far apart and move quickly with high kinetic energy.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    12 views17 pages

    KMT AND Intermolecular Forces 1

    Uploaded by

    F. Andrea Cielo
    The kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of particles in different phases based on their motion and intermolecular forces. In solids, particles are closely packed and vibrate in place due to very strong attractive forces and low kinetic energy. In liquids, particles are farther apart and can slide past one another with moderate intermolecular forces and low kinetic energy. Gases have very weak intermolecular forces allowing particles to be very far apart and move quickly with high kinetic energy.

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    of 17

    KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

    KINETIC
    MOLACULAR
    MODEL OF
    PARTICLES

    ATTRACTIVE INTERMOLECULAR
    ARRANGEMENT MOTION KINETIC ENERGY
    FORCES FORCES

    Ion-dipole, dipole-
    SOLID Closely packed Rotate and vibrate Very strong Very low
    dipole, Hydrogen
    bonding, and London
    dispersion

    Ion-dipole, dipole-
    LIQUID dipole, Hydrogen
    Far/slightly far Slide past each other Moderate Low
    bonding, and London
    dispersion

    Ion-dipole, dipole-
    dipole, Hydrogen
    GAS Very far Fast and bounce Very weak High
    bonding, and London
    dispersion
    Intermolecular Forces
    A phase is a homogeneous part of the system in
    contact with other parts of the system but
    separated from them by a well-defined boundary.
    2 Phases

    Solid phase - ice

    Liquid phase - water

    11.1
    Intermolecular Forces
    Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
    Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

    Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
    • 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
    • 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

    “Measure” of intermolecular force


    Generally,
    boiling point
    intermolecular
    forces are much melting point
    weaker than DHvap
    intramolecular DHfus
    forces.
    DHsub 11.2
    Types of Intermolecular Forces
    1. Hydrogen Bond (strongest)
    The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction
    between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond
    and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. IT IS NOT A BOND.
    A H…B or A H…A
    A & B are N, O, or F

    11.2
    Hydrogen Bond

    11.2
    Why is the hydrogen bond considered a
    “special” dipole-dipole interaction?

    Decreasing molar mass


    Decreasing boiling point

    11.2
    Types of Intermolecular Forces

    2. Ion-Dipole Forces

    Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

    Ion-Dipole Interaction

    11.2
    11.2
    Types of Intermolecular Forces

    3. Dipole-Dipole Forces

    Attractive forces between polar molecules

    Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

    11.2
    Types of Intermolecular Forces
    4. Dispersion Forces – van der Waals forces/London forces
    (weakest)
    Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
    dipoles induced in atoms or molecules

    ion-induced dipole interaction

    dipole-induced dipole interaction

    11.2
    Intermolecular Forces
    4. Dispersion Forces Continued

    Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution


    in the atom or molecule can be distorted.

    Polarizability increases with:


    • greater number of electrons
    • more diffuse electron cloud

    Dispersion
    forces usually
    increase with
    molar mass.

    11.2
    What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between
    each of the following molecules?

    HBr
    HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
    also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

    CH4
    CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
    S
    SO2
    SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
    also dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
    11.2
    Properties of Liquids

    Surface tension is the amount of energy required to stretch


    or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

    Strong
    intermolecular
    forces

    High
    surface
    tension

    11.3
    Properties of Liquids

    Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules

    Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules

    Adhesion

    attracted to glass

    Cohesion

    attracted to each other


    11.3
    Properties of Liquids

    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

    Strong
    intermolecular
    forces

    High
    viscosity

    11.3
    Water is a Unique Substance

    Maximum Density
    40C
    Density of Water

    Ice is less dense than water

    11.3

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