NATIONAL

SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

FEBRUARY/MARCH 2017

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 16 pages and 4 data sheets.

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Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2017
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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Write your examination number and centre number in the appropriate spaces
on the ANSWER BOOK.

2. This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions in
the ANSWER BOOK.

3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

5. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between

QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2.

6. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

7. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

9. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

10. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.

11. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.

12. Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2017
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QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Write
down the question number (1.1–1.10), choose the answer and make a cross (X) over
the letter (A–D) of your choice in the ANSWER BOOK.

EXAMPLE:

1.11 A B C D

1.1 Which ONE of the following is the product formed in the Haber process?

A Nitrogen

B Ammonia

C Nitric acid

D Sulphuric acid (2)

1.2 A carbonyl group is the functional group of …

A alcohols.

B ketones.

C haloalkanes.

D carboxylic acids. (2)

1.3 Consider the structure of an organic compound below.

CH3 CH3

C C

CH3 CH3

The IUPAC name of this compound is …

A 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene.

B 2,2-dimethylbut-2-ene.

C 1,1,2-trimethylprop-1-ene.

D 1,1,2,2-tetramethylethene. (2)

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1.4 Consider the reaction represented below.

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2 + X

Which ONE of the following CORRECTLY gives the type of reaction that
takes place and the IUPAC name of product X?

Type of reaction Product X

A Elimination Ethane
B Elimination Ethene
C Addition Ethane
D Addition Ethene (2)

1.5 Consider the following balanced equation of a chemical reaction:

2NaCℓ + 2H2O → Cℓ2 + H2 + 2NaOH

Which ONE of the following statements about the reaction is correct?

The reaction takes place in a/an …

A galvanic cell and absorbs energy.

B galvanic cell and releases energy.

C electrolytic cell and absorbs energy.

D electrolytic cell and releases energy. (2)

1.6 The following equation represents the reaction taking place in an

electrochemical cell:

Ni(s) + Pb2+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + Pb(s)

The flow of electrons through the external circuit of this cell is from …

A Pb at the anode to Ni at the cathode.

B Pb at the cathode to Ni at the anode.

C Ni at the cathode to Pb at the anode.

D Ni at the anode to Pb at the cathode. (2)

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1.7 A solution has a pH = 1. This solution …

A contains no OH─ ions.

B neutralises a hydrochloric acid solution of pH = 1.

C contains a higher concentration of H3O+ ions than OH─ ions.

D contains a higher concentration of OH─ ions than H3O+ ions. (2)

1.8 A potential energy diagram can be used to show the activation energy (E A )
and the heat of reaction (ΔH) of a reaction.

Which ONE of the following combinations of values of EA and ΔH CANNOT

be obtained for any reaction?

EA (kJ·mol-1) ∆H (kJ·mol-1)
A 50 -100
B 50 +100
C 100 +50
D 100 -50 (2)

1.9 Initially, 2 mol CO(g) and 2 mol H2(g) are sealed in a container. The reaction
reaches equilibrium according to the following balanced equation:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

At equilibrium the amount of CH3OH(g) in the mixture will be …

A 1 mol.

B 2 mol.

C less than 1 mol.

D greater than 1 mol. (2)

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1.10 The graph below represents the change in concentration of a reactant against
time for a chemical reaction.

Concentration

Time

In which ONE of the following graphs does the dotted line show the effect of a
catalyst on this reactant?

A B
Concentration

Concentration

Time Time
C D
Concentration
Concentration

Time Time (2)

[20]

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QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds.

H CH3 CH3

A CH3CH2CH2CHO B H C C C CH2

H CH3

C C4H8O D C3H8O

H H H H
O
E H C C C C H
F CH3CH2CH2 C O CH2CH2CH3
H O H H

2.1 Write down the letter that represents EACH of the following:

2.1.1 A hydrocarbon (1)

2.1.2 An alcohol (1)

2.1.3 An ester (1)

2.2 Write down the IUPAC name of:

2.2.1 Compound A (1)

2.2.2 Compound B (3)

2.3 Compound C is a functional isomer of compound A. Write down the structural

formula of compound C. (2)

2.4 Compound D is used as one of the reactants to prepare compound F.

Write down the:

2.4.1 Type of reaction which takes place to prepare compound F (1)

2.4.2 IUPAC name of compound D (2)

2.4.3 Structural formula of the other organic reactant used (2)

2.4.4 IUPAC name of compound F (2)

[16]

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QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

Learners investigate factors which influence the boiling points of alcohols.

They use equal volumes of each of the alcohols and heat them separately in a water
bath. The temperature at which each boils is measured. The results obtained are
shown in the table below.

BOILING POINTS OF ALCOHOLS

ALCOHOLS
(°C)
Butan-1-ol 117,7
Pentan-1-ol 138,5
Hexan-1-ol 157,0

3.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.2 What property of alcohols requires them to be heated in a water bath? (1)

3.3 The boiling points of the alcohols are compared with each other.

3.3.1 What structural requirements must the alcohols meet to make it a

fair comparison? (2)

3.3.2 Fully explain the trend in the boiling points. (3)

3.4 How will the boiling point of hexan-1-ol be affected if the volume of hexan-1-ol
used is doubled? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS
THE SAME. (1)

3.5 In another investigation the learners compare the boiling points of hexan-1-ol
and hexanal.

3.5.1 Write down the independent variable for this comparison. (1)

3.5.2 They find that the boiling point of hexan-1-ol is higher than that of
hexanal.

Fully explain this observation. (4)

[14]

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QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

4.1 Consider the reactions represented in the flow diagram below.

Br

CH3 C CH3

CH3
reaction 2
reaction 1

concentrated Compound B reaction 3

Alcohol A C4H8Br2
H2SO4 (An alkene)

Write down the:

4.1.1 Type of reaction represented by reaction 1 (1)

4.1.2 NAME or FORMULA of the inorganic reactant needed for

reaction 1 (1)

4.1.3 Type of alcohol (PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY) of which

alcohol A is an example (1)

4.1.4 Type of reaction represented by reaction 2 (1)

4.1.5 IUPAC name of compound B (2)

4.1.6 Type of addition reaction represented by reaction 3 (1)

4.1.7 Balanced equation for reaction 3 using structural formulae (4)

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4.2 A wide range of synthetic polymers are produced by combining large

numbers of similar small organic molecules bonded to each other in a
repeating pattern.

Polymer C below is an example of such a polymer.

H H

C C

H H n
Polymer C
Write down:

4.2.1 ONE word for the underlined phrase (1)

4.2.2 The homologous series to which the 'small organic molecules' used
to produce polymer C belong (1)

4.2.3 The type of polymerisation which takes place to produce polymer C (1)
[14]

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

The reaction of copper(II) carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid is used to
investigate the rate of reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

CuCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CuCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

The apparatus used is illustrated below.

Conical flask

Dilute
hydrochloric acid Copper(II) carbonate lumps
170,00 g Scale

5.1 State TWO ways in which the rate of the reaction above can be increased. (2)

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During the investigation, samples of both PURE and IMPURE copper(II) carbonate of
EQUAL mass are used. The graphs below are obtained from the results.

170,00

169,95 ----- Impure CuCO3

Mass of flask and contents (g)

––– Pure CuCO3

169,90

169,85

169,80

169,75

169,70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (s)

5.2 Write down the reaction time for the reaction of the pure CuCO3 with HCℓ. (1)

5.3 Assume that all the gas formed during the two reactions escape from
the flask and that the impurities do not react.

Calculate the:

5.3.1 Average rate of the reaction of the pure sample over the first 20 s (3)

5.3.2 Percentage purity of the impure sample (4)

5.3.3 Maximum volume of CO2(g) produced during the reaction of the

pure sample of CuCO3 if the reaction takes place at STANDARD
CONDITIONS (3)

5.4 Sketch a graph of the volume of gas produced versus time for the reaction of
the pure CuCO3. Indicate the reaction time on the x-axis. (2)
[15]

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Physical Sciences/P2 12 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2017
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QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

Hydrogen and iodine are sealed in a 2 dm3 container. The reaction is allowed to reach
equilibrium at 700 K according to the following balanced equation:

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

6.1 Give a reason why changes in pressure will have no effect on the equilibrium
position. (1)

6.2 At equilibrium, 0,028 mol H2(g) and 0,017 mol I2(g) are present in the
container.

Calculate the initial mass of I2(g), in grams, that was sealed in the container, if
Kc for the reaction is 55,3 at 700 K. (9)

The reaction rate versus time graph below represents different changes made to the
equilibrium mixture.

Forward reaction
Reaction rate

Reverse reaction

0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (minutes)

6.3 What do the parallel lines in the first two minutes indicate? (1)

6.4 State TWO possible changes that could be made to the reaction conditions at
t = 2 minutes. (2)

6.5 The temperature of the equilibrium mixture was changed at t = 4 minutes.

6.5.1 Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?

Fully explain the answer. (3)

6.5.2 How will this change influence the Kc value? Choose from
INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)

6.6 What change was made to the equilibrium mixture at t = 8 minutes? (1)
[18]

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QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

The Ka values for two weak acids, oxalic acid and carbonic acid, are as follows:

NAME FORMULA Ka
Oxalic acid (COOH)2 5,6 x 10-2
Carbonic acid H2CO3 4,3 x 10-7

7.1 Define the term weak acid. (2)

7.2 Which acid, OXALIC ACID or CARBONIC ACID, is stronger? Give a reason
for the answer. (2)

7.3 Oxalic acid ionises in water according to the following balanced equation:

(COOH)2(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) ⇌ (COO) 22− (aq) + 2H3O+(aq)

Write down the FORMULAE of the TWO bases in this equation. (2)

7.4 Learners prepare 2 dm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution of concentration

0,1 mol∙dm-3.

Calculate the pH of the solution. (4)

7.5 During a titration of the sodium hydroxide solution in QUESTION 7.4 with
dilute oxalic acid, the learners find that 25,1 cm3 of the NaOH(aq) neutralises
exactly 14,2 cm3 of the (COOH)2(aq).

The balanced equation for the reaction is as follows:

2NaOH(aq) + (COOH)2(aq) → (COO)2Na2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

7.5.1 Calculate the concentration of the oxalic acid solution. (5)

The following indicators are available for the titration:

INDICATOR pH RANGE
A 3,1–4,4
B 6,0–7,6
C 8,3–10,0

7.5.2 Which ONE of the indicators above is most suitable for this
titration? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[17]

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QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

In the electrochemical cell shown below an aluminium electrode and another metal
electrode, Y, are used.

Q
Aℓ Electrode Y

Aℓ3+(aq) Y2+(aq)

8.1 Write down the:

8.1.1 Name of component Q (1)

8.1.2 Type of electrochemical cell represented above (1)

It is found that the mass of the aluminium electrode increases whilst the cell is
functioning.

8.2 How will EACH of the following change while the cell is functioning?
Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.

8.2.1 The concentration of Aℓ3+(aq) (1)

8.2.2 The concentration of Y2+(aq) (1)

8.3 Write down the:

8.3.1 Half-reaction that takes place at electrode Y (2)

8.3.2 Cell notation of the cell (3)

8.4 The initial emf of this cell measured under standard conditions is 0,7 V.

Identify metal Y by means of a calculation. (5)

[14]

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QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

The simplified diagram below shows an electrolytic cell used in the industrial extraction
of aluminium (Aℓ) from aluminium oxide at temperatures as high as 1 000 °C.
Electrode X is a carbon rod.

Electrode X

Carbon-lined iron
Molten Aℓ2O3 dissolved
in cryolite
Molten Aℓ

The cell reaction that takes place is as follows:

2Aℓ2O3(ℓ) → 4Aℓ(ℓ) + 3O2(g)

9.1 Write down the name of the ore used as source of aluminium oxide. (1)

9.2 Which half-reaction (OXIDATION or REDUCTION) takes place at

electrode X? (1)

9.3 What is the function of the cryolite? (1)

9.4 Write down the reduction half-reaction. (2)

9.5 Write down a balanced equation that shows why the carbon rod, X, must be
replaced regularly. (3)
[8]

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QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.)

10.1 The reactions represented below take place during one of the industrial
processes used in the fertiliser industry.

Pt
I: 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H < 0

II: NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ X

III: NO2 + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ HNO3(aq) + _____

Write down:

10.1.1 The name of this industrial process (1)

10.1.2 The function of Pt in reaction I (1)

10.1.3 The NAME of product X (1)

10.1.4 A balanced equation for reaction III (2)

10.1.5 TWO ways in which the yield of the NO(g) obtained in reaction I
can be increased without changing the amount of reactants and
products (2)

10.2 NPK fertilisers contain NH4NO3, (NH4)3PO4 and KCℓ in varying proportions.

10.2.1 What does NPK mean? (1)

10.2.2 Consider the fertiliser illustrated below.

3 – 2 – 3 (25)

50 kg

Calculate the mass, in kg, of KCℓ needed to produce this fertiliser. (6)
[14]

TOTAL: 150

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Physical Sciences/P2 1 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2017
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DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12

PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12

VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Standard pressure
pθ 1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Standaardtemperatuur Tθ 273 K
Charge on electron
e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

m N
n= n=
M NA
n m V
c= or/of c= n=
V MV Vm
c a v a na
= pH = -log[H3O+]
c b v b nb

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

Eθcell = Eθcathode − Eθanode / E θsel = E katode

θ
− E θanode

or/of
E θcell = E reduction
θ
− E θoxidation / E θsel = E reduksie
θ
− E θoksidasie

or/of
E θcell = E oxidising
θ θ
agent − E reducing agent / E sel = E oksideermiddel − E reduseermiddel
θ θ θ

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TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
Atomic number
1 KEY/SLEUTEL 2
Atoomgetal
2,1

H He
1 4
29
3 4 Electronegativity Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cu

1,9
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0
Li Be Elektronegatiwiteit Simbool B C N O F Ne
63,5
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Aℓ
0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

3,0
Na Mg Approximate relative atomic mass Si P S Cℓ Ar
23 24 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 27 28 31 32 35,5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0,8

1,0

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,4

2,8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

2,5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Tℓ
0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Bi Po At Rn
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89
0,7

0,9

Fr Ra Ac 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
226
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 238

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TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
TABEL 4A: STANDAARDREDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
θ
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E (V)
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87
Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
H2O2 + 2H+ +2e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
− Mn2+ + 4H2O
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ + 1,51
− −
Cℓ2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ + 1,36
2−
⇌
3+
+ 14H + 6e−
+ 2Cr
Cr2O 7 + 7H2O + 1,33
+ −
O2(g) + 4H + 4e ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
−
MnO2 + 4H + 2e +
⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
Pt2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20
−
Br2(ℓ) + 2e ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07
−
NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

2+
Hg + 2e −
⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80
Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
Fe + e− 3+ 2+
⇌ Fe + 0,77
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34
2−
SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
2+ − +
Cu + e ⇌ Cu + 0,16
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌
2+
Sn + 0,15
S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
−
3+
Fe + 3e ⇌ Fe − 0,06
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ − 0,41
2+
Cr
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH −
− 0,83
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Cs + + e- ⇌ Cs - 2,92
K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93
−
− 3,05
+
Li + e ⇌ Li
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TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
TABEL 4B: STANDAARDREDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
θ
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E (V)
Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05
K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93
−
Cs + e +
⇌ Cs − 2,92
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
−
2+
Mn + 2e ⇌ Mn − 1,18
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91
Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

− −
2H2O + 2e ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH − 0,83
Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44
−
Cr + e 3+
⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
−
− 0,27
2+
Ni + 2e ⇌ Ni
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06
+ −
2H + 2e ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
−
Cu 2+
+e ⇌ Cu+ + 0,16
2−
+ 4H + 2e− ⇌
+
SO 4 SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
2+ −
Cu + 2e ⇌ Cu + 0,34
2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
+ −
O2(g) + 2H + 2e ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
+ −
Ag + e ⇌ Ag + 0,80
Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
−
NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07
Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20
−
MnO2 + 4H + 2e +
⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
2− − 3+
⇌
+ 2Cr
Cr2O 7 + 14H + 6e + 7H2O + 1,33
− −
Cℓ2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ + 1,36
− − 2+
⇌
+ Mn
MnO 4 + 8H + 5e + 4H2O + 1,51
+ −
H2O2 + 2H +2 e ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87
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