Cambridge International AS & A Level

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BIOLOGY 9700/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions February/March 2020

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (RW/CB) 185439/4
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Answer all questions.

1 Phloem sap is transported from sources to sinks in phloem sieve tubes. Each sieve tube is
constructed from phloem sieve tube elements.

(a) The structure of a phloem sieve tube element is adapted to its function.

Each of explanations A to F describes how a particular structural feature of a phloem sieve

tube element in a source is suited to the function of transporting phloem sap.

The matching structural feature for each explanation is listed in Table 1.1.

A for entry of sucrose and other organic compounds

B for rapid entry of water to create high hydrostatic pressure

C provides pores to allow the flow of phloem sap from one sieve tube element to the next

D to form very long tubular structures for the transport of phloem sap from source to sink

E decreases resistance to the flow of phloem sap within each sieve tube element, so the
speed of flow is maintained

F provides more space to increase the volume of phloem sap transported per unit time

Complete Table 1.1 by writing the correct letter from A to F in the last column of each row, so
that each structural feature is matched to the correct explanation.

Use each letter only once.

The first row has been completed for you.

Table 1.1

structural feature of phloem sieve tube element explanation

There is no nucleus or large permanent vacuole. F

The end walls are perforated to form sieve plates. C

E
There is only a thin layer of cytoplasm around the edge of the cell.

The cell is elongated and arranged end to end with other cells. D

The cell has plasmodesmata connecting to a companion cell. A

There is a thin cellulose cell wall. B

[4]

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(b) At the sink, sucrose and other organic compounds are unloaded from the phloem sieve tube
element.

Explain why the process of unloading helps the mass flow of phloem sap from the source to
the sink.

...................................................................................................................................................
Sucrose diffuses out of PST near sink down concentration gradient.

this decreases WP in PST near sink.

...................................................................................................................................................
Water flows out of PST near sink by osmosis down the water potential gradient to adjacent
...................................................................................................................................................
xylem vessels through plasmodesmata
...................................................................................................................................................
Volume of water in PST near sink decreases, so hydrostatic pressure decreases.
...................................................................................................................................................
Water from PST near source containing sucrose flows down hydrostatic pressure gradient
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]

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2 Phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) enzymes have an important role in lipid metabolism.

The reaction catalysed by PAP is shown in Fig. 2.1.

PAP
phosphatidate + H2O diglyceride + inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Fig. 2.1

Experiments were carried out to investigate the activity of PAP extracted from the cotyledons
(seed leaves) of bitter gourd, Momordica charantia.

(a) There are two types of PAP enzymes:

• PAP1 enzymes need magnesium ions (Mg2+) in the active site to function

• PAP2 enzymes do not need Mg2+.

The effect of different concentrations of Mg2+ on the activity of PAP extracted from M. charantia
was investigated.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

40.0

30.0

PAP activity
/ arbitrary units 20.0

10.0

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
concentration of Mg2+ / mmol dm –3

Fig. 2.2

Explain, with reference to Fig. 2.2, whether the PAP extracted from M. charantia is a PAP1
enzyme or a PAP2 enzyme.
PAP 2, because activity of the enzyme is not affected by Mg2+ concentration and still
...................................................................................................................................................
functions when concentration of Mg2+ is 0
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) Fig. 2.3 shows the effect of increasing phosphatidate concentration on the activity of PAP
extracted from M. charantia.

60

40
PAP activity
/ arbitrary units

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
phosphatidate concentration / μmol dm –3

Fig. 2.3

With reference to Fig. 2.3, describe and explain the effect of increasing phosphatidate
concentration on the activity of PAP.
increase concentration, activity increase (state a few points), does not reach plateau.
...................................................................................................................................................
Increase frequency of collision between enzyme and substrate, more ESC formed. At low
...................................................................................................................................................
conc, not all active site are occupied.
...................................................................................................................................................
substrate conc is limiting
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

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(c) The diglycerides formed as a result of the action of PAP can be used to synthesise triglycerides
and membrane phospholipids.

(i) Explain how the structure of a triglyceride is suited to its function as an energy storage
molecule.
contains many C-H bonds per molecule, so it has high density. High proportion of H which
...........................................................................................................................................
acts as reducing agent in oxidative phosphorylation
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why phospholipids are able to form a bilayer in cell membranes.
Phosphate head is hydrophilic, fatty acid tail is hydrophobic
...........................................................................................................................................
so hydrophobic tails face inwards and hydrophilic heads face outwards in contact w water
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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3 During one cardiac cycle:

• blood enters the heart from the lungs and from the rest of the body

• blood leaves the heart to be transported to the lungs and to the rest of the body.

(a) Name the blood vessels entering the heart that bring blood from the rest of the body.
vena cava
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) One phase of the cardiac cycle is ventricular diastole (ventricular relaxation). A number of
events occur in the heart during this phase.

Outline and explain the events that occur in the heart during ventricular diastole.
ventricles relax, volume increases, pressure decreases,
...................................................................................................................................................
semi-lunar valves close to prevent back flow of blood from pulmonary artery to right ventricle
...................................................................................................................................................
and from aorta to left ventricle
...................................................................................................................................................
atria fills with blood, atrial pressure increases.
...................................................................................................................................................
atria contracts, atrial pressure>ventricular pressure, av valves open, blood flows into ventricles
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

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Blood arriving in the lungs from the heart is oxygenated as it passes through the pulmonary
capillaries.

Sickle‑shaped red blood cells are present in a person with sickle cell anaemia. These cells have
a very high quantity of abnormal (sickle cell) haemoglobin and take up and transport less oxygen
than red blood cells containing normal haemoglobin.

(c) The cause of the differences between sickle cell haemoglobin and normal haemoglobin is a
mutation in the gene that codes for one of the two types of polypeptide found in a haemoglobin
molecule. This mutation leads to a change in the mRNA produced during transcription,
causing a change in the primary structure of the polypeptide formed.

Fig. 3.1 shows some of the changes that occur as a result of this gene mutation.

normal sickle cell

haemoglobin haemoglobin

triplet in DNA template strand

P C A C
(strand that is transcribed)

triplet in DNA non-template strand G A G Q

mRNA codon formed G A G R

amino acid carried by tRNA glu val

Fig. 3.1

(i) With reference to Fig. 3.1, state:

• the base sequence of DNA triplet P

CTC
....................................................................................................................................

• the base sequence of DNA triplet Q

GTG
....................................................................................................................................

• the base sequence of mRNA codon R.

GUG
....................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Name the type of polypeptide in a haemoglobin molecule that is different in sickle cell
haemoglobin compared to normal haemoglobin.
B globin
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(d) Fig. 3.2 shows the oxygen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin in a person who does not
have sickle cell anaemia.

100

80

percentage 60
oxygen saturation
of haemoglobin 40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
partial pressure of oxygen
/ kPa

Fig. 3.2

Compared to Fig. 3.2, the oxygen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin in a person with
sickle cell anaemia is shifted to the right.

The uptake of oxygen by haemoglobin in the lungs and the release of oxygen by haemoglobin
in respiring tissues is different in a person with sickle cell anaemia compared with a person
who does not have the disease.

With reference to Fig. 3.2, state and explain these differences.

uptake of oxygen ......................................................................................................................

sickle cell anaemia lowers the affinity of Hb to O2, so higher pO2 needed for Hb to be fully saturated
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

release of oxygen .....................................................................................................................

O2 more readily released by Hb with sickle cell anaemia.
...................................................................................................................................................
More O2 released at same pO2
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 12]

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4 (a) When a section of lung tissue is viewed using a light microscope, it is possible to identify the
trachea, the bronchus, the bronchioles and the alveoli.

Other than differences in their diameters, describe one structural difference visible between:

• the trachea and a bronchus

Trachea has C shape cartilage ring but bronchus has incomplete cartilage ring formed by
...........................................................................................................................................
cartilage plates
...........................................................................................................................................

• a bronchus and a bronchiole

bronchiole has no cartilage, less goblet cells, less smooth muscle
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

• a bronchiole and an alveolus.

bronchiole has ciliated epithelial cells, many layers
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The mitotic cell cycle of the stem cells present in the gas exchange system is carefully
controlled. During interphase of the mitotic cell cycle, cells grow by increasing in size.

Complete Table 4.1 by:

• listing, in order, the three phases that occur during interphase

• stating one process, other than growth and respiration, that occurs in each of these
three phases to help prepare the cell for mitosis.

Table 4.1

phase process occurring during phase

G1 Protein synthesis, cells grow

S
DNA replication

centriole replication, checkpoint for errors during S phase

G2

[4]

[Total: 7]

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5 Myasthenia gravis and HIV/AIDS both involve disorders of the immune system.

(a) Outline why myasthenia gravis is described as a disorder of the immune system.
autoimmune disease.
...................................................................................................................................................
causes immune system to recognise self antigens as non self
...................................................................................................................................................
antibodies produced against self antigens
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

A person with HIV/AIDS has a weakened immune system. This is because HIV infects cells of the
immune system, in particular T‑helper lymphocytes (Th cells). The pathogen can remain inactive
within host cells. In some people, the pathogen becomes active and causes the number of Th cells
to decrease.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat people who are infected with HIV (living with HIV).
ART aims to keep the number of Th cells at a healthy level.

(b) State the full name of the pathogen known as HIV.

human immunodeficiency virus
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Explain why it is important that ART maintains a healthy number of Th cells in a person living
with HIV.
Th cells release cytokines which stimulate activity of macrophages. Cytokines also
...................................................................................................................................................
stimulate specific b lymphocytes to divide into plasma cells which produce antibodies and memory
...................................................................................................................................................
cells.
...................................................................................................................................................
stimulates t killer cells
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(d) Fig. 5.1 shows global estimates of:

• the percentage of people living with HIV who received treatment with ART in each year
from 2000 to 2015

• the number of people who died from HIV/AIDS in each year from 2000 to 2015.

50 2.5

40 2.0

percentage of 30 1.5
number of deaths
people living with
from HIV/AIDS
HIV who received
/ millions
treatment 20 1.0

10 0.5

0 0.0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
year
key

percentage of people living with HIV who received treatment

number of deaths from HIV/AIDS

Fig. 5.1

(i) Describe the trends shown in Fig. 5.1.

Percentage of people living with HIV who received treatments increased from 2000
...........................................................................................................................................
to 2015.
...........................................................................................................................................
Number of deaths from HIV/AIDS increases from 2000-2005 then decreases from 2005 to 2015.
...........................................................................................................................................
(supporting data)
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(ii) It is recommended that ART is given to all people living with HIV.

Some countries that support this recommendation find it difficult to provide ART to
everyone living with HIV.

Other than the high cost of treatment, suggest two reasons why it is difficult to provide
ART to everyone living with HIV.
difficult to administer so there is lack of trained personnel that can administer the treatment
...........................................................................................................................................
Difficult to trace people with HIV so not all people with HIV know that they have it
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

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6 Fig. 6.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a plant parenchyma cell.

cell sap
in vacuole

cytosol
(fluid part of
cytoplasm) Y tonoplast

Fig. 6.1

(a) The external environment of the parenchyma cell has a higher water potential than the
internal environment of the cell.

One function of parenchyma cells is to provide support to the plant.

With reference to Fig. 6.1, suggest how parenchyma cells provide support to the plant.

...................................................................................................................................................
Cell sap has lower water potential than external solution, so water diffuses into the vacuole

down the water potential gradient by osmosis. Vacuole expands and pushes against the cell wall
...................................................................................................................................................
providing turgidity
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) The image shown in Fig. 6.1 is at a higher magnification than can be obtained using a typical
light microscope.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term magnification.

number of times an image is enlarged
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The actual diameter of the parenchyma cell in Fig. 6.1 along the line X—Y is 35 µm.

Calculate the magnification of the image.

magnification = × ................................................................
[2]

(c) The cell sap in the vacuole of the cell shown in Fig. 6.1 has a pH of 5.0. The cytosol has a pH
of 7.2.

The tonoplast controls the passage of hydrogen ions from the cytosol into the vacuole. The
low pH created by the entry of hydrogen ions is optimum for the action of acid hydrolase
enzymes in the vacuole. Acid hydrolase enzymes are also found in lysosomes in animal cells.

(i) Suggest which transport mechanism is used to move hydrogen ions from the cytosol of
the parenchyma cell into the vacuole.

Explain your choice.

transport mechanism .........................................................................................................

active transport

explanation ........................................................................................................................
H+ ions diffuse into the cell sap against the concentration gradient to maintain the acidic
...........................................................................................................................................
environment within the vacuole. The process requires ATP.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

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(ii) Suggest how the structure of the tonoplast allows hydrogen ions to be transported into
the vacuole, but does not allow the ions to leave the vacuole.
The tonoplast has specific membrane proteins that only allow hydrogen ions to flow in.
...........................................................................................................................................
hydrogen ions are unable to diffuse out without the membrane protein because they are
...........................................................................................................................................
unable to cross the hydrophobic core of the pm
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) The acid hydrolases in the vacuole cannot function in neutral conditions (pH 7.0) or
alkaline conditions.

Explain the advantage to the plant cell of having acid hydrolases that cannot function in
neutral, near neutral or alkaline conditions.
acid hydrolases only break down substances in acidic environment, this prevents
...........................................................................................................................................
hydrolases from breaking down organelles in the cytosol
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 13]

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