Cambridge IGCSE™ (9–1)

HISTORY0977/01
Paper 1 Structured Questions For examination from 2024
SPECIMEN PAPER 2 hours

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

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You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 6 pages.

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Section A: CORE CONTENT

Answer two questions from this section.

Option A: The nineteenth century

1 In 1848–49 revolutions across Europe failed.

(a) Describe the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49. [4]

(b) Why were attempts to unify Germany in 1848–49 unsuccessful?  [6]

(c) ‘The 1848 revolution brought little change to France.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]

2 It took a long time for Italian unification to be achieved.

(a) Describe political events in Rome in 1848–49. [4]

(b) Why was Garibaldi important to Italian unification?  [6]

(c) ‘Foreign powers held back moves towards Italian unification.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]

3 In the nineteenth century, differences existed between the Northern and Southern states of the
United States.

(a) What were the terms of the 1850 Compromise?  [4]

(b) Why was the South committed to slavery?  [6]

(c) How beneficial to the South was reconstruction? Explain your answer.  [10]

4 In the early part of the twentieth century Europe drifted towards war.

(a) What was the Alliance System? [4]

(b) Why was there a crisis over Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908–9? [6]

(c) ‘Germany was reluctant to go to war in 1914.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]

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Option B: The twentieth century

5 The Treaty of Versailles did not satisfy everyone.

(a) What were Wilson’s aims in establishing the League of Nations? [4]

(b) Why were the German people unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles?  [6]

(c) Who was more satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau or Lloyd George? Explain
your answer.  [10]

6 In his foreign policy, Hitler took advantage of opportunities as they arose.

(a) Describe the involvement of German armed forces in the Spanish Civil War. [4]

(b) Why did Hitler take Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933? [6]

(c) ‘The policy of appeasement played a greater part in the outbreak of war in 1939 than the
Nazi–Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

7 Once Germany had been defeated, relations between the Allies deteriorated.

(a) What was the Berlin Airlift? [4]

(b) Why was it harder for the Allies to reach agreement at Potsdam than it had been at Yalta?[6]

(c) Who was more to blame for the Cold War, the United States or the USSR? Explain your
answer.  [10]

8 From 1956 Soviet control of Eastern Europe was under threat.

(a) Describe Soviet control over Hungary before the 1956 uprising. [4]

(b) Why was Solidarity successful?  [6]

(c) ‘The Berlin Wall was more of an advantage to the Western allies than to the Soviet Union.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.  [10]

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SECTION B: DEPTH STUDIES

Answer one question from this section.

Depth study A: The First World War, 1914–18

9 British Empire troops made an important contribution to the war.

(a) What was Indian Expeditionary Force A? [4]

(b) Why was the East Africa campaign challenging for the Indian forces involved? [6]

(c) ‘The most important contribution of Canadian troops to the war effort was in the Allied
offensive of 1918.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.  [10]

10 The Eastern Front and the British Home Front were both important during the war.

(a) What were the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?  [4]

(b) Why did Russia leave the war in 1918? [6]

(c) ‘The main reason for British men joining the armed forces was patriotism.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

Depth study B: Germany, 1918–45

11 The Nazis used a variety of methods to control the German people.

(a) What were concentration camps? [4]

(b) Why did Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) occur?  [6]

(c) Which was the more important method for the Nazis in maintaining control over the German
people: education or the use of the radio? Explain your answer.  [10]

12 Life in Germany changed under the Nazis.

(a) What was the Four-Year Plan? [4]

(b) Why were some women unhappy with life under the Nazi regime? [6]

(c) ‘The standard of living in Germany improved under the Nazis.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.  [10]

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Depth study C: Russia, 1905–41

13 The Tsarist regime had collapsed by 1917.

(a) What part did religion play in the Tsarist autocracy? [4]

(b) Why was there continuing discontent with Tsarist rule after the 1905 Revolution and up to the
outbreak of war in 1914?  [6]

(c) How important was the First World War in the downfall of Tsar Nicholas II? Explain your
answer.  [10]

14 Once in power, Stalin consolidated his position.

(a) What was the ‘cult of Stalin’? [4]

(b) Why was the Great Purge a disaster for the Soviet Union? [6]

(c) ‘It was Stalin’s use of his position within the Communist Party that ensured his success in the
struggle for power after Lenin’s death.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.  [10]

Depth study D: The United States, 1919–41

15 In the 1920s, the US economy grew.

(a) What policies did Republican governments follow in the 1920s to encourage industrial
growth?  [4]

(b) Why was the development of assembly-line production important for the growth of the
economy?  [6]

(c) ‘The lives of Americans improved in the boom years.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]

16 Although the New Deal was appreciated by many, it attracted opposition.

(a) Describe the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).  [4]

(b) Why was there a Second New Deal?  [6]

(c) ‘Republican opposition was a greater threat to the New Deal than the Supreme Court.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.  [10]

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Depth study E: The Second World War in Europe and the Asia–Pacific, 1939–c.1945

17 The war on the Eastern Front had important consequences for Germany.

(a) What was meant by the term ‘blitzkrieg’ (lightning war)? [4]

(b) Why did Hitler launch an attack against the Soviet Union in 1941? [6]

(c) ‘The winter was responsible for Germany’s defeat in the Soviet Union.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer.  [10]

18 The Second World War had a serious impact on civilians.

(a) What was the Blitz, 1940–41? [4]

(b) Why did the Allies bomb German cities in 1943–45? [6]

(c) How far do you agree that the evacuation of children was the most important measure taken
in Britain to protect civilians from bombing raids? Explain your answer. [10]

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