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Biomimicry

ID

Built in envirment
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Abstract

Biomimicry in architecture has emerged as a new approach that seeks to use nature as a
source of inspiration for designing sustainable buildings. This technique entails the use of natural
forms, materials, systems, and engineering principles to create structures that are not only
efficient but also ecologically friendly. The importance of this approach lies in the fact that it
promotes the idea that humans are part of nature and should not be seen as separate entities. Over
the years, many architects have attempted to create environmentally friendly buildings that foster
the symbiosis between humans and the environment. Some have tried incorporating biological
materials into their designs, but not all have succeeded. This is because some needed to be fully
aware of the importance of natural materials, while others needed to understand how much
energy or resources were necessary to maintain them. This paper aims to critically review
existing literature on biomimicry in architecture and evaluate what different authors have
concluded about its importance in creating sustainable buildings. The methodology applied in
this paper is a critical literature review, which entails the systematic evaluation and analysis of
published works on the topic. The results of this study indicate that biomimicry in architecture is
a practical approach that can help architects and engineers to create eco-friendly buildings. By
borrowing from nature, designers can develop structures that are not only energy-efficient but
also aesthetically pleasing. Moreover, biomimicry in architecture can help minimize the
environmental impact of buildings by reducing waste and energy consumption. In conclusion,
biomimicry in architecture is a promising approach that can help architects to design sustainable
buildings. By learning from nature, designers can create efficient, ecologically friendly, and
aesthetically pleasing structures. This approach has the potential to make a significant
contribution toward creating a more sustainable future for generations to come.
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Table of Contents

Biomimicry......................................................................................................................................5

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................5

2. Biomimicry and Architecture......................................................................................................7

3. Definition and the Time line of Biomimicry...............................................................................9

4. Nature as Inspiration in Biomimicry..........................................................................................13

5. Biomimicry Theoretical Framework..........................................................................................14

6. Literature Review.......................................................................................................................24

2. Surfaces for superhydrophobicity..............................................................................................32

7. Methodology..............................................................................................................................53

8. Results........................................................................................................................................54

Article Review Table.....................................................................................................................54

9. Discussion..................................................................................................................................74

10. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................82

References......................................................................................................................................84
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Biomimicry in Architecture

1. Introduction

Sustainable buildings have dominated the design field in recent years. According to

conventional thinking, a sustainable method ensures the happiness of future generations by

generating more vitality and freshwater than is required, as opposed to utilizing nonrenewable

resources (Othmani et al., 2022). During the 20th century, architects started to create sustainable

architecture. Some concepts that emerged during this period include energy-efficient, carbon-

neutral, and bioclimatic architecture. The last idea, which aims to address the environment

through regenerative architecture, was also started.

Throughout history, people have been drawn to the relationship between nature and

design. Nature has become a source of inspiration for humankind, and its structures and forms

have been used to design many aspects of human life. However, designers have only sometimes

understood the behavior of the natural world. This is mainly due to creating living spaces often

viewing nature as an obstacle and sometimes as an insignificant element in the design process

(Kellert et al., 2011). Ecologically-based architecture is a return to the traditional understanding

of how nature should be applied to architecture. The holistic approach in ecological architecture

consists of designing by imitating nature (Yetkin, n.d.), which has been one of the methods that

designers have been using for hundreds of years.

The influence of nature has become a vital component of the green movement. Its traits

include circularity, benevolence, self-control, eco-efficiency, zero waste, order, and energy

efficiency. Modern schools of thought focused on these topics include eco-design, biotecture,

biomimicry, industrial ecology, and sustainable product design (Skene, 2021).

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Learning from nature is one of the core principles behind many sustainable development

concepts, such as bionics, biomimetics, biomimetics bio-design, biomechanics, and organic

design (Charkas, 2019). Since every living creature has a unique way of dealing with

environmental issues, designers are encouraged to study and imitate nature whenever possible to

solve their problems.

Since the 1990s, biomimetics (biomimicry) has been associated with the 'green' movement. Thus,

it has gained increasing scientific interest and the number of Inventions that reference this field

(Bonser & Vincent, 2007). Through biomimicry, architects can apply natural design principles to

solve human problems by analyzing natural designs, processes, and systems. The goal of

biomimicry is to develop solutions that are inspired by the principles of natural design. This

method is a new science that studies the relationship between nature and strategy to help solve

human problems (Othmani et al., 2022). Sustainable development and bioclimatic architecture

are focused on addressing environmental and climate issues (Istiadji et al., 2018). According to

Vincent et al., biomimetics is typically thought to be synonymous with biomimicry, biomimesis,

and biognosis, which is similar to the term biologically inspired design (Vincent et al., 2006).

Various fields, such as medicine, engineering, and architecture, have started to accept the

concepts of bio-design, biomechanics, and bionics. As a result, designers can develop a variety

of creative solutions using these tools. (Yetkin, n.d.). Throughout the literature, biomimetics and

biomimicry are defined in various ways, both in the popular and scientific domains.This paper

explores the history of biomimicry, which involves taking advantage of the ideas of nature to

learn from and mimic the strategies used by species alive. This paper will have two parts, The

first part will be a literature review about biomimicry, which is the practice of learning from and

mimicking natural systems to solve human problems while the second part will involve
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reviewing and analyzing articles about the effect of biomimicry in architecture. This review will

focus on three aspects: material-wise, structure wise and building envelope and behavior. The

use of biomimicry can be applied to the development of new products, processes, and systems

and the improvement of current ones. Shifting our perspective can illuminate many design

problems and objectives from different perspectives and uncover "creative" solutions to complex

design challenges.

2. Methodology

This study aimed to collect and analyze data from various sources, such as scientific

papers, online documents, books, and publications of different researchers. The study will

critically review the literature to determine what different authors have written about biomimicry

and its application in architecture. Most synthesis studies analyze recent articles to identify the

latest trends and findings. However, this study will also analyze past studies to have a historical

view of biomimicry in architecture. The study will focus on the findings of other studies in the

literature and their similarities and differences. A critical analysis should identify the literature

gaps to help develop the topic further. As it identifies the applications of biomimicry in

architecture, this study will identify gaps that future studies need to fill.

3. Literature Review

3.1 Biomimicry and Architecture

Architects have been looking to nature for the solutions to their difficult concerns regarding

many types of structures, and they have imitated many natural shapes to build better and more

effective structures for various architectural goals. Architects had significantly altered the way

design was done as seen in the revolutionary concepts of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Le Corbusier believed that the best word in architecture and planning is biology. However, the

biological analogy was about a flimsily artistic representation of nature's wonders and creatures,

and this was evident in the structures and goods of the industrial period (Pathak, n.d.).

Understanding natural forms has certainly led to a number of successful projects. Through his

studies of natural laws and surroundings, architect Frank Lloyd Wright was able to extract the

structural details of buildings from their environments. For instance, he designed the interior

columns of Johnson Wax' offices in Wisconsin from 1936 to 1939, using the principles of

mushroom structural design (Nasir & Kamal, 2022). The offices are as shown below (Nasir &

Kamal, 2022):

Fig 1. Johnson Wax' offices in Wisconsin from 1936 to 1939. (Atlasofplaces, 2020)
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Norman Foster designed the Gherkin Tower based on the Venus flower. This sculpture features a

round shape and hexagonal skin. The architect was inspired by the flower's ability to disperse

stress through its structure and exoskeleton (Rao, 2014). The Gherkin Tower is as shown below:

Fig 2: Gherkin Tower source (The gherkin case study, n.d.).

3.2 Definition and the Time line of Biomimicry

3.2.1 Origins of Biomimicry

Humans have always been inspired by nature to improve their lives. Through scientific

approaches, people have been able to gain a deeper understanding of the principles and

mechanisms of nature, which have allowed them to develop new devices and improve the

capabilities of their biological counterparts (Bar-Cohen & Yoseph, n.d.).

Tradition and works of artists and engineers from previous centuries illustrate the concept

of learning from nature (Bhushan, 2009). One of the first biomimetics projects was the study of

how birds can fly. During the 1500s, Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by the flight of birds. He

made numerous sketches and notes about his observations (Swift, 1809). Leonardo da Vinci was
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not able to create a flying machine, but he developed functional wing mechanisms that were

supposed to replicate the flight feathers' overlapping principle (Bar-Cohen, 2005). The Aviation

explorer and English nobleman Sir George Cayley was fascinated by the streamlined shapes of

animals in 1773-1857. He performed an autopsy on the corpses of various birds and dolphins to

study their forms (Bar-Cohen, 2005). In 1816, he developed a balloon that had low air resistance.

He also created a parachute inspired by the Tragopogon pratensis fruit in 1829.

The concept of Biomimicry first started in 1950 with Polymath Otto Schmit, a scientist

who made a physical device that mimicked the electrical activity of a nerve during his doctoral

work. By 1957, he regarded biomimetics as a disregarded perspective in biophysics (Schmitt et

al., 2002). According Otto Schmit, Biomimetics is a term derived from the Greek words bios

(life) and mimesis (to imitate). The concept of biomimetics refers to the study and imitation of

the processes, methods, and designs of nature. While some of the basic designs and

configurations of nature can be replicated, the ideas that can be used to improve human

capabilities are best taken from it. In 1969, Heinrich Schmitt described to the concept of

biomimetics in his paper ‘Some Interesting and Useful Biomimetic Transforms’, which he

presented at the Proceedings of Third International Biophysics Congress in Boston,

Massachusetts. The term became a part of the Webster's dictionary in 1974 (Schmitt O, 1969).

In 1958, Jack E. Steele, a U.S. Major coined the term "bionic" to describe the various

disciplines that can solve scientific problems related to mathematics and life science. Today,

applications of this concept are found in various fields, such as design. Scholars also refer to it as

"bionic architecture," as all living creatures have the ability to design (Chiu & Tseng, 2016).

Dr. Jack Steele, a prominent engineer and psychiatrist with emphasis on neuroanatomy, went on

to co-organize the first Bionics Symposium, held at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio
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in 1960 (Iouguina et al., 2014a). Over the same period, Werner Nachtigall, a German biologist,

established the framework for the development of functional and collaborative bionics. He was

joined by other experts such as Gabriel Songel, Jurgen Hennicke, and Carmelo di Bartolo

(Yetkin, n.d.). They all conducted substantial research in the areas of technical biology and

biomimetics and promoted the use of “precedents in nature” for technology and economics for

decades (Pohl & Nachtigall, 2015).

The term "Bionik" has found a very expressive reinterpretation in the first and last

syllables of the words Biologie [biology] and Technik [technology] in Germany. Later the term

"biomimetics" has been adopted in the English-speaking world as equivalent to the German

"Bionik". English-speaking countries commonly use the term "biomimetics" to refer to the

German term "Bionik" (Gruber, 2010). The adjective biomimetic was first used in the Oxford

English Dictionary in December 1960 issue of Science's index (Annon, 1960).

Bar-Cohen & Yoseph (n.d) define biomimetics as the study and imitation of designs,

methods, and processes of nature. In 2006, Julian Vincent of the University of Bath published a

paper in which he claimed that biomimetics is the first example of a new study that is focused on

the practical application of biological principles in various fields, such as engineering, chemistry,

electronics, and design. As a result, an increasing number of other words have been invented to

refer to the area, giving it a certain level of exclusivity. In contrast to bionics and biomimicry,

biomimetics is rooted in specific examples from nature rather than general principles (Vincent et

al., 2006). As with Biomimetics Julian Vincent, has written extensively in this field during the

last ten years.

Later There has been a substantial increase in interest in ‘Biomimetics’ largely brought

about by individuals like Biological-sciences writer Janine Benyus and professor of biology
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Steven Vogel (Aziz & el Sherif, 2016). They helped to understand and mimic nature in more

meaningful ways and have been crucial to the Increasing interest in biomimicry as a research

area (Elmeligy, 2016). During the 1980s, the term biomimicry became popular among materials

scientists. Some scientists preferred the term "biomimetics" or "bionics’ (Pawlyn, 2016). More

research is expected in the field going forward.

In 1997, scientist and author Janine Benyus introduced the term ‘Biomimicry’ in her

book Biomimicry Innovation Inspired by Nature. She referred to the term as a science of

studying and imitating the designs and models found in nature (Acropolis Library, n.d.). Benyus

was a graduate of Rutgers University with degrees in natural resource management, English

literature and writing. Benyus is a natural sciences writer and innovation consultant who viewed

biomimicry as a way to look at nature as a model, mentor, and measure. It is the most genius way

to look at how to solve human problems by imitating and adapting the patterns, analogies, and

phenomenon of nature. Biomimicry aims to be sustainable to find solutions to human problems .

(Benyus,1997). The main goal of biomimicry is to create functional and beautiful designs that

mimic the various living organisms that have evolved over the past 3.8 billion years (Elmeligy,

2016).

In 1970s, a New Alchemy Institute started to explore the various aspects of biology,

ecology, and bio-cybernetic systems to find sustainable solutions to human problems. John Todd

and his wife Nancy Jack-Todd were the first researchers to offer a list of 9 principles for

ecologically or biologically informed designs. Augmented by a tenth precept that was added

more recently, these principles of ecology transformed into ‘the language of Nature’ (1994) and

caused a perceptual shift in ‘the link between ecological and human communities (Wahl, 2006).
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Fritjof C. Capra, a physicist, later expanded the list of principles related to ecology. He noted that

the concepts became the language of nature in 1994 (Iouguina et al., 2014b).

3.2.2 Different Definitions of Biomimicry

 Pedersen (2018), a researcher in Victoria University, New Zealand, defined biomimicry

as the process of creating designs based on the environment's flora and fauna.
 Lyakurwa (2014), stated that biomimicry is the process of mimicking the natural
processes found in man-made environments.
 Pohlmann (2016) refers to biomimetics as an attempt to learn from the natural world. The
researcher explores the various aspects of biological systems, structures, and functions
that can be used for the development of new innovations on the basis of investigation of
natural world.
 Dargent (2011) states that biomimicry is an interdisciplinary field that aims to create new
processes and products by taking inspiration from nature.
`

These definitions are the least problematic of those currently in use, although the assumption of

evolutionary optimization and the definition of biomimicry as an "approach" rather than a

strategy, process, or result are both problematic while the latter's applicability is still limited

(Jacobs, 2014). Despite these issues, Benyus's definition of biomimicry is more accurate because

it focuses on the development of sustainable biomimetic innovations. Overall, the idea behind

biomimicry is that throughout 3.8 billion years of inventive work, nature has created effective

systems and processes that have served as internal remedies for many waste management issues,

asset effectiveness problems (Benyus, 2009), and executive issues that are extremely problematic

in today's world.

3.3 Nature as Inspiration in Biomimicry

The concept of biomimicry emphasizes the need for learning from nature to go beyond

analogy in order to gain meaningful knowledge, based on concrete data, and to understand how

the process works. To use nature as an intellectual or example, it is necessary to first understand
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nature in the light of its own rules. It is also necessary to use its principles as an example.

According to Benyus (1997), taking a different view of nature is the key to consciously

emulating nature's genius. Benyus as cited by Zari and Hecht (2020) defined the relationship

between architecture and nature in three different ways where she suggests looking at nature as a

model, measure, and mentor.

 Nature as model: The concept of biomimicry refers to the study of natural models and
their applications to solve human problems. It involves translating these models into
practical design tools.
 Nature as measure: Through the use of an ecological standard, biomimicry can evaluate
the sustainability of its innovations. After almost four billion years, nature has learned
how to adapt to changes. The Life's Principles and the evaluate step of the Biomimicry-
Design-Spiral both capture nature as a unit of measurement.
 Nature as mentor: Nature can be viewed and valued in a new way with biomimicry. It
introduces a new era based on what we learn from nature, rather than what we can extract
from it (Pathak, n.d.).
3.4 Biomimicry Theoretical Framework

3.4.1 Biomimicry Approaches

Through the use of natural resources, biomimicry aims to transform the way we think

about the world. It encourages us to think about how we can use the built environment to solve

our most common problems. The goal of this approach is to connect the built environment with

the natural world so that it becomes more sustainable. According to Benyus (1997), biomimicry

is an innovation approach that involves the transfer of strategies and principles from living

organisms to produce sustainable goods and services. It aims to make human societies more

compatible with the natural world (Benyoucef & Razin, 2018).

In 2007, an examination conducted by M Pedersen Zari at Victoria University, observed

two most common approaches of biomimicry as a design process; the problem-based approach

and the solution-based approach. Each of these approaches has its own advantages,
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disadvantages, and overall sustainability outcomes (Zari & Storey, n.d.). Some of the literature

evaluating the biomimicry approach revealed that the problem-based approach has different

names (Zari & Storey, n.d.; Helms et al., 2009; Knippers, 2009).

The first part of Biomimicry's approach focuses on the design problem. This involves

identifying the various characteristics and behaviors of living organisms (Benyoucef & Razin,

2018). This concept emphasizes the importance of identifying the design issues that are related to

living organisms. This allows designers to work with creatures that have successfully solved

similar problems. The knowledge of the triggers and aims of the design helps in identifying the

solutions that can be made to these issues (Aziz & el Sherif, 2016). This Biomimicry approach's

failure to investigate the relationship between buildings and ecosystems may be one of the

disadvantages of this approach. It does not address the underlying causes of the built

environment's non-sustainable condition (McDonough. 2002). Despite this, the concept of the

Problem-Based approach can help us transition the built environment toward a more sustainable

state.

The second approach involves identifying a particular characteristic, behavior or

functions in an organism or ecosystem and translating it into human designs, referred to as

biology influencing design (Nkandu & Alibaba, 2018). This approach is similar to the previous

one in that it has various names and expressions. Some of these include "biological influencing

design," "bottom-up approach," “Solution-Driven Biologically Inspired Design”, and ‘‘Biology

to design”

(Zari &

Storey,

n.d.). All of
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them indicate that this method is based on previously gathered information and solutions from

biological research instead of searching for answers in nature, and so you apply this knowledge

to the design problem you already have (Aziz & el Sherif, 2016). The advantage of this approach

is that it allows the study of biological data to influence the design process in different ways.

However, one significant disadvantage is that the information collected must be thoroughly

studied in order to determine its relevance. (Zari & Storey, n.d.)

Fig 3: Comparison between Biomimicry Approaches Source: (Biomimicry Institute, 2023)

The Biomimicry Institute (2023) describes the design looking to biology approach

through the challenge to biology design spiral, as shown in figure 3. In 2006, the Design

Intelligence Lab at Georgia Institute of Technology also conducted research that defined this

approach in terms of six definite steps, which are very similar to those defined by the

Biomimicry Institute in the same year (Nkandu & Alibaba, 2018). These steps are:

 The first step in the design approach is to identify the various functions that your design
should perform. This step then allows you to translate these functions into words that will
make sense to the biological world.
 In the next step, you will discover the various strategies that nature uses to accomplish
these tasks.
 In the abstract step, you will reverse engineer the strategies that you have discovered and
describe how they work.
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 The emulate step involves using your professional skills to develop a design solution that
is based on the strategies that you learned (Biomimicry Institute, 2023). The emulate step
is where your professional skills are utilized to create a design solution that's based on
emulating one or more strategies that you've e learned and refined.
 The Evaluate step involves evaluating the design against the requirements of your
original brief, as well as against nature's unifying patterns, or the principles of
sustainability. It also allows you to reflect on the lessons learned from the previous
iterations and decide on how to utilize the next steps.
Biomimicry for ecologically sustainable design in architecture: in history a proposed

methodological study

Fig. 4: Design Spiral by the Biomimicry Institute (Biomimicry Toolbox, n.d)

3.4.2 Biomimicry Levels

The application of biomimicry can be divided into three levels: organism, behavior, and

eco-system. These levels, according to Zari (2018), can aid in defining the various forms of

biomimicry that have developed over time. They offer a framework for designers to choose the

best course of action when using biomimicry techniques to increase the sustainability of the built

environment. This will enable designers to choose which biological feature to mimic (Zari,

2018). Imitating the natural form level is the first step in the biomimicry process. An individual

organism, like a plant or animal, is mimicked in full or in part at the most basic level (Webb,

n.d.). This process involves identifying the key features of an organism that contribute to its
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desired function. This data is then used to develop an engineered solution. . For instance, by

modeling the nose of a bullet train, on the shape of a Kingfisher beak to assist in efficiency,

speed and aerodynamics (Rowley, 2013). This also help in optimizing structural elements and

reducing materials based on bone growth structure, (Hu et al., 2013). The concept of the

organism level approach can help us understand the negative effects of human activities on the

world's ecosystems (Benyus, 2013). In billions of years, organisms have evolved to adapt to

changes, therefore humans can draw solutions to different existing environmental problems.

The Namibia desert beetle, which dwells in an area with little rainfall, is an illustration of

this (Garrod et al., 2007). The beetle can move its body into the wind and draw moisture from

the evaporating fog. Droplets form on its wings and back as well, rolling down into its mouth.

(2002) Parker and Lawrence The proposed fog-catcher design by architect Matthew Parkes for

the University of Namibia's Hydrological Center is an illustration of process biomimicry at the

organism level inspired by the beetle. A more specialized form of material biomimicry at the

organism level is discussed by Ravilious (2007) and Knight (2001), in which the surfaces of

beetles have been examined and imitated for use in various applications, such as clearing fog

from airport runways.

Fig. 5: Matthew Parkes‘Hydrological Centre (Engineering News Record, 2007)

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Figure 6: Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners' Waterloo, International Terminal and the pangolin

Another one is a stadium that was constructed by the government of China and a Swiss

firm was named the Bird's Nest. It was modeled after bird nests made of organic materials like

branches and grass. The structure exhibited an innovative approach to structural design.

The creators of the Bird's Nest employed simulation to replicate the conditions that exist inside

the structure of birds' nests, including the air's temperature, wind speed, and humidity, as well as

experiencing light. (Burrows, 2009). See the figure 7:

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Fig. 7: Bird’s Nest Stadium in China (Eliane, 2020)

At a second level of behavior mimicry, a specific component of an organism's behavior or how it

relates to a broader context may be translated (Webb, n.d.). Biological processes are studied and

emulated in design and engineering through biomimicry. Construction materials that self-repair

is an example of such mechanisms. (Li & Meng, 2015; Kumar et al., 2011). Another example is

the smooth surface of the lotus leaf that can act as a natural mechanism for cleaning itself, for

instance, by letting water flow through it and remove dirt. Even small breezes can sometimes

alter the plant's angle, allowing gravity to nudge dirt away without expending any energy

(Othmani et al., 2022). The same concept has also been applied to the design of new building

materials like paints, tiles, textiles, and glass that require less maintenance and replacement.

Fig. 8: The Bumpy Surface of a Lotus Leaf (GSNN, 2019)

The Eastgate Building, which is located in Zimbabwe, and the CH2 Building, which is located in

Melbourne, Australia, are also a good example of biomimicry at the behavior level. The

buildings were built using methods that were based on the observations made in termite mounds.

These techniques were designed to create a thermal stable environment (Zari, 2018). The CH2

Building's water supply comes from the sewers, which are cleaned and mined from beneath the
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structure (Mohammed et al., n.d.). This is similar to how certain kinds of termite species use the

water as an evaporative cooling mechanism.

Fig. 9 Council House Two (CH2), Melbourne (GreenBiz, 2009)

Fig. 9: Examples of biomimicry at the behavior level (Thestoryboxx, 2022)

The Last step in biomimicry levels involves imitating the various components of an ecosystem

and their successful operation. This process can be carried out by evaluating the ecosystem's

shape, process, and organism. For this application, identifying the biological component

mimicked is essential (Webb, n.d.). At the 'system' level, biomimicry can be applied to the

principles, patterns, and strategies adopted by ecosystems. (Benyus, 2011). Researchers have

indicated that the time has come for biomimicry to move toward an ecosystem-level approach.
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Instead of focusing on the "form" or "process" level, it should focus on the "systemic" level. This

approach can help develop sustainable solutions since it avoids the temptation to copy certain

features of an organism (Zari & J.B. Storey, n.d.). Hayes et al. (2019) argue that system level has

three main biomimetic design approaches being used in built-environment design projects. They

include ‘Life's Principles’, ‘the Genius of Place’, and ‘Ecological Performance Standards’.

Although these are limited examples, they provide valuable insights into the challenges and

opportunities that can be encountered when translating these principles into reality.

In addition to these three levels, there are further five possible dimensions to the mimicry exist

(1) how the design mimics the look and form of an ecosystem, (2) how it mimics the material of

an ecosystem, (3) how it mimics the way that the ecosystem is being constructed, (4) how the

ecosystem works (process) and (5) what the ecosystem is capable of doing (function) (Jamei &

Vrcelj, 2021a). These levels are commonly used by architects to benchmark the bio-mimicry

principles they use in their work. They are used to create sustainable buildings that are energy

efficient and effective. In some projects, the designs are inspired by the behavior and form of

animals that live in the ocean or on the Earth with an adaptive approach to the outside world.

Other projects rely on the plants' responses to varying environmental conditions, such as drought,

heat, and light (Jamei & Vrcelj, 2021a). Table 1 describes the three levels of biomimicry. The

table below shows the different levels of biomimicry, which involve mimicking different aspects

of an organism or ecosystem. At the form level, biomimicry involves creating a physical

structure that looks like an organism or its features, such as a building that looks like a termite

mound. At the material level, biomimicry involves using the same materials that the organism

uses, such as using digested soil like termites. At the construction level, biomimicry involves

mimicking how the organism builds, such as using the same piling techniques as termites. At the
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process level, biomimicry involves mimicking the biological processes of the organism, such as

using meta-genomics to produce hydrogen like termites. At the function level, biomimicry

involves mimicking the ecosystem functions of the organism, such as recycling waste like

termites do. Biomimicry can also occur at the behavior level, which involves mimicking how an

organism behaves or interacts with its environment. For example, a building could mimic how

termites work together to regulate internal conditions and ventilation. At the ecosystem level,

biomimicry involves mimicking the functions and relationships of an entire ecosystem, such as

capturing and converting energy like a termite ecosystem does.

Table 1. A Framework for the level of Biomimicry Adapted from (Zari, 2007 )
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3.4.3 Influence of Biology on Design

The process of translating living ecosystems into suitable solutions for humans is called

mimicking. Numerous examples of biomimetic technologies and architecture that can help the

built environment adapt to climate change or function as an agent of ecological wellness are

discussed by Zari and Hecht (2020). Through ecological standards, nature can determine the

viability and practicality of inventions. It has learned what works and what isn't based on the

past, present, and future conditions. This is why nature has developed the most suitable criteria

for evaluating and assessing new innovations. In 2007, Storey and Zari published a set of

principles that were derived from the comparative analysis of various perspectives on how

ecosystems function. The researchers conducted a comparative analysis of the multiple

disciplines that deal with ecosystem principles, such as biology, ecology, industrial ecology, and

biomimicry. They then formulated a group of principles that were designed to improve the

understanding of how ecosystems function. It was hoped that these principles would be utilized

by designers to help develop sustainable building practices.

Through the use of ecosystem principles, designers can enhance their understanding of

how ecosystems function and develop sustainable building practices (Benyus, 2013; Zari, 2018).

These principles can be used in the various stages of the design process.

3.4.4 Principles of Ecosystem Biomimicry

Research conducted by Zari and Storey (n.d.) explains ecosystem principles as follows:

 Ecosystems are dependent on contemporary sunlight.

 Ecosystems optimize the system rather than its components.
 Ecosystems are attuned to and dependent on local conditions.
 Ecosystems are diverse in components, relationships and information.
 Ecosystems create conditions favorable to sustained life.
 Ecosystems adapt and evolve at different levels and
3.5 Effects of Biomimicry on Architecture
 24

One of the most critical factors a built environment must consider when it comes to its design is

high-level functionality. This can be achieved by using biomimicry in the selection of materials.

Besides understanding complex systems, considering the individual aspects can also improve a

building's overall function. Nature has created systems and structures that can grow and remain

stable, developed using natural processes (Jamei & Vrcelj, 2021b). A biomimetic material

replicates the properties of a living organism in more than one way. There are several functional

properties of biological materials, such as the ability to endure the effects of environmental

conditions and low toxicity (Cui et al., 2019). These have inspired the development of various

practical materials, such as high-performance anti-corrosion coatings, flexible underwater

adhesive pads, and bio-inspired self-shaping composites. For instance, A study on sharkskin

revealed that it was effective at killing harmful bacteria. In order to kill the bacteria, the skin's

surface features strategically placed bumps that can act at the microscopic level. This feature was

then imitated in order to replicate the actions of a microscopic tissue. The material known as

sharklet was useful in preventing the spread of harmful bacteria on hospital surfaces. It contained

94% fewer harmful bacteria than a smooth surface . Gecko feet, which feature a hierarchical

structure, can climb walls using dry adhesion, as depicted in figure 11

 25

Fig 11: Geckskin™ is a new super-adhesive based on the mechanics of gecko feet

(SingularityHub, 2014)

When it comes to building, consideration has to be given to certain materials' availability

and the development of a structure that can be used in various ways based on its functionality.

Examples of such systems include the shells of seashells and palm varieties (Jamei & Vrcelj,

2021b). Biomimicry and architecture go hand-in-hand when it comes to sustainable design.

Biomimicry is imitating nature to give buildings and other artificial structures a more organic

appearance. It looks to natural ecosystems and environmental elements to create an efficient,

sustainable building. An example of this can be seen in the Goodmans Field School in St.

Thomas, Virgin Islands. This building was designed to be naturally air-conditioned by looking at

the cooling properties of shade trees and ponds - which then inspired a series of terraces that

shade and cool the building.

3.5.1 Material Development based on Biomimetic Design

Material development based on biomimetic design is a relatively new field. Pioneers have

looked to biological structures for inspiration and have produced materials that can range from

soft and squishy to complex, depending on the needs of the product. Many of these biomimetic

materials are inspired by nature, such as the structure of an octopus suction cup or a spider's web.

Biomimicry is often used by those with shared access to natural resources; it has become more

prevalent in recent years in response to environmental damage caused by humanity. Biomimicry

is not limited to materials; it also takes inspiration from nature in architecture, design, and

manufacturing processes. In its basic form, biomimetics seeks to find solutions to problems with

materials based on biological solutions.

 26

Ozyegin et al. (2012) wrote a paper in which they described the development of a soft

material inspired by the shell of a sea snail. The idea was to create a smooth, flexible material

that could be used for soft robotics. The material is produced by chemically assembling

microscopic cylinders with diameters of about 5 µm and lengths of about 120 µm. These

microtubes are then cross-linked to form a soft material that can be manipulated into various

shapes. After cross-linking, the soft material can be cut in any condition that may not be possible

before cross-linking. The cross-linked microtubes are coated with polyvinyl alcohol and

glycerol, which makes them water-soluble. After the coated microtubes are dissolved in water,

the remaining material is dried to create a soft material that can be manipulated into any shape.

Many biomimetic materials have emerged recently (Tayeh et al., 2020). Most of today’s

biomimetic materials are designed for specific purposes Scales (2022).

The paper by Akeiber et al. (2016) offers a comprehensive review of bioinspired

materials, categorizing them into four distinct categories that each highlight their unique

functions and abilities:. The authors delve into the ways in which these innovative materials are

able to adjust to environmental factors, offering practical examples of how they can be applied in

various settings. By exploring the potential of these materials in architecture, the paper provides

valuable insights into the ways in which we can incorporate nature's designs into our built

environment. Overall, this is a well-researched and thought-provoking study that is sure to

inspire further exploration into the possibilities of bioinspired materials.

Bioinspired materials can be categorized into four: (1) smart materials that change and

react in response to external factors; (2) materials with innovative surface structures and

enhanced functions; (3) bio-inspired materials that focus on advanced geometries and structural
 27

configurations; and (4) technologies that improve existing systems by integrating specific

adaption strategies (Ahamed et al,2022) . Faragalla and Asadi (2022) hold the view that smart

materials can alter certain parameters and properties in response to mechanical, chemical, spatial,

and temporal factors in different environmental conditions. Imani et al. (2018) depict solar

panels and reactive textiles as examples of synthetic materials inspired by the shape-changing

materials in plants. They are capable of being used in a variety of applications in architecture,

either as sensors, actuators, and non-tech/low-tech hydromorphic materials.

On the other hand, Lurie-Luke (2014) argue that smart materials can be subdivided into

two sections: chemical stimuli and physical stimuli. The author found that for chemical stimuli,

the specific receptor of a material detects and promotes a highly-specific internal response. Other

researchers indicate that common biomimetic applications are for Ph changes and metal ion

components of smart materials (Zarzar et al., 2011; Greene et al., 2008). Meanwhile, Akeiber et

al. (2016) are of the view that physical stimuli can range anywhere from heat to light and water

content. Sustainable buildings should be able to respond to different types of stimuli. An article

by Zarzar et al. (2011) indicates that the different types of stimuli can be grouped as shown

below:

The article by Uchiyama et al. (2020) delves into the world of surface materials and the

various categories that exist within it. the second category comprises materials with surface

modifications, innovative surface structures, and improved functions (Vignolini, 2018). ,

Uchiyama et al. (2020) explored in detail the second group of materials, highlighting their novel

surface structures and improved functionalities. Anti-reflective and repellent properties are

among the functionalities that have been developed in this category, and the article offers

insights from experts in the field regarding these developments. One interesting aspect of this
 28

article is its exploration of nature-inspired designs in surface materials. For example, the article

notes how plants and geckos have developed unique surface structures that offer useful

properties like water repellency and adhesion. The article suggests that studying these natural

designs could lead to new developments in the field of surface materials, particularly in the area

of rough and safe surfaces. Overall, this article offers an informative overview of surface

materials and the exciting developments that are taking place within the field. Its emphasis on

nature-inspired designs provides a unique perspective on the subject and suggests that there is

still much to learn from the natural world when it comes to designing effective materials. The

modification of polymers' surfaces is demonstrated in Nemani et al.'s (2018) methods and

applications:

Fig 12: Polymer Surface

Modification (Wiley Online Library,

2018)

The third category is bio-inspired materials focusing on advanced geometries and structural

configurations (Ahamed et al., 2022b). This material architecture is made of natural exoskeletons
 29

and endoskeletons (Vignolini & Bruns, 2018). These materials can be used early in a project's

development to create new and exciting architectural features, as shown in figure 5. The ability

to construct lightweight structures is made possible through natural structural adaptations, such

as the beetle elytra that consist of two layers and are held together by a network of

interconnected components to maintain their structural integrity, as noted by Kolle et al. (2013).

Moreover, new nanoscale structures have been made by mimicking natural photonic structures.

The orange fruit inspired the following building (Hogan, 2021).

The fourth biomimicry category, which involves the use of materials with specialized

technologies, is a significant area of implementation, as noted by Ahamed et al. (2022b). These

materials have been observed to enhance the efficiency of robotics and vehicle movement, as

illustrated in figure 6, and have even contributed to the development of novel transportation

methods (Iqbal & Khan, 2017). By imitating biological systems, particularly the muscular and

skeletal systems, valuable insights can be gained regarding principles of movement (Joiner,

2018):

3.5.2 Inspired Materials from Nature

This section explores the various natural materials that can adapt to the environment and

provide various functional features. Some examples of these include functional surfaces that can

be used by animals and plants (Ahamed et al., 2022a). Although many things can be inspired by

nature, there are two general types: extrapolation and duplication. Extrapolation is when an

architect or designer tries to figure out how a structure that already exists functions. Duplication

is when someone looks to nature for a primary function and then tries to copy the same thing. It

is important to note that both types of mimicry are common, even though most are frowned upon

today. Mimicking a natural structure can be either an inspiration or a hindrance to its function.
 30

A well-known example is the bubble dome, inspired by Dragonfly wings, and the

MMAA building, inspired by the cactus plant (fig 14). This type of shape was initially thought to

be only capable of supporting its internal weight. However, Otto found a way to use the shapes

and natural strength to support its weight. This reduced the stress on the structure and made it

possible for it to be used as a roof. This was a significant development in lightweight building

materials because modern architecture had been focusing on figuring out ways of resisting

tension instead of compression (Topend Sports Network, 2023):

Fig 14: MMAA building and the cactus inspiration (Evolo, 2011)

Additionally, architecture has used duplication since ancient times. Imitation architecture is one

of the first types of mimicry that people began doing in ancient civilizations (Harkness, 2012). In

the past, mimicry has been used as a means of decoration. Ancient Romans, for example, copied

natural stone formations such as columns and megaliths (Knippers & Speck, 2012). This

imitation architectural style may have helped ancient civilizations to survive by making their

cities seem more like real ones. Another example of imitation is the Greek Doric column found

in many ancient architectural designs. It was inspired by the structure of ficus trees, which are

native to tropical climates. Table 2 indicates how various materials are inspired by nature, mainly

by mimicking plants, Source: (Ahamed et al., 2022a)

 31

ANIMALS (FUNCTIONAL SURFACES)

FEATURES Animals

1. SURFACES FOR ANTI-WEAR Dung beetle, ground beetle earthworm and mole
cricket seashells and whelks, desert lizards and
scorpions
Water strider and Parnassus butterfly wing
2. SURFACES FOR SUPER HYDROPHOBICITY
3. SURFACES ACTING AS INNOVATIVE Geckos, soil-burrowing animals
ADHESIVES
4. SURFACES FOR DRAG REDUCTION Carp and shark
5. SURFACES FOR ANTI-FOGGING Culex pipiens mosquito
6. SURFACES FOR NOISE REDUCTION Owls
7. SURFACES FOR WATER CAPTURE Stenocara beetle
8. SURFACES FOR OPTICAL FUNCTION Moth eye, an insect called Trogonoptera Brookiana and
Papilio Ulysses, Sea mouse, Peacock feather, male
beetles (Coleoptera), and Paradise whiptail
PLANTS (DYNAMIC MOVEMENTS) Plants
FEATURES
1. ELASTIC MOVEMENT Strelitzia reginae (bird of paradise flower)
2. REVERSIBLE SNAPPING MOTION Aldrovanda Vesiculosa (Waterwheel plant) and Venus
Flytrap
3. UNIDIRECTIONAL CHANGES AT THE Flower of Lilium Casa Bianca (Liliaceae)
PERIPHERY
4. SMART OPENING-CLOSING SYSTEM Seeds of many Mesembryanthemums and leaves of
Rhodendron
5. TOUCH AND VIBRATION SENSITIVITY Mimosa pudica (Sensitive plant) and leaves of Mimosa
FOLDS INWARDS AS A REACTION TO pudica
CONTACT
6. ORIENTED AND FOLDED BASED ON Leucaena leucocephala (White lead tree) and Maranta
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY leucon Eura (Prayer Leaf)
7. CHANGE TEMPERATURE LEVELS PASSIVELY Salvia Officinalis (Sage) and Kalanchoe Pumila
(Dwarf purple kalanchoe)
8. WATER-USE EFFICIENCY Echeveria Glauca is an example of a CAM plant
9. REFLECT SUNLIGHT FROM HAIRY Hairy leaves of Gynandriris Setifolia
SURFACES
Table 2: Most typical types of Materials inspired by the nature

animals, and plants. For instance, surfaces for anti-wear mimic the corrugated surface of a

beetle's scaly heel to minimize slippage (Ahamed et al., 2022a). There are two theories on how

the surface of dung beetles' feet evolved so resistant to sliding. One idea is that it has something

to do with molds and fungi; another is that it has something to do with rain and mud (Scholtz et

al., 2009). Both theories still need to be completed and combined with learning more about the
 32

surfaces of dung beetle feet. Therefore, architects mimicking the dung beetle in the design of

functional surfaces should be aware of the existing gaps in the literature and conduct further

research to ensure the success of their designs.

Surfaces for super hydrophobicity are inspired by water striders and the Parnassus

butterfly wing (Ahamed et al., 2022a). Super-hydrophobic surfaces are generally rough,

consisting of nano-scaled or micro-scale asperities at the solid/liquid interface. The contact angle

can characterize super-hydrophobic surfaces. In particular, this is the angle at which a liquid

droplet rests on a solid surface, with the liquid not in direct contact with the solid surface below.

Water typically has a contact angle of about 120 degrees, but super hydrophobic coatings can

have a contact angle of 150 degrees or more (Andrews et al., 2011). Super-hydrophobic surfaces

are helpful because they direct water droplets to drip off rather than collect on them and cause

flooding.

3.6 Structure Behavior-wise

Nature is one of the most efficient systems on earth. However, humans are now

mimicking it and modified in new ways to create more sustainable, greener technologies and

systems (Uchiyama et al., 2020). Biomimicry is the source of inspiration for those who want to

go green but may need help knowing where to start. For example, when a leaf bends in the wind,

it is not just a simple reflex; instead, it allows gas exchange between photosynthesis and

respiration (Stein & Walsh, 2001). The same is true for the wings of birds and even human

hands.

In the process of optimizing structures, biomimicry can be used in three different ways:

customized/freeform, simulation-driven, and lattice design. These three methods can be used

together to create a complete design. For instance, a lattice can be integrated into a freeform
 33

design process (du Plessis et al., 2019). The design of the lattices can be incorporated into

various processes, such as freeform and simulation design processes. It is possible to use any of

these approaches with or without direct input from nature (Thompson et al., 2016), with varying

levels of biological input.

According to Ozyegin et al. (2012), customized and freeform design methods involve the

manipulation of curved surfaces. These are used to create unique and custom designs that can be

utilized in a specific application (Knippers & Speck, 2012). Examples include customized

implants intended to mimic the bone shape directly for replacement, tree-like support structures,

nervous system-inspired shading, or hierarchical networks that branch and merge constantly.

Simulation-driven design is one of the most promising techniques for designing lightweight

structures. This process is commonly referred to as structural optimization. Structural

optimization involves simulations and material removals in an iterative process to optimize the

required material distributions or stiffnesses for a given load case (Orme et al., 2018). Biological

systems exhibit or facilitate functions (e.g., self-assembly, information management) that are

analogous to human-engineered systems and created to solve specific problems living systems

face. Complex biological structures can function efficiently to fulfill specific functions

depending on their environment and the constraints imposed by an organism. Learning from

these structures can help improve the efficiency of buildings (Wang et al., 2020). Bhate (2019)

classifies the structural elements of natural structures based on their composition, distinguishing

between beams or surfaces, and whether they are located internally or externally to the shape.

This can be illustrated as shown in the figure below see (fig.15)

 34

Fig 15: Some Cellular Materials found in nature

The paper by Kshirsagar et al. (2017) discusses how biomimicry can be used in various

aspects of architectural and engineering fields such as building design, structure, and materials.

The paper highlights how nature has always been a source of inspiration for humans, and

biomimicry aims to find solutions by emulating nature. The paper provides examples of different

types of inspiration - visual, conceptual, and computational - and their applications in

architecture. Visual inspiration involves using the visual features of living organisms or their

systems to create similar-looking engineering systems. For example, the reinforced concrete for a

large span roof structure in an exhibition building can be shaped like a sea turtle shell see (fig.16)

and (fig.17). The Denver International Airport's tensile fabric roof is another example of visual

inspiration. Conceptual inspiration occurs when a structural engineer uses a principle found the

Natural rocky mountain in the design. For instance, the biological principle of homeostasis can be

used to determine the optimal shape of shell roofs subjected to thermal and mechanical loads.

The Ark of the World, located in the Costa Rican rainforest, is an example of conceptual

inspiration. The building's design is based on the "blob-like" shapes of amoebas and other
 35

naturally occurring forms. The paper emphasizes that both visual and conceptual inspiration

require the involvement of a human designer who has a solid understanding of nature and

structural engineering. The third type of inspiration, computational inspiration, involves the use

of computational mechanisms inspired by the mechanisms occurring in nature. However, this

type of inspiration is still poorly understood and difficult to use. The paper provides specific

structural examples that demonstrate how biomimicry can be applied in building design and

engineering. It highlights the importance of a sophisticated human designer in the application of

biomimicry and emphasizes the potential of computational inspiration in revolutionizing design.

 36

Fig. 16: sea turtle shell inspiration (NGS, 2018) Fig. 17: Exhibition hall inspired from turtle shell

Fig.18: Denver international airport in USA Fig.19 Natural rocky mountain

The paper by Jamei and Vrcelj (2021) examines how the principles of biomimicry can be applied

to building structures to learn from nature’s solutions. The authors discuss several examples of

building structures inspired by nature, including bone and joint mechanisms, spider webs, tree

rooting systems, amoeba cells, and honeycombs. The bone and joint mechanisms in humans and

animals inspired the development of building structures that work by dislocating some of its

parts and then reconstructing by simply relocating structural connections (joints) back together.

This notion served as a source of inspiration for Gustave Eiffel, a structural engineer from

A B
 37

France, who integrated the lattice structure of studs and braces into the base of the Eiffel Tower

when he designed it in 1889. This is evident in the illustration provided by Skedros and Baucom

(2007) in Fig. 18 a and b:

Fig. 18: (A) The thigh bone structure (B) Eiffel

Tower base structure

This approach can result in safer buildings and the

reduction in construction costs (Skedros & Baucom,

2007) . Spider webs, with their unique geometric

features, inspired the creation of strong, stiff threads for

supporting or structural purposes and flexible and

sticky threads to retain prey on the web. The tree rooting system is another example of

biomimicry in building design. The three mechanisms adopted by trees to resist overturning,

namely compressive buttressing, tensile buttressing, and tap rooting, can be replicated in

building structures to withstand loading. The authors also discuss the structural capacity of

amoeba cells, which is still under research. However, the spherical shape of the amoeba cell may

demonstrate the wisdom of nature in building structures with better resistance on impact from

arbitrary directions. If the mechanisms of how amoeba constructs the shell are known, engineers

and scientists may develop excellent construction processes that minimize the need for precise

calculation and computation power.

Naboni and Paoletti (2015) indicated that Environmental scientists and engineers have

attempted to mimic the designs and forms of natural structures to achieve reasonable solutions

addressing environmental and sustainability issues. They then utilized these findings to solve

practical structural problems. For instance, the Pantheon in Rome's roof was inspired by the
 38

shape of a seashell (Oguntona & Aigbavboa, 2017; Yiatros et al., 2007). The roof of the

Pantheon is made of a multi-dimensional curved surface, which allows it to gain strength without

requiring additional reinforcement. This structural design makes it lighter than standard

reinforced concrete spanning structures (Ming HU, n.d.). The use of this design led engineers to

minimize the effect of a building's weight.

The structural design of the Sydney Opera House’s suspension structures is similar to spider

webs (fig 19). Like cell walls, membrane structures such as stadium canopies and roofs gain

strength through constant tension (Lee, 2010). The World Trade Center took was inspired by the

structural organization of bamboo and created a structure that scales its resilience using a

deliberate form. The stems of bamboo are divided into internodes using the diaphragm. The

nodes are located outside the diaphragm creating a mark where new growth can occur. The small

diameter change occurs at nodes located at the bottom, middle, or top (Lee, 2010). Another

structure that was inspired from nature is the sandwich Structure components in a honeycomb are

rigidly joined together using a core-to-skin adhesive to create a cohesive whole. This structure

offers various advantages, such as low weight, rigidity, and stability compared to usual materials.

The honeycomb structure's ability to maintain its form and withstand external vibrations can be

compared to that of an earthquake (HEXCEL COMPOSITES, 2000).

3.6.1 Building Envelope-wise (Heating, Cooling, and Lighting)

Envelop-wise is an interactive guide for building certified energy-efficient homes.

Constructing these homes can improve the health and well-being of the family living in them

(Harkness, 2012). These homes are also less expensive to build, have a longer life span, and offer

better resale value than traditional models. More importantly, they meet new rules from state and

local governments that require more energy-efficient builds (Knippers & Speck, 2012). Lighting,
 39

HVAC, and electric installations are crucial considerations, regardless of whether one is building

a new home or renovating an existing one. According to Stein and Walsh (2001), many new

developments have mandatory energy-efficient requirements that can add years to the design and

construction process. Energy efficiency requirements vary by jurisdiction; some regions have no

mandate, while others require stringent energy-efficient criteria. Choosing a local building

inspector is the best way to ensure that construction will meet these requirements.

The building envelope is a component of the building's overall interface with the

environment, acting as a bridge between the building's occupants and the elements. The study of

natural behavior inspired many projects, attempting to address the varying environmental

conditions in the different sites while providing a sustainable living environment. (Ming HU,

n.d.). The building envelope, defined as a prolonged barrier between a structure and its external

environment (Ciampi et al., 2021, p. 11), plays a crucial role. It should be carefully designed to

ensure the comfort of those occupying a given building. As stated by Vignolini et al. (2018),

distinct integration strategies and geometries allow organisms to endure or adjust to extreme

conditions. Likewise, buildings implement particular techniques to conform to their surroundings

and reduce negative ecological effects, with the building envelope being a vital approach.

Controlling energy consumption and maintaining interior comfort are key functions of

the building envelope (Barbosa & Ip, 2014). Traditionally, it has been used to prevent heat loss

and control solar gain (Liu et al., 2017), as seen in the designs of Masdar city, Mashrabya House,

Al Bahar towers, and the Arab Cultural Institute, which draw inspiration from natural patterns

and respond to environmental conditions (el Semary et al., 2017). By facilitating the transfer of

heat through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation, the building envelope serves as
 40

a link between a building's interior and exterior (Peeks & Badarnah, 2021). Proper interaction

between internal and external environments contributes significantly to building sustainability.

In 2012, Knippers and Speck identified four main principles for adaptive natural

materials in architectural systems (Knippers and Speck, 2012). The first principle is the

heterogeneity, which involves the local adaptation of physical or chemical properties and

geometric differentiation of elements. This principle is commonly used in building facades,

curtain walls, and internal finishes. The second principle is anisotropy, which is based on

anisotropic fibre reinforcements and fibre-reinforced design rules for functionally graded

materials (Knippers and Speck, 2012). The third principle is a hierarchy, which involves a

hierarchical structure from the nanoscale to the macro-scale to achieve multilevel construction

and reduce environmental impact. The fourth principle is multifunctionality, which involves

integrating functions into a single element or mono-functional components into multifunctional

material systems for mechanical, fluidic, and thermal interaction at different scales.

According to Chen and Chen (2013) based on the climate classification system known as

the Koppen, daylighting guide systems commonly used in warm and temperate climates are

made of biomimicry principles. They are designed to provide a responsive and adaptive

envelope. They are also commonly utilized in combination with other materials to form complex

and flexible forms. An investigation of daylighting system designs that are inspired by

biomimetic principles offers a wealth of knowledge. It can analyze the building scale, movement

types, influence elements, and geometric form, functions, ways of admitting daylight, and

climate (Chen & Chen, 2013).

Schieber et al. (2017) indicate that the three types of geometric forms that are commonly

used in daylighting guide systems are complex, convertible, and hierarchical structures. The
 41

former is pervasive, while the hierarchical self-changed structures has a growing trend. These

systems are designed to provide various functions such as daylight control, glare protection,

thermal regulation, and daylight performance.

According to Hertzsch in nature, there are various forms of self-shading that can be found

in plant. For instance, the fleshy parts of cactus can adapt to harsh environments by reducing the

amount of solar radiation. These forms can also provide an opportunity to develop intelligent

facade systems (Eadie et al., 2011).

Aanuoluwapo and Ohis (2017) report that the unique adaptations of many plants permit

them to sense and reach ample sunlight and to coordinate whole plant growth by enhancing

photosynthesis efficiency. Therefore, Plants provide numerous opportunities, inspiring architects

and engineers to design building envelopes to meet different design approches. Plants adapt to

their environment in three ways: morphological, physiological, and behavioral (Ahamed et al.,

2022b). The morphological way is concerned with an organism's size, shape, structure, or pattern

depending on the surrounding. It enables an organism to function better and survive in its

environment. An example is the hairy leaves of Gy-nandriris centifolia, as indicated in Fig. 20

(3a). Sunbeams from the surface are a consequence of adapting to dry and hot environments

(Ezcurra, 2006).

Fig 20: Plant Adaptation Solutions (2017)

Physiological/functional adaptation is concerned with the chemical processes of an

organism. It is mainly characterized by organismic or general responses to certain external

stimuli to maintain homeostasis. Some plants use CAM photosynthesis, such as the Crassulacean

Acid Metabolism. They adapt to arid conditions that increase efficiency in their water use. An
 42

example is Echeveria Glauca (Fig 20. (3b) (Ezcurra,

2006). Behavioral adaptation relates to the actions

an organism takes to enhance survival. According to

El-Rahman et al. (2020), behavioral adaptation

utilizes a signal feedback system to map the

interaction between an organism and its environment. Some leaves close upon encounter with

specific stimuli. An example is Mimosa pudica, as shown in Fig 20. (3c), which folds inward as

a reaction to contact.

According to Badarnah (2017), applying biomimicry at the morphological level help to

design facades that adapt to the ambient environment using complex and flexible forms. also The

behavior and movements of the plant can help us identify the area of attraction that is transitory

on the facade. Based on the observed stomata behavior and movements, we can select daylight

control that consists of symmetrical, equidistant, and regular pores (Hosseiniet al., 2021). The

design of façades can be inspired by nature and expressed in several ways through design by the

designing a functional or aesthetic form; creating a functional material for the façade;

incorporating a new feature, such as self-cleaning or energy conservation; and constructing the

façade with a new technique. Façade-making materials are often made using a biomimetic

process (Tokuç et al., 2019).

 43

Fig 21. -Biomimetic technologies for building facade design, by (TBT, 2017).

Recent examples of dynamic facades include The Arab World Institute (Institut du Monde

Arabe in French) in paris (Sidhu & Singh, 2021). The south facade features steel carvings that

represent the part of the human eye that's known as the iris of a human eye. These components

are designed to capture and release light from the building through their open-close mechanism.

There are 240 mashrabiyas in total, and half of them are composed of mobile air intakes.

Fig 22. - South façade mimicking Iris of an eye.

Booth the Bloom by Doris Kim Sung and the office Building Media-TIC by Enric Ruiz Geli
feature adaptive architectural envelops with dynamic and al-kinetic structures (Ló pez et
al., 2017). While the Media-TIC building was designed as an energy-efficient structure that
uses a skin as an expressin of energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions, the Bloom
installation uses computational methods and structural innovation to create an envelope
that responds to changes in light and heat. By regulating the building's temperature and
reducing the need for artificial cooling, these projects showcase the potential for adaptive
architectural envelops to contribute to sustainable design
 44

Fig 23. The Bloom and the office Building Media-TIC Façade (Lopez, 2017)

In their paper, the two researchers Radwan and Osama (2016) explore the possibility of
biomimicry in improving the energy efficiency of buildings. They reviewed several literatures on
biomimicry and biomimicry skin, as well as analyzed a variety of case studies in the field. The
results indicated that Council House 2 2 (CH2), Melbourne was the most energy-efficient of all
the case studies. The north and south facades in the Council House 2 were designed after the
tree's bronchi (Sidhu & Singh, 2021). These were used as windpipes and allowed for air ducts to
be installed on the exterior of the CH2. The service core and toilets, which made up the eastern
core and facade, were designed to look like tree skin (bark). In the ventilated wet area spaces
behind, the skin served as a protective barrier, absorbing light and air. Finally, perforated metal
with polycarbonate walling is used to construct the overlapping layers of the facade.
 45

Fig 24: wind pipes on the north façade & overlapping layers of façade Webb, S. (n.d.).

Fig 25: Building Envelops (Cui et al., 2019)

 46

Fig 25 demonstrates different types of building envelopes, each designed to deal with

specific weather conditions. According to Cruz et al. (2021), building skins are multi-criteria

systems that control several environmental factors, such as heat, light, humidity, mechanical

stress, and ventilation.

3.7 Projects and Cases

This section of the literature review examines several projects that have employed the

principles of biomimicry at different levels. The projects are reviewed in terms of their approach

to emulating nature's solutions to design problems and the extent to which they draw inspiration

from different biological systems. The review provides insights into the diverse ways in which

biomimicry can be applied across different fields of architecture. Additionally, the review offers

a critical evaluation of the strengths and limitations of each project, and highlights some of the

key challenges and opportunities associated with the biomimicry approach. Overall, this section

of the literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of biomimicry

research and development, and demonstrates the exciting potential of this emerging field for

innovation and sustainability.

Examples of biomimicry in architecture and design, along with some comments on their

significance:

 The King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia: This
campus was designed to mimic the movement of desert sand dunes. The architects used
computer modeling to simulate the flow of wind and sand and used the resulting patterns to
shape the buildings and outdoor spaces. The result is a campus well-suited to the hot and
windy desert climate, with plenty of shade and shelter from the elements.

 The Gherkin in London, UK: This iconic building was inspired by the Venus flower basket
sponge, which has a lattice-like structure that allows it to withstand strong ocean currents.
The architects used a similar lattice structure for the building's exterior, which helps to
 47

distribute wind loads and reduce the need for internal structural supports. The result is a
building that is both visually stunning and structurally efficient.

 The Water Cube in Beijing, China: This building, which was built for the 2008 Summer
Olympics, was inspired by soap bubbles and the molecular structure of water. The architects
used a pattern of interconnected bubbles to create the building's unique shape, which is
visually striking and highly functional. The building's innovative use of ETFE (ethylene
tetrafluoroethylene) material allows maximum natural light to enter the space while keeping
the interior cool.
These projects showcase the incredible potential of biomimicry in architecture and design.

By looking to nature for inspiration, architects and designers can create buildings that are not

only beautiful but also highly functional and sustainable. As we continue to face pressing

environmental and climate challenges, biomimicry will only become more critical in shaping the

buildings and cities of the future.

4. Results
4.1 Article Review Table
Table 1: Here is the table summarizing the main articles reviewed

Source Main focus Summary Comments

Aanuoluwapo, O. O., & Ohis, Biomimicry as a Biomimicry is a new science Biomimicry offers a
A. C. (2017). Biomimetic sustainable that imitates nature's designs promising approach to
Strategies for Climate solution for and processes to provide addressing waste,
Change Mitigation in the industry and sustainable solutions for resource efficiency,
built environment. Energy research industry and research. and management
Procedia, 105, 3868-3875. development. problems by learning
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017. from nature's highly
03.792 efficient systems and
processes.

Ahamed, M. K., Wang, H., & Nature-inspired By analyzing the systems in The article provides an
Hazell, P. J. (2022a). From materials for particular organisms and overview of current
biology to biomimicry: building and their surroundings, research and examples
Using nature to build civil structures biomimicry in architecture of successful
better structures – A aims to translate natural implementations of
review. In Construction processes into a building. these biomimicry-
and Building Materials The article reviews recent based materials and
 48

Source Main focus Summary Comments

(Vol. 320). Elsevier Ltd. findings on bacterially systems in real-world

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.co enhanced materials, bio- applications.
nbuildmat.2021.126195 inspired novel cementitious
composites, building
envelope and facade systems,
and advanced manufacturing
techniques.

Akeiber, H., Nejat, P., Majid, Phase change Passive cooling techniques The article focuses on
M. Z. A., Wahid, M. A., materials are a promising alternative to the potential of PCMs
Jomehzadeh, F., Zeynali (PCMs) for conventional cooling for passive cooling and
Famileh, I., Calautit, J. K., passive cooling systems, with thermal energy needs to
Hughes, B. R., & Zaki, S. in building storage using latent heat comprehensively
A. (2016). A review on envelopes being an efficient way to evaluate other passive
phase change material increase the thermal inertia cooling techniques.
(PCM) for of building envelopes. Phase
environmentally friendly change materials (PCMs)
passive cooling in building with high density for thermal
exteriors. Reviews of energy storage can be
Renewable and efficiently employed for this
Sustainable Energy (Vol. purpose.
60, pp. 1470–1497).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rs
er.2016.03.036 Elsevier
Ltd.

Badarnah, L. (2017). Form Biomimetic Using nature-inspired This study highlights

follows environment: approach to strategies to design building the potential of
Biomimetic approaches to building envelopes that adapt to biomimicry in
Building Envelope Design envelopes environmental changes for enhancing the
for environmental improved functionality. functionality of
adaptation. Buildings, 7(4), building envelopes,
40. providing a promising
doi:10.3390/buildings7020 avenue for sustainable
040 and adaptive design.

Chen, D., & Chen, H. W. Using Köppen The paper discusses the The study provides
(2013). Using the köppen classification to different types of inspiration valuable insights into
 49

Source Main focus Summary Comments

classification to quantify monitor climate (visual, conceptual, and the potential of

climate variation and changes. computational) from nature biomimicry in
change: An example for and their applications in architecture and
1901–2010. Environmental building design and engineering,
Development, 6, 69-79. engineering. It emphasizes highlighting the
doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2013 the importance of a skilled importance of a human
.03.007 human designer and the designer's involvement
potential of computational in the process. The
inspiration. paper also indicates a
promising future for
the use of
computational
inspiration in design.

El-Rahman, S. M. A., Esmail, Biomimicry- The study aims to develop The study is limited to a
S. I., Khalil, H. B., & El- inspired sustainable, adaptive specific type of building
Razaz, Z. (2020). adaptive building envelopes in hot envelope, and the
Biomimicry-inspired building climates based on research was conducted
Adaptive Building envelope in a biomimicry principles. The in a specific geographic
Envelope in a hot climate. hot climate researchers developed a location. Further
Journal of Engineering linear facade with an research is needed to
Research, 166, A1-A17. adaptive design contour to test the applicability of
https://doi.org/10.21608/er achieve good thermal biomimicry principles
j.2020.135274 performance, low power in different climates and
consumption, and long building types.
service life.

Harkness, J. (2012). The The disruptive The study focuses on how The study provides
disruptive power of power of biomimicry has disrupted empirical evidence or
biomimicry. Harvard biomimicry architectural design and is data on the benefits of
Business Review, 90(11), becoming a new standard, biomimicry and its
88. with architects using impact on the
biomimicry concepts to environment. Further
create buildings that better research is needed to
meet the needs of humans, quantify the effects of
natural environments, and biomimicry on
future generations. sustainability and
environmental impact.

Hosseini, S. M., Mohammadi, Developing a Biomimicry-inspired façade This study showcases

M., Schröder, T., & bio-inspired using plant's stomata how biomimicry
Guerra-Santin, O. (2021). interactive movement to control principles can be
kinetic façade to daylight and prevent visual integrated with complex
 50

Source Main focus Summary Comments

Bio-inspired interactive improve visual discomfort for multiple fenestration and human-
kinetic façade: Using comfort for occupants simultaneously. in-loop systems to
dynamic transitory- multiple create sustainable and
sensitive area to improve occupants. visually comfortable
multiple occupants’ visual building facades.
comfort. Frontiers of
Architectural Research,
10(4), 821-837.
doi:10.1016/j.foar.2021.07
.004

Jamei, E., & Vrcelj, Z. (2021). Biomimicry in The study discusses how The study provides
Biomimicry and the built building principles of biomimicry compelling examples of
environment, learning structures. can be applied to building how biomimicry can
from nature’s solutions. structures to learn from inspire innovative
Applied Sciences, 11(16), nature's solutions. solutions to challenging
7514. problems in structural
engineering.

Kshirsagar, A. A. P., Malani, A. Biomimicry in The paper discusses the The study provides
S. S., & Tiware, E. V. S. building different types of inspiration valuable insights into
(2017). Biomimicry– structures. (visual, conceptual, and the potential of
Nature Inspired Building computational) from nature biomimicry in
Structures. International and their applications in architecture and
Journal of Engineering building design and engineering,
Research and Technology, engineering. It emphasizes highlighting the
10(1), 162-166. the importance of a skilled importance of a human
human designer and the designer's involvement
potential of computational in the process. The
inspiration. paper also indicates a
promising future for the
use of computational
inspiration in design.

López, M., Rubio, R., Martín, Biomimetic Study proposes using plant This study presents an
S., & Croxford, B. (2017). façade design adaptations to guide interesting approach to
How plants inspire using plant innovative façade design energy-efficient
façades. From plants to adaptations. solutions, providing a building design,
architecture: Biomimetic methodology and design utilizing natural
principles for the concept cases. adaptations to inform
development of adaptive architectural solutions.
architectural
 51

Source Main focus Summary Comments

envelopes. Renewable &

Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 67, 692-703.

Lopez, Marlen & Croxford, Ben Adaptive The study explores the use This study offers an
& Rubio, Ramón & architectural of active materials to create innovative approach to
Martín, Santiago & envelopes using adaptive architectural sustainable architecture,
Jackson, Richard. (2015). biomimetic envelopes inspired by plant drawing inspiration
Active materials for principles from adaptation strategies. from nature and using
adaptive architectural plants. new technologies to
envelopes based on plant create low-tech
adaptation principles. solutions.
Journal of Facade Design
and Engineering. 3.
10.3233/FDE-150026.

Radwan, G., & Osama, N. Biomimicry for The study explores the use Biomimicry is an
(2016). Biomimicry, an energy-efficient of biomimicry in building innovative and
approach, for energy building skin skin design to improve promising approach to
effecient building skin design. energy efficiency. designing energy-
design. Procedia efficient buildings that
Environmental Sciences, can minimize the
34, 178-189. negative impact on the
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2016. environment.
04.017

Schieber, G., Born, L., Bio-inspired Researchers study insect Bio-inspired designs
Bergmann, P., Körner, A., hingeless hindwings and shield bug can lead to more
Mader, A., Saffarian, S., . . shading wing cuticle structure to efficient and adaptable
. Knippers, J. (2017). systems. develop hingeless shading building systems with
Hindwings of insects as systems for curved facades. reduced maintenance
concept generator for needs.
hingeless foldable shading
systems. Bioinspiration &
Biomimetics, 13(1),
016012. doi:10.1088/1748-
3190/aa979c

Sidhu, R. K., & Singh, V. Developing a A biomimicry approach was This study offers a
 52

Source Main focus Summary Comments

(2021, May). Biomimicry bio-inspired used to develop a kinetic promising solution to

for developing energy interactive façade that adapts to sun improve visual comfort
efficient facades. Retrieved kinetic façade position and multiple in buildings while
February 20, 2023, occupants reducing energy
consumption through
biomimicry and smart
systems.

Tokuç, A., Özkaban, F. F., & Biomimetic and This chapter explores the Learning from natural
Çakır, Ö. A. (2018). biodesign application of biomimetic processes can lead to
Biomimetic Facade principles in and biodesign principles in more sustainable design
Applications for a More building façades building façades for solutions, and applying
Sustainable Future. for sustainable sustainable design, looking sustainability principles
Interdisciplinary design. at design principles, should be at the core of
Expansions in Engineering materials, and cases. design problem
and Design With the definition.
Power of Biomimicry. doi:
10.5772/intechopen.73021

Uchiyama, Y., Blanco, E., & Application of The study reviews the use of The study reviews
Kohsaka, R. (2020). biomimetics to biomimicry in architectural existing literature and
Application of architectural and urban design and provides empirical
biomimetics to and urban highlights its potential to evidence or data on the
architectural and urban design: A substantially improve benefits of biomimicry.
design: A review across review across architecture by taking Further research is
scales. Sustainability, scales inspiration from the natural needed to quantify the
12(1), 1–17. world. effects of biomimicry
on sustainability and
environmental impact.

Zari, M. P., & Hecht, K. (2020). Biomimicry for The study aims to present The study is limited to a
Biomimicry for regenerative research underpinning the conceptual framework
regenerative built built creation of a qualitative and needs to provide
environments: Mapping environments: relational diagram in an empirical evidence or
design strategies for Mapping design online interactive format data on the benefits of
producing ecosystem strategies for that relates ecosystem biomimicry. Further
services. Biomimetics, producing services concepts to design research is needed to
5(2). ecosystem strategies, concepts, quantify the effects of
https://doi.org/10.3390/BI services technologies, and case biomimicry on
OMIMETICS5020018 studies in a format for use sustainability and
by built environment environmental impact.
professionals.
 53

Source Main focus Summary Comments

Source Main focus Summary Comments

Ahamed, M. K., Wang, H., & Nature-inspired The use of biomimicry in The article provides
Hazell, P. J. (2022a). From materials for architecture involves an overview of
biology to biomimicry: building and translating natural processes current research and
Using nature to build civil structures into a building by studying examples of
better structures – A systems in specific organisms successful
review. In Construction and their environment. The implementations of
and Building Materials article reviews current these biomimicry-
(Vol. 320). Elsevier Ltd. research on bio-inspired based materials and
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.co novel cementitious systems in real-
nbuildmat.2021.126195 composites, bacteria- world applications.
enhanced materials, building
envelopes and facade
systems, and advanced
manufacturing processes.

Akeiber, H., Nejat, P., Majid, Phase change Passive cooling techniques The article focuses on
M. Z. A., Wahid, M. A., materials are a promising alternative the potential of PCMs
Jomehzadeh, F., Zeynali (PCMs) for to conventional cooling for passive cooling and
Famileh, I., Calautit, J. K., passive cooling systems, with thermal needs to
Hughes, B. R., & Zaki, S. in building energy storage using latent comprehensively
A. (2016). A review on envelopes heat being an efficient way evaluate other passive
phase change material to increase the thermal cooling techniques.
(PCM) for sustainable inertia of building
passive cooling in building envelopes. Phase change
envelopes. In Renewable materials (PCMs) with high
and Sustainable Energy density for thermal energy
Reviews (Vol. 60, pp. storage can be efficiently
1470–1497). Elsevier Ltd. employed for this purpose.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rs
er.2016.03.036

du Plessis, A., Broeckhoven, C., Biomimicry in The review summarizes the The review mainly
Yadroitsava, I., additive current state-of-the-art for focuses on the potential
Yadroitsev, I., Hands, C. manufacturing biomimicry in AM, which is of biomimicry in AM.
H., Kunju, R., & Bhate, D. (AM) the practice of learning from
(2019). Beautiful and and emulating nature. The
Functional: A Review of ability to create parts with
Biomimetic Design in complex geometries is one
Additive Manufacturing. of the essential advantages
 54

Source Main focus Summary Comments

In Additive Manufacturing of this technology, allowing

(Vol. 27, pp. 408-427). the production of complex
Elsevier B.V. functional objects from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad various materials, including
dma.2019.03.03 plastics and metals, that
cannot be quickly produced
by any other means.

El-Rahman, S. M. A., Esmail, Biomimicry- The study aims to develop The study is limited to a
S. I., Khalil, H. B., & El- inspired sustainable, adaptive specific type of building
Razaz, Z. (2020). adaptive building envelopes in hot envelope, and the
Biomimicry-inspired building climates based on research was conducted
Adaptive Building envelope in a biomimicry principles. The in a specific geographic
Envelope in a hot climate. hot climate researchers developed a location. Further
Journal of Engineering linear facade with an research is needed to
Research, 166, A1-A17. adaptive design contour to test the applicability of
https://doi.org/10.21608/er achieve good thermal biomimicry principles
j.2020.135274 performance, low power in different climates and
consumption, and long building types.
service life.

Harkness, J. (2012). The The disruptive The study focuses on how The study provides
disruptive power of power of biomimicry has disrupted empirical evidence or
biomimicry. Harvard biomimicry architectural design and is data on the benefits of
Business Review, 90(11), becoming a new standard, biomimicry and its
88. with architects using impact on the
biomimicry concepts to environment. Further
create buildings that better research is needed to
meet the needs of humans, quantify the effects of
natural environments, and biomimicry on
future generations. sustainability and
environmental impact.

Uchiyama, Y., Blanco, E., & Application of The study reviews the use of The study reviews
Kohsaka, R. (2020). biomimetics to biomimicry in architectural existing literature and
Application of architectural and urban design and provides empirical
biomimetics to and urban highlights its potential to evidence or data on the
architectural and urban design: A substantially improve benefits of biomimicry.
design: A review across review across architecture by taking Further research is
scales. Sustainability, scales inspiration from the natural needed to quantify the
12(1), 1–17. world. effects of biomimicry
on sustainability and
 55

Source Main focus Summary Comments

environmental impact.

Zari, M. P., & Hecht, K. (2020). Biomimicry for The study aims to present The study is limited to a
Biomimicry for regenerative research underpinning the conceptual framework
regenerative built built creation of a qualitative and needs to provide
environments: Mapping environments: relational diagram in an empirical evidence or
design strategies for Mapping design online interactive format data on the benefits of
producing ecosystem strategies for that relates ecosystem biomimicry. Further
services. Biomimetics, producing services concepts to design research is needed to
5(2). ecosystem strategies, concepts, quantify the effects of
https://doi.org/10.3390/BI services technologies, and case biomimicry on
OMIMETICS5020018 studies in a format for use sustainability and
by built environment environmental impact.
professionals.

In their review, Ahamed et al. (2022a) provided an overview of materials inspired by nature

that can be used in the construction of buildings and civil structures. The authors noted that

creating biomimetic structures is a difficult task as it involves translating natural processes into a

building. They also discussed various innovative cementitious composites, materials enhanced

with bacteria, building envelopes, facade systems, advanced manufacturing processes, and their

applications. The authors highlighted the need for further research on the development of bio-

inspired building materials and structures that are resilient.

According to Akeiber et al. (2016), buildings play a significant role in contributing to global

warming by consuming 40% of global energy and generating greenhouse gas emissions.

However, passive cooling techniques, such as the use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs),

provide a viable alternative to conventional cooling systems. The authors conducted a thorough

review of recent studies to identify various organic, inorganic, and eutectic PCMs suitable for

passive cooling in buildings. To design energy-efficient building envelopes that offer a

 56

comfortable indoor climate, it is crucial to use appropriate environmental data supported by

software and simulation tools.

In their study, Du Plessis et al. (2019) provided a comprehensive summary of the current

state-of-the-art for biomimicry in additive manufacturing (AM). The authors highlighted that

AM has experienced significant growth in recent years, enabling the production of complex

functional objects using a variety of materials, including plastics and metals. The authors also

emphasized that the ability to create parts with complex geometries is one of the essential

advantages of AM. They further highlighted how biomimicry could play a crucial role in

realizing the full potential of AM for real-world applications. The authors provided several

examples of biomimicry in AM, including the customization of parts for individuals and

optimization for specific properties such as stiffness and lightweight. The optimization process

often involves an iterative approach, which includes numerical modeling and full-scale testing..

An article by El-Rahman et al. (2020) focuses on developing sustainable, adaptive building

envelopes for hot climates based on biomimicry principles. The study aims to analyze and

investigate different adaptive strategies developed by plants in coping with different climatic

conditions and apply these strategies to design building skins that can adapt to environmental

conditions and satisfy thermal comfort levels. The authors developed a linear facade with an

adaptive design contour based on biomimicry principles to achieve good thermal performance,

low power consumption, and long service life under hot climate conditions.

Harkness (2012) discussed the disruptive power of biomimicry in architectural design and

how it is becoming a new standard. The study emphasizes the importance of designing buildings

that meet the needs of humans, natural environments, and future generations. Architects are

using biomimicry concepts, such as green roofs and long-lasting materials that can be reused or
 57

recycled, to create buildings that harmonize with the environment. The concept of biomimicry

has proved successful in many ways, and its popularity is only set to increase among architects.

Uchiyama et al. (2020) reviewed the use of biomimicry in architectural and urban design,

highlighting its fast-growing trend and the substantial improvements that can be made by taking

inspiration from the natural world. The authors argue that the pace of biomimicry adoption is

picking momentum, and it has the potential to transform the way we design buildings and urban

areas.

In 2020, Zari and Hecht delved into the topic of biomimicry for regenerative built

environments, stressing the critical need for built environment experts to tackle the intricate

problems linked to climate change and the loss of biodiversity. To tackle this issue, one solution

is to create buildings and cities that can both generate and provide ecosystem services. To assist

professionals in designing buildings and cities that can play an active role in socio-ecological

systems, they crafted a qualitative relational diagram, connecting ecosystem services concepts to

design techniques, theories, technologies, and real-life case studies. Their research findings

demonstrate that the technology and strategies needed for this transformation are readily

available. In their study, Zari and Hecht (2020) emphasized the urgency of creating biomimetic

designs for regenerative built environments, as climate change and biodiversity loss pose critical

challenges to build environment professionals. Building and city designs that can generate and

provide ecosystem services are essential to help address these challenges. They created a

qualitative relational diagram that links ecosystem services theories to various design strategies,

techniques, technologies, and case studies, enabling built environment professionals to design

buildings and cities that can function as active contributors to socio-ecological systems. The
 58

researchers concluded that the resources and methods to effect this transformation are currently

available.

Overall, these articles highlight biomimicry's potential to transform how we design

buildings and cities and create sustainable and adaptive environments that meet the needs of

humans and natural ecosystems. By learning from nature and emulating its processes, we can

create buildings that meet functional requirements and contribute positively to the environment.

5. Discussion

Biomimicry in architecture is a design approach that seeks to create biologically-inspired

structures that utilize natural forces and materials to inspire their form and function. The concept

of biomimicry in architecture has been explored in several articles, each of which provides

unique insights into the potential of this approach. These articles cover various topics, including

biomimetic materials, phase change materials (PCMs), and biomimetic design in additive

manufacturing.

Ahamed et al. (2022a) conducted a study that focused on the utilization of nature-inspired

materials in constructing buildings and civil structures. The researchers noted that designing

biomimetic structures presents challenges since it entails translating natural processes into

building design. Various bio-inspired building materials and their applications were discussed,

such as novel cementitious composites, bacteria-enhanced materials, building envelopes, facade

systems, and advanced manufacturing processes. Additionally, the authors emphasized the

importance of future research in developing bio-inspired building materials and creating resilient

structures.
 59

Another A review by Akeiber et al. (2016) examined studies on the use of phase change

materials (PCMs) for passive cooling in buildings. The article underscored the critical role of

buildings in global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, emphasizing the

importance of passive cooling techniques as an alternative to conventional cooling systems. The

authors provided an extensive list of organic, inorganic, and eutectic PCMs that are suitable for

passive cooling in buildings. The review concluded that designing energy-efficient building

envelopes that offer a comfortable indoor climate requires using appropriate environmental data

supported by software and simulation tools.

In another study, du Plessis et al. (2019) provided a summary of the current state-of-the-

art for biomimicry in additive manufacturing (AM). The review emphasized the substantial

growth of AM in recent years, allowing for the industrial use of AM parts in various

applications. The authors discussed the crucial advantage of AM, which is the ability to produce

parts with complex geometries, allowing for the creation of complex functional objects from

various materials. The study highlighted the importance of utilizing the full complexity allowed

by AM and biomimicry in unlocking the vast potential of this technology for real-world

applications. Moreover, the authors presented examples of biomimicry in AM, such as part

customization for individuals and optimization for specific properties such as stiffness and

lightweight, which often require an iterative approach, including numerical modeling and full-

scale testing.

El-Rahman et al. (2020) study focuses on developing sustainable, adaptive building

envelopes for hot climates based on biomimicry principles. The study aims to analyze and

investigate different adaptive strategies developed by plants in coping with different climatic

conditions and apply these strategies to design building skins that can adapt to environmental
 60

conditions and satisfy thermal comfort levels. The authors developed a linear facade with an

adaptive design contour based on biomimicry principles to achieve good thermal performance,

low power consumption, and long service life under hot climate conditions. The approach

highlights the potential of biomimicry to create sustainable and adaptive buildings that can

function optimally under varying environmental conditions.

The concept of biomimicry has also been explored concerning regenerative built

environments, as discussed in the study by Zari and Hecht (2020). One way to achieve this is by

designing buildings and cities that generate and provide ecosystem services. They developed a

qualitative relational diagram that relates ecosystem services concepts to design strategies,

concepts, technologies, and case studies, which can be utilized to design buildings and whole

cities that contribute to socio-ecological systems.

Biomimicry's transformative potential can be seen in its various applications. For

example, as discussed by Ahamed et al. (2022b), biomimetic materials can be used to create

environmentally-friendly building components that are sustainable and durable. These materials

can be designed to exhibit properties similar to natural materials, such as self-cleaning, self-

repairing, and responsiveness to environmental stimuli. These properties could provide the

building industry with innovative solutions for sustainable design, resulting in a more energy-

efficient and environmentally friendly built environment.

Biomimicry is also effective in designing sustainable, adaptive building envelopes for hot

climates, as discussed by El-Rahman et al. (2020). The authors investigated different adaptive

strategies developed by plants to cope with various climatic conditions. They applied these

strategies to design building skins that can adapt to environmental conditions and satisfy thermal

comfort levels. This design approach has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental
 61

impact of buildings in hot climates and increase their lifespan, resulting in a more sustainable

and adaptive built environment.

The idea of designing buildings that meet the needs of humans, natural environments, and

future generations is emphasized in Harkness's (2012) discussion of biomimicry in architectural

design. The concept of biomimicry has already proven successful in many ways, and its

popularity is only set to increase among architects. Biomimicry has provided architects with a

new standard for designing buildings that are harmonious with the environment and can

contribute positively to it.

Zari and Hecht's (2020) study further emphasizes the urgent need for built environment

professionals to solve complex problems related to climate change and biodiversity loss. One

way to achieve this is by designing buildings and cities that generate and provide ecosystem

services. Biomimicry can be utilized to design buildings and cities that become active

contributors to socio-ecological systems. Their proposed qualitative relational diagram that

relates ecosystem services concepts to design strategies, technologies, and case studies can be a

valuable tool for building a comprehensive understanding of the various design strategies and

concepts available for creating regenerative built environments.

Biomimicry has proven to be a valuable tool for achieving this goal. It provides a means

for creating buildings and cities that meet functional requirements and contribute positively to

the environment. The potential of biomimicry to transform how we design buildings and cities is

highlighted in the studies reviewed. For example, El-Rahman et al. (2020) developed an adaptive

building envelope for hot climates based on biomimicry principles, while du Plessis et al. (2019)

summarized the state-of-the-art for biomimicry in additive manufacturing, and Harkness (2012)

discussed the disruptive power of biomimicry in architectural design.

 62

The incorporation of biomimicry into building design presents a challenge, as it requires

the translation of natural processes into architectural structures. Ahamed et al. (2022a) outlined

various nature-inspired materials suitable for buildings and civil structures, including bio-

inspired cementitious composites, bacteria-enhanced materials, building envelopes, facade

systems, and advanced manufacturing processes. The authors acknowledged that designing

biomimetic structures is difficult but necessary to address the pressing issues of climate change

and biodiversity loss. To overcome this challenge, du Plessis et al. (2019) suggested utilizing

additive manufacturing technology, which can produce complex functional objects from a

variety of materials. Biomimicry can then be applied to customize parts and optimize for specific

properties. The optimization process often involves numerical modeling and full-scale testing.

Passive cooling techniques using phase change materials (PCMs) can also be efficiently used for

thermal energy storage in buildings, as reviewed by Akeiber et al. (2016). The authors listed

various organic, inorganic, and eutectic PCMs suitable for passive cooling in buildings.

However, the most effective way to design energy-efficient building envelopes and achieve a

comfortable indoor climate is by using environmental data and software and simulation tools.

Furthermore, biomimicry principles can be used to develop sustainable, adaptive building

envelopes for different climatic conditions. El-Rahman et al. (2020) developed a linear facade

with an adaptive design contour based on biomimicry principles to achieve good thermal

performance, low power consumption, and long service life under hot climate conditions.

Similarly, Uchiyama et al. (2020) reviewed the use of biomimicry in architectural and urban

design, highlighting its fast-growing trend and the substantial improvements that can be made by

taking inspiration from the natural world.

 63

The studies reviewed suggest biomimicry can be a valuable tool for developing

regenerative built environments that generate and provide ecosystem services. As Zari and Hecht

(2020) note, many strategies and technologies already exist to enable this transformation. Their

qualitative relational diagram relates ecosystem services concepts to design strategies, concepts,

technologies, and case studies, which built environment professionals can use to design buildings

and whole cities to become active contributors to socio-ecological systems.

The research by Radwan and Osama (2016) demonstrates the potential of biomimicry in

improving the energy efficiency of buildings. The review highlights various case studies and

examples of how nature-inspired design can be applied in building facades to reduce energy

consumption. The most energy-efficient case study was found to be Council House 2 in

Melbourne, which used the bronchi of trees to design windpipes in its north and south facades.

The eastern core and facade were designed to resemble tree bark and served as a protective

barrier in the ventilated wet area spaces. Perforated metal with polycarbonate walling was used

to construct the overlapping layers of the facade.

Hosseini et al. (2021) also suggest that biomimicry can be used to identify the area of

attraction that is transitory on the facade. By observing stomata behavior and movements,

daylight control can be selected based on symmetrical, equidistant, and regular pores

Kshirsagar et al. (2017) emphasize the importance of a sophisticated human designer in

the application of biomimicry. The paper provides examples of different types of inspiration,

including visual, conceptual, and computational. The authors discuss specific structural examples

that demonstrate how biomimicry can be applied in building design and engineering. The paper

highlights the potential of computational inspiration in revolutionizing design.

 64

Jamei and Vrcelj (2021) examine several examples of building structures inspired by

nature, including bone and joint mechanisms, spider webs, tree rooting systems, amoeba cells,

and honeycombs. The paper provides compelling evidence of the potential of biomimicry in

building design. The authors illustrate how biomimicry can inspire innovative solutions to

challenging problems in structural engineering.

6. Conclusion

In summary, the study has evaluated multiple studies on biomimicry and how it has

influenced architectural designs. It has emerged that nature and its wonders present numerous

ideas and opportunities for architectural design. Architects drawing inspiration from biomimicry

tend to focus mainly on complex biological structures, which developed in response to different

ecological conditions. It is critical to consider the factors that may have influenced the

development of the various complex structures before mimicking them in architectural designs.

For instance, a complex feature that may have developed to help an organism become more

fertile may not have relevance to architecture because buildings do not reproduce or replicate as

living organisms do. Architects and engineers should work together to develop complex and

sustainable architectural designs inspired by nature.

Additionally, the studies reviewed demonstrate that biomimicry has significant potential

for revolutionizing the way we design buildings and cities. By learning from nature and

emulating its processes, we can create structures that meet functional requirements and

contribute positively to the environment. Whether using biomimetic materials, phase change

materials, additive manufacturing, or building envelopes, biomimicry principles can be applied

to create sustainable and adaptive environments that meet the needs of humans and natural
 65

ecosystems. Although biomimicry may present some challenges, its benefits are clear and offer a

promising way forward for sustainable architecture.

The reviewed articles provide a diverse range of examples of how biomimicry can be

applied in building design, from energy-efficient facades to innovative structural solutions

inspired by biological mechanisms. Moreover, they emphasize the importance of collaboration

between scientists, designers, and engineers in order to successfully apply biomimicry principles

to building design. Overall, biomimicry has the potential to not only improve the sustainability

and efficiency of buildings but also to create more harmonious and beneficial relationships

between humans and the natural world. As such, it is a valuable tool for creating regenerative

built environments that provide ecosystem services and contribute to the health and well-being of

both humans and the environment.

 66

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