American Journal of Primatology 42:85-158 (1997)

Abstracts of Presentations
Twentieth Annual Meeting
The American Society of Primatologists
Hosted by the California State University
at San Marcos
June 27-July 1, 1997
The Bahia Hotel, San Diego CA

0 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

86 / Abstracts

1. SPERM COMFETITION.
A. H. Harcourt
Dept. of Anthropology, University of Cakfornia, Davis, CA 95616. ahharcourt@ucdavis. edu.
Nearly 20 years ago Roger Short pointed out that the size of testes in relation to body size across
primate species varied far more than did the relative size of the ovaries. That observation and his explana-
tion for it caused a growth spurt in the science of sperm competition, which had been born ten years
previously with Geoff Parker’s review of the topic in insects. Sperm competition is now a mature science.
In many taxa, baboons to butterflies, when more than one male mates with a fertile female, the male that
inseminates the greatest number of powerfully swimming sperm is the male most likely to fertilise the
female. Certainly there remain puzzling complications and details, including the relevance of taxonomic
differences in sperm morphology, and the relation between duration of oestrus and sperm lifespan. Will-
iam Eberhardt has long argued for a major role of the female on male anatomy, sperm and semen. The
mammalian female tract is lethal to most sperm, and recent analysis has shown, for example, that variation
across mammalian species in the volume of the female’s tract correlates with variation in sperm numbers.
Continued analysis of the interaction between variation in female chemistry, physiology and anatomy and
variation in sperm production, semen constituents, and male behavior will surely be a main future avenue
of sperm competition studies.

2. A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND M&M’S: REPRESENTATIONAL

FLEXIBILITY BY CHIMPANZEES.
Sarah T. Boysen
Comparative Cognition Project, Dept. of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH 432IO-1222, USA.
Chimpanzees represent one of the most cognitively-advanced species from whom the scientific com-
munity has gained new insights into the possible evolution of cognition among primates, including hu-
mans. Significant contributions have come from pioneering efforts in studies with captive apes in the
areas of language acquisition and comparative cognition, as well as a wealth of knowledge from field
studies exploring related issues, including tool use and the complex social structure of wild chimpanzees.
The mission of the Comparative Cognition Project at The Ohio State University is to extend our under-
standing of the conceptual and perceptual world of the chimpanzee under enculturated conditions, in order
to further characterize the cognitive capacity of chimpanzees as a species. We have previously investi-
gated counting and other numerically-based skills, individual recognition, tool use/causality, and are cur-
rently exploring inferential attribution processes and the chimpanzees’ understanding of the representa-
tional nature of scale models. The results will be compared with related findings from young children,
including discussion of potential individual differences in conceptualization of, or attention, to various
visual representational modalities by chimpanzees.

3. A MEMORY SYSTEM IN THE BRAIN: FINDINGS FROM HUMANS AND

NONHUMAN PRIMATES.
Stuart M. Zola
Veterans Aflairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, and Departments of Psychiatv and
Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
It has been known for over a century that in humans the medial temporal lobe is essential for normal
memory function. However, the medial temporal lobe is comprised of several different structures and only
recently have we begun to clarify which specific structures are important for memory. This understanding
has come from work with studies of amnesic patients who have sustained damage to the medial temporal
lobe, together with studies of an animal model of human amnesia in the monkey. In monkeys, bilateral
damage to a system of anatomically related structures in the medial temporal lobe, including the hippoc-
ampal formation (the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, the subicular complex, and the entorhinal cortex),
and adjacent perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices produces a severe memory impairment that re-
sembles human amnesia in many ways. For example, as in human amnesia, the deficit associated with
 87 / Abstracts

medial temporal lobe lesions in monkeys affects long-term memory, and it is multimodal and long-lasting.
In addition, monkeys with medial temporal lobe lesions exhibit preserved short-term memory, and intact
skill-based memory in analogy to the preserved memory abilities of amnesic patients. These important
parallels between the memory deficits associated with human medial temporal lobe amnesia and medial
temporal lobe damage in monkeys have clarified our understanding of how memory is organized in the
brain and has helped identify the specific brain structures important for memory.

4. Cognition in the Wild : Interpreting Primate Behavior in Cognitive Terms.

Christine M Johnson
Department of Cognitive Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0515.
Studies of cognition - including such capacities as perceptual discrimination, learning ability and prob-
lem solving - have long been an important area of research with the large-brained primates. Traditionally,
this work has been conducted in the laboratory where control over stimuli, context, and response variables
can be exercised. While the opportunity for scientific rigor in such settings is an advantage, some of this
research has been challenged for its lack of ecological validity and consequent potential for misinterpret-
ing and, at times, underestimating the abilities of animals operating in their natural environments. Thanks,
in part, to pioneering work by, for example, Seyfarth and Cheney, studying cognition in the field is now
recognized as a feasible and advantageous alternative. The principle approach of those researchers was to
create, to the extent possible, laboratory conditions in the field setting. The speakers in this symposium
extend this approach to studies of natural primate behavior. That is, we address the methodological and
theoretical challenges inherent to interpreting observed behavior in cognitive terms.
To this end, the speakers examine behavior in a variety of primate species (primarily Old World mon-
keys and apes), focusing on foraging, social interaction, and the intersection of the two. While an array of
methodologies, analytical paradigms, and underlying assumptions are presented, this work, taken together,
represents the leading edge of a movement to expand the study of cognition into the type of settings in
which it presumably evolved and currently functions. Our common goals, then, include providing data
that can inform future laboratory research and generate hypotheses on the evolution of the cognitive abili-
ties involved.
In this symposium, Richard Byrne, from the University of St. Andrews, discusses the processing of
foods for consumption in foraging gorillas and the implications of these procedures for hierarchical prob-
lem-solving abilities. Charles Menzel, currently at Georgia State University, presents his research on for-
aging in macaques and evidence for their use of visio-spatial information and long-term memory in food-
finding tasks. Barbara King, of the College of William and Mary, discusses a modification of her “infor-
mation donation” hypothesis concerning the transmission of information in both the foraging and social
domains, which emphasizes the “co-construction” of such information through social interaction. Along
similar lines, Deborah Forster and Shirley Strum, from UC San Diego, propose a model for “distributed
cognition” in which the coordination of, in this case, baboon social behaviors constitutes processes which
themselves have cognitive properties. And finally, Christine Johnson, also of UC San Diego, reports on
her work on social gaze in bonobos in which knowledge is interpreted in terms of behavioral competencies
in social negotiations.
While these five speakers by no means constitute the full list of researchers concerned with cognition in
the wild, they do present a good cross-section of the range of approaches currently being pursued in this
area. We hope that this symposium stimulates discussion of these promising and controversial perspec-
tives, and encourages other observers of primate behavior to consider the implications of their work for
models of primate cognition.

5. ETHICS AND PRIMATE RESEARCH.

M.L. Boccia’ and A.J. Petto
‘FPG Child Development Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8I80,
2National Center for Science Education and University of Wisconsin Teacher Enhancement
Program in Biology, Madison, WI.
Animal researchers, and primate researchers in particular, have been challenged from a variety of sources
88 / Abstracts

to provide ethical justification for their work. Issues raised in the course of research or as a consequence of
a research program can produce moral dilemmas for the scientists involved. Furthermore, scholars doing
moral philosophy and ethical thinking are turning to the results of primate research for information and
conclusions as a foundation for their work, demonstrating that there are broader ethical implications for
the results of primate research and possible sources of direction for research. Consequently, the question of
ethics in primate research and the philosophical foundations of scientists’ work has become more urgent.
This workshop will address some questions involving ethics and primate research. An introductory paper
by the organizers will focus on outlining the critical issues and potential consequences of the interaction of
primate research and ethics. Invited speakers will address several ethical issues in primate research, includ-
ing the types of moral philosophies that undergird investigators’ research agenda, ethical constraints on
research programs, and consequences for research programs following from different ethical systems and
constraints. Goals include providing a forum for discussing and developing explicit ethical foundations
for the conduct of primate research, exploring this issue in various research areas (from basic biology to
conservation), and the implications of understanding ethical principles for conducting primate research.

6. THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES WORK-

SHOP - FACILITY DESIGN.
L. Brent, Organizer
The Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245.
One of the most influential factors affecting the behavior and well-being of nonhuman primates is the
physical environment in which they live. We therefore have the opportunity to make a tremendous impact
on the lives of captive animals when renovating older facilities or building new facilities. Enclosures for
chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are particularly difficult to design due to the chimpanzees’ large size,
strength and social requirements. There is not one “ideal habitat” for chimpanzees, as exemplified by the
diversity of environments available today. Many factors must be considered, such as the purpose of the
facility, the number of chimpanzees to be housed, the age and sex of the chimpanzees, the proximity of
support structures, the climate, the management system and the cost. Unfortunately little published infor-
mation specifically related to the design of chimpanzee habitats is available. The purpose of this workshop
is to bring together individuals involved in the care of chimpanzees to share their experience and knowl-
edge relating to facility design. Short presentations by architects, behavioral scientists and colony manag-
ers will highlight design features and the incorporation of behavioral opportunities into chimpanzee habi-
tats. Small group sessions will follow in which participants will help design “optimal” facilities and reno-
vations for zoo and laboratory settings. The results of these sessions will be summarized in an effort to
identify important underlying components of superior chimpanzee habitats.

7. REACHING OUT TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC - HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE

BENEFITS AND MINIMIZE THE RISKS.
Haberstroh, M.D. ’and Evans, S. 2
‘The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Bastrop, TX 78602,
2DuMond Conservancy, Miami, FL 33170.
The goal of the roundtable is to encourage primatologists to become involved in public education by
presenting and sharing ideas about current education efforts both in zoos and laboratories. Discussants
will present both traditional (classroom visits and tours) and nontraditional (internships, volunteers, work-
shops, and classroom partnerships) public education programs successfully implemented in primate facili-
ties. This forum’s focus is how institutions can benefit by involving the public specifically by: (1) expand-
ing on the information provided by last years’ IPS/ASP roundtable “Successful Strategies for Educating
the Public About Primates”; (2) providing effective strategies for public education in varied primate set-
tings; (3) providing direction for persons interested in starting programs at their facilities; (4) providing
information on the practical issues involved (e.g. medical concerns and liability issues); and (5) creating a
network of professionals dedicated to providing the public with accurate information about primate con-
servation and research.
 89 / Abstracts

8. HUMAN-TO-NONHUMAN PRIMATE DISEASE TRANSMISSION: CON-

SERVATION LESSONS FROM THE LABORATORY.
D. Rick Lee’ and Janette WaIlis
‘The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Bastrop, TX, 78602;
20klahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, OK.
The susceptibility of nonhuman primates to disease transmission from humans is a serious concern,
particularly for species most closely related to our own- the great apes. Precautionary measures have long
been implemented in captive settings, e.g., TB testing of personnel and the wearing of protective face
masks and gloves have become required standard procedure in the laboratory. However, the potential for
disease risk in field settings is often neglected. Many field research methods, including food provisioning
for habituation, can place primate subjects at risk from airborne human diseases. Additional risks arise
through improper waste disposal or non-hygienic conditions of humans residing in the area (including
researchers, tourist, park rangers, and local villagers). In this workshop, we will discuss these issues in
detail. We will provide an overview of human-to-animal disease transmission, with emphasis on species-
specific susceptibility to certain disease and site-specific health concerns. We will also provide suggested
guidelines for improved procedures, benefiting human and nonhuman primates in the field (and in the
laboratory and zoo settings). invited speakers will present case details of human-to-nonhuman primate
disease transmission. The workshop will conclude with an open-forum discussion, addressing ways to
implement change within research personnel and park managers working in source countries. This topic is
an important- and fundamental- aspect of primate conservation; scientist and wildlife managers must
work together in preventing the spread of disease between humans and nonhuman primates.

9. WORKSHOP: THE AFRICAN PRIMATE BUSHMEAT CRISIS.

A. L. Rose and K. Ammann, Organizers
The Biosynergy Institute, Hermosa Beach, California 90254
Forest bushmeat represents over half the animal protein consumed by millions of people in equatorial
Africa. In many areas 20% of that meat is primates (Steele, 1994; Fa, 1995; Hennessey, 1995). Many
hundreds of gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos are killed and eaten each year as part of a commercial
trade that is directly linked to forest exploitation by timber companies (Ammann & Pearce, 1995). Primate
conservationists are beginning to see hunting and the bushmeat crisis as more severe and challenging than
destruction of habitat (Oates, 1996; Rose & Ammann, 1997). Government leaders in Cameroon convened
a national conference on forest exploitation and concluded that commercial bushmeat hunting in general
and great ape slaughter in particular are unsustainable at present levels and will be irreversible wildlife
disasters, if permitted to accelerate at the current rate (Ngoufo et al, 1996). Efforts have been taken to
address this crisis on all fronts, from policing hunting in logging concessions to helping those now reliant
on bushmeat to develop wildlife-friendly alternatives suitable to their ecosystems and cultures (Rose,
1996). Still, better known conservation targets like the elephant ivory trade and more appealing animal
welfare issues like orphan ape sanctuaries continue to distract people and funds from the commercial
bushmeat crisis, which is in fact the root cause of both those affronts to African wildlife. In addition the
major NGOs are focused on select parks and reserves, leaving very little energy or budget to promote the
conservation and study of the 90% of primates that live in unprotected areas and are being hunted and
eaten to extinction. Primate conservation needs a massive infusion of political and financial support to
expand its scope and impact. This Workshop on the African Primate Bushmeat Crisis will explore ways
we can gain the support needed to protect and endow all non-human primates and their habitat for poster-
ity.
The Workshop will begin with an overview of the bushmeat trade - its origins, patterns of commer-
cialization, widespread effects, and the diverse ways and means required to confront the commerce in all
its complexity. Karl Ammann’s award winning photos and video documentary material will be used to
demonstrate the harsh and commanding realities of the situation. After the overview, there will be a
guided discussion and problem solving session. The first order of business will be to assess what prima-
tologists can do, given our rich and varied experience. The workshop will divide then into focus groups
for detailed treatment of five different “solution tracks” - 1) Protection and Control, 2) Alternatives to
90 / Abstracts

Bushmeat, 3) Conservation Education, 4) African Organization, 5) International Support. The last half
hour will be devoted to focus group reports and follow-through planning.

References:
Ammann, K., Pearce, J. (1995). Slaughter of the Apes: How the tropical timber industrv is devouring
Africa’s great apes. World Society for the Protection of Animals, London, UK.
Fa, J. E. et al. (1995). Impact of market hunting on mammal species in Equatorial Guinea. Conservation
Biology, 9, 1107-l 15.
Hennessey, A. B. (1995). A Studv of the Meat Trade in Ouesso. Republic of Congo. GTZ, Brazzaville,
Congo.
Ngoufo, R., Pearce, J., Yadji, B., Guele, D., & Lima, L (Ed’s), (1996). Rannort du seminaire sur l’impact
de l’exploitationforestiere sur la faune sauvage, Cameroon Ministry of Environment and Forests &
WSPA, Bertoua, Cameroon.
Oates, J.F. (1996). Habitat Alteration, hunting, and the conservation of folivorous primates in African
forests. Australian Journal of Ecology, 2 1, l-9.
Rose, A. L. (1996). The African great ape bushmeat crisis, Pan African News, Pp. 1-6, Vol 3, No. 2,
Kyoto University.
Rose, A. L., Ammann, K. (1997). Human predation challenges African primate conservation. African
Primates, IUCN, Winter Edition, in review.
Steele, E. A. (1994). Studv of the Value and Volume of Bushmeat Commerce in Gabon. WWF &
Gabon Ministry of Forests & Environment, Libreville, Gabon.

10. LONG-TERM CARE OF RESEARCH CHIMPANZEES: RECOMMENDA-

TIONS FROM THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.
Thomas Wolfle
National Research Council, NAS 347, 2 IO1 Constitution Ave, Washington, DC 204 I8;
Committedparticipants are: Linda Brent, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research; JQ
Fritz, Primate Foundation of Arizona; Peggy Cunif& National Anti- Vivisection Society; Peter
Theran. Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Other speakers from
publicly supported sanctuaries will also participate.
The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), mankind’s closest genetic relative, is a valuable assistant in the
search for treatment of diseases of humans and other animals. Five government-supported captive chim-
panzee breeding programs were funded in 1986 to provide animals for this use and to establish a healthy
and behaviorally normal captive breeding colony. This program has been very successful and the captive
population has grown to over 1,600 individuals. However, a decline in research use combined with an
unwritten policy precluding the use of euthanasia for population control has threatened to over-crowd
facilities and compromise the welfare of the animals. In recognition of these problems, the National Insti-
tutes of Health requested the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences to
prepare recommendations for the Long-Term Care of Chimpanzees in Biomedical Research. The NRC
was asked to provide 1) cost-effective recommendations on the future scientific need of chimpanzees, 2)
the long-term care of chimpanzees in research and breeding, and of those no longer needed in research or
breeding, and 3) the role of government-public interactions in achieving the recommendations. The com-
mittee appointed by the NRC to prepare the recommendations held three public meetings in the process of
their deliberations. This workshop will discuss the recommendations and their implications for research,
long-term care, and pubic interactions. Guided by the actual recommendations, anticipated to be released
in March 1997, workshop speakers and attendees will discuss research use, euthanasia, and requirements
for long-term care including existing and proposed sanctuaries, essential features of the construction, and
daily costs of caring for the animals. Related issues, such as resocialization, group formation and size,
welfare of the animals, and public health concerns of transferring research chimpanzees to public facilities
will be discussed. This workshop will inform the primatology community of the NRC’s recommendations,
stimulate discussions of the steps to be taken to ensure appropriate long-term care of research chimpanzees
and of those no longer needed for research or breeding, and discuss the role of the public in meeting these
goals. Copies of the Executive Summary of the report will be provided.
 91 / Abstracts

11. HAND PREFERENCE IN BILATERALLY SKILLED BONNET MACAQUES

MACACA RADIATA.
1M.W. Andrews’ & L.A. Rosenblum2
‘Dept. of Psychology, SOSC, 1250 Siskiyou Blvd., Ashland, OR, 97520 & 2SUNY Health Sci.
Ctr. at Brooklyn.
We have previously reported that bonnet macaques exhibited a strong hand preference in using a joy-
stick to direct a cursor to contact a stationary target, with most subjects exhibiting a right-hand preference.
When required to manipulate the joystick with each hand, the subjects attained comparable performance
with both their preferred and non-preferred hands, and this comparable level of performance transferred to
a new and more difficult pursuit task. We hypothesized that if hand preference in performing a task
reflects relative ability to use the hands to perform the task, then these monkeys should show no preference
when given free choice of hand use on the pursuit task. During the first hours following the return to free
choice, 4 subjects (all having an initial right-hand preference) completed a majority of trials with the left
hand; the remaining 3 subjects (1 having an initial left-hand preference) completed a majority of trials with
the right hand. Over the next 6 days, however, all 6 subjects with an initial right-hand preference came to
complete 80% or more trials with the right hand, and the one subject with a left-hand preference came to
complete over 90% of trials with the left hand. Our results suggest that hand preference in performing a
task does not necessarily reflect relative ability to use the hands to perform the task.

12. INCREASE OF ALLOGROOMING DURING SHORT-TERM CROWDING

IN CHIMPANZEES.
F. Aureli and F. B. M. de Waal
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Recent studies on well-established groups of primates have challenged the view that high population
densities automatically cause the escalation of agonistic behavior. Macaques increased only mild forms of
agonistic behavior under short-term high-density conditions. The present study was designed to replicate
this research on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). One group of 8 adult and 3 juvenile chimpanzees, was
observed in both a control condition (4 interconnected pens) and a short-term, high-density condition (2
pens for 2-3 hours). Four hours of focal animal observations on each adult individual were collected in
each condition. As a consequence of the smaller space available the chimpanzees reduced locomotion
(Wilcoxon matched-pair test: ~~0.02) and spent more time with at least one individual in close proximity
(p=O.Ol) during high density. Agonistic behavior, however, did not increase. Chimpanzees did not spend
more time inactive under the high-density condition nor did they differ in interindividual approaching
frequency or sitting in contact. They scratched themselves more often (p<O.O5), however, suggesting an
increase in social tension during high density. The only social behavior that increased during high density
was the time spent allogrooming (~~0.05). This selective increase is likely to be related to the tension-
reduction function of allogrooming. [Supported by NIH Grants RR-00165 and ROl -RR097971

13. A REGIONAL CONSERVATION INFORMATION CENTER FOR

SULAWESI, INDONESIA.
Babo, N., Bakry, A., Supriatna, J., and Erwin, J.
Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Information Center, c/o J Erwin, Department of
Neurobiology & Behavior, Bioqual, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850.
The Pusat Informasi Pelestarian Sumber Daya Alam Sulawesi (PIPAS)( Sulawesi Natural Resources
Conservation Information Center) was established in Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi),
Indonesia, in 1994, in accordance with the Bididari Declaration formulated by a joint congress of Indone-
sian and U.S. nongovernmental conservation organizations, including the American Society of Primatolo-
gist (represented by JE). One of the recommendations of the declaration was for the establishment of
regional conservation information centers that could serve as conservation education centers for the ben-
efit of students and educators within the region and to serve as logistical support centers for scientists and
students engaged in field studies related to conservation biology. The center was the outgrowth of support
92 / Abstracts

services provided to members of the Sulawesi Primate Project that was initiated in 1985. The center has
produced books and curriculum materials for environmental and conservation education and has provided
library and computer services to Indonesian and foreign scientists. The Sulawesi Primate Newsletter has
been co-edited by NB at PIPAS, and a Bahasa Indonesian language version has been produced and distrib-
uted by PIPAS. Current projects include development of rural community-owned field stations and trek-
king hostels to provide logistical support to field workers and promote education and training that would
increase the value of parks and nature reserves to the people who live near them. PIPAS is registered in
Indonesia as a nonprofit nongovernmental organization. Support has been received from individual do-
nations and grants, including grants from the National Geographic Society to J. Froehlich and J. Erwin,
The Hein Charitable Trust to Conservation International, and from Primate Conservation, Inc., to J.
Erwin. PIPAS is grateful for donations from the J Froehlich, J. Anderson, W. Southwick, and many
others. The assistance of Akbar Shaifiiddin, Monti Pramono, Deddy Supriadi, Yakub Muskita, and Pro-
fessor Jatna Supriatna is gratefully acknowledged.

14. HUMAN INTERACTION AS ENRICHMENT FOR CAPTIVE CHIMPAN-

ZEES: A PRELIMINARY REPORT.
K. C. Baker
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.
The relatively widespread view that human interaction enhances well-being has been subject to little
objective evaluation. This study assessed the effect of positive human interaction (e.g. relaxed treat feed-
ing, playing, and other forms of social interaction compatible with personnel safety) on the behavior of 12
adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed indoors in groups of two or three. The level of interaction
during routine cleaning, feeding, and monitoring represented the baseline condition. The test condition
involved a familiar caretaker spending an additional 10 minutes per day, 5 days a week, with each indi-
vidual. This study was designed to assess carry-over effects of interaction on behavior outside of the
context of carestaff presence; the 97 hours of focal animal sampling data were collected only when care-
takers were absent from the building. In the increased human interaction phase, the chimpanzees showed
more lone playing and social grooming, and less abnormal behavior, inactivity, and reactivity to the dis-
plays of neighboring groups. A trend toward reduced agonism toward the observer was detected as well.
These results suggest that simple, unstructured affiliation between humans and chimpanzees has a power-
ful impact on well-being, promoting activity and relaxed conspecific interactions and ameliorating unde-
sirable behaviors. This study was supported by NIH Grant RR-00165.

15. COPING WITH CONFLICT DURING INITIAL ENCOUNTERS IN CAP-

TIVE CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES’).
K.C. Baker and F. Awe/i
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.
Conflict can arise from the absence of predictability in interactions and incompatibilities in motivations
and expectations. This type of conflict is likely when strangers meet; communicative exchanges are re-
quired in order to establish relationships, to develop tolerance and predictability, and to reduce the risk of
aggression. Data collected during the initial half-hour of the introduction of 33 unfamiliar pairs (16 fe-
male-male and 17 female-female) of chimpanzees at the Yerkes Primate Center and Detroit Zoo were used
to assess the sequence of events during initial encounters and the function of different behavior patterns in
coping with the conflict involved in negotiating relationship formation. Initial encounters followed a
regular sequence of interactions, commencing with agonistic behavior, followed by brief friendly con-
tacts, with allogrooming occurring last. Friendly contacts did not mark the development of tolerance as
measured by the response to approaches, but were related to status differentiation. Individuals presumably
more closely matched in competitive ability contacted each other at higher rates than those more obviously
mismatched. Allogrooming was related to the development of tolerance; it reduced the proportion of
approaches followed by negative outcomes and was effective in reducing agonism. Chimpanzees appear
to cope with conflict when meeting a stranger by employing consistent sequences of interaction patterns
with a rapid development of tolerance by allogrooming. Supported by NIH Grants RR-00165 and ROl-
 93 I Abstracts

RRo9797.

16. IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF FUR RUBBING MATERIALS

BY WHITE-FACED CAPUCHIN MONKEYS (CEBUS CAPUCINUS).
M. Baker
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, CA 9252 I, U.S.A.
Three of the four species of capuchin monkeys (Cebus sp.) are known to rub specifically chosen plants
and other substances into their fur. The items used for rubbing are limited in number and variety, and are
pungent smelling or tactually stimulating. This research focuses on what the monkeys “know” about items
used for rubbing; e.g., how do they identify rubbing material? Are items with similar characteristics
acceptible for rubbing ? Research conducted in Costa Rica indicates that the monkeys identify rubbing
material by sight and smell, but not touch. Yearlings and young juveniles were not always able to identify
correct rubbing material by sight alone, which suggests that these skills are learned. Juveniles were more
willing than adults to explore and use novel items. Novel items which were similar in appearance, odor,
feel, or chemical composition were usually rejected, though not always: the monkeys used Avon Skin So
Soft, which contains citronella. Citronella is also present in citrus fruit, a preferred rubbing medium,
indicating that the monkeys recognized the chemical similarity of the two items. Other novel items, such
as onions, tobacco, anise, aloe, as well as cloths soaked in extracts of known rubbing materials were also
used by the monkeys.

17. NEW DATA AND ISSUES ABOUT SELF-RECOGNITION IN CHIMPAN-

ZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES).
Kim A. Bard
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Human &
Behavioral Genetics Research Lab, 1256 Briarcll#Rd, NE, Room 323 West, Atlanta, GA 30306.
Nine chimpanzees at the Yerkes Research Center between the ages of 24 and 30 months were tested to
investigate the claim that mirror self-recognition is consolidated between 28 and 30 months of age. Two
30-month-old subjects exhibited mirror-guided mark directed behaviors, as did one of the five 28-month-
old subjects. The remaining 28-month-olds engaged in mirror-guided self-directed behavior as did one 24
month-old subject without touching the mark while watching themselves in the mirror. Recent criticisms
of the initial study concern how the mark is discovered and point to methodological factors, e.g., testing in
social groups, marking while awake with cream that has tactile properties. Regardless, self-recognition
can be concluded if the subject uses the reflected image to guide her movements to the mark. All subjects
were tested identically and only some subjects exhibited mirror self-recognition, therefore these proce-
dures can not cause chimpanzees to exhibit mirror self-recognition. Cognitive ability may be important:
the use of the mirror image appears to develop through explorations of contingent action followed by
mirror-guided self-directed behavior which occur developmentally prior to “knowing” that it is the self
which is reflected in the mirror. The variable that best predicts passing the mark test is age which may
reflect underlying cognitive development. Supported by NIH grants RR-00 165, RR-06 158, & RR-0359 1.

18. POPULATION SIZE, HUNTING RATES, AND SUSTAINABILITY OF

MONA MONKEYS (CERCOPITHECUSMONA) ON THE CARIBBEAN ISLAND
OF GRENADA.
Keith Bensen and Mary E. Glenn
Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, ! I East Main Street, Suite I54, Bayshore,
NY II 706.
West African mona monkeys were introduced to the Caribbean island of Grenada approximately 300
years ago and have since become naturalized to the island’s rainforests. The only known predators of the
mona monkey on Grenada are human hunters. This study examines the impact hunting has on the monkey
population. Between October 1994 and April 1995, 40 strip transect surveys were conducted on two, 2-
94 I Abstracts

km routes to estimate mona population density. Between August 1993 and January 1995, several inter-
views were conducted with 40 hunters in order to determine annual harvest rates for monkeys. Hunters
were also accompanied into the field on 20 occasions to confirm harvest rates. Mona population density
estimates averaged 42.1 (SD = 35.7, n = 40) individuals per km2 for a total island population estimate of
2,020 monkeys based on available forest habitat. An estimated 120 monkeys were harvested per year
based on hunter interviews and hunter monitoring. Assuming a 1: 1 sex ratio, a reproduction rate of 0.75
young/reproductive female/year, and that half of the females are capable of reproducing in any given year,
approximately 380 young are produced each year. Therefore, hunters on average harvest one-third of the
total yearly monkey production. An assumed preharvest mortality rate of 10% combined with the esti-
mated harvest rate reveals a sustainable hunting pressure; however, hunting rates may be approaching
carrying capacity.

19. A COMPARISON OF BABOON (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS) AND RHESUS

MACAQUE (MXCACAMULATTA) MOTHER-INFANT PROXIMITY DURING
INFANTS’ FIRST THREE MONTHS.
l?K. Bentley-Condit, ’E. 0. Smith, 2 B. Torres, 3 S. Pearson’
‘Dept. of Anthropology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, ‘Emory University, 3Covance
Research Products, Inc.
Infant baboon and rhesus macaque developmental rates, particularly as indicated by mother-infant pair
proximity, have been described yet never compared. We collected data on feral yellow baboon and captive
rhesus macaque mother-infant pairs’ proximities in order to determine if development rates are similar.
Also included in our analyses were captive baboon and feral macaque data. Our baboon data were col-
lected at the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya (NOV91 - SEP92) on one troop (n=l 1 pairs -
195 focals). We collected macaque data during 1996 at Covance, Alice, TX on a corral-housed group
(n=22 pairs - 154 focals). During 20-minute focal mother observations, infant proximity was recorded at
five distance classifications. Our data indicate striking differences between these two populations at infant
ages of 0- 1mo, 1-2mo, and 2-3mo. For each age range, the baboon pairs spent a greater proportion of focal
time in contact than did the macaques. The differences for l-2 and 2-3 months of age are statistically
significant (t tests, ~~0.05). Correspondingly, the macaque infants spent a significantly greater proportion
of focal time off the mother for these age ranges (t tests, ~~0.05). Thus, it appears that macaque infants
may “develop” at a faster pace than do baboon infants. The “captive vs feral” issue was addressed through
comparisons which controlled for species (e.g., baboon to baboon) and condition (e.g., feral to feral).
Significant differences remained under these controlled conditions.

20. RANK DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN PHYSIOLOGICAL RE-

SPONSES TO FOOD ANTICIPATION AND PRESENTATION IN FREE-RANG-
ING CAPTIVE BABOONS.
K.L. Bentson,’ C.A. Astley,’ F. P. Miles,’ D.S. Goldstein,2 C. Holmes,2 and O.A. Smith’
‘Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, and 2Na-
tional Institutes of Health
Differences in physiology between dominant and subordinate baboons (Papio cynocephaludanubis)
exist, but little is known about physiological responses during specific events. We hypothesized that
dominant baboons would have different physiological profiles than subordinates during anticipation and
presentation of preferred food. Three pairs of dominant and subordinate baboons were studied. Heart rate
and blood pressure were measured via telemetry. Blood samples were obtained by remote control before
food appeared (pre-event), while the baboons watched the food being prepared (anticipation phase), and
while food was distributed in the compound (presentation phase). In the anticipation phase, heart rate
increased rapidly by about 30 beats per minute and then declined in both dominant and subordinate ba-
boons. Blood pressure trended upward in both groups. Plasma catecholamines did not differ significantly
by rank or from pre-event levels. In the presentation phase, heart rate, blood pressure and catecholamines
were not elevated over anticipation levels in subordinate males. Dominant males, in contrast, exhibited
rapid increases in heart rate and blood pressure that slowly declined but remained higher for several min-
 95 / Abstracts

utes than levels seen in the subordinates. Norepinephrine more than doubled from anticipation levels in
the dominant males, but was unchanged in the subordinates. Subordinate males obtained little or none of
the food. In summary, the physiological profiles of dominant and subordinate baboons were similar
during anticipation but markedly different in the presentation phase. These differences were accompanied
by differences in behavior.

21. HAND SPECIALIZATION AND MIXED-SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS IN

TAMARINS.

J. C. Bicca-Marques
Dept. ofAnthropology, University of IIlinois at Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607
South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
Mixed-species associations composed of Saguinus fuscicollis with either of S. mystax, S. labiatus, or S.
imperator have been extensively studied. Niche separation among tamarins that form mixed species troops
involves differences in body size, vertical use of the forest, positional behavior, and insect foraging tech-
niques. While the plant-based diet of each tamarin species is very similar, overlap in their use of animal
prey is limited. S. fuscicollis is a manipulative insect forager, capturing large insects in knotholes and
crevices in tree trunks. These microhabitats are rarely exploited by other tamarin species. In the case of
Leontopithecus, it has been hypothesized that long, narrow, and thin hands facilitate manipulative forag-
ing of concealed or embedded prey. The present research examines hand shape in callitrichines and tests
the hypothesis that hand anatomy in S. fuscicollis represents an insect foraging adaptation. 987 hands of
callitrichine and squirrel monkey specimens deposited in museums (FMNH, CPRJ, MN, MPEG, and
MZUSP) were measured. The measurements taken were hand length, width, and thickness. The results
indicate that the hands of S. fuscicollis as well as of S. nigricoks and S. tripartitus differ significantly in
shape from those of other tamarins and are intermediate between those and the hands of Leontopithecus. In
S. fuscicollis as in several other species of tamarins, hand shape appears to be a good predictor of the insect
foraging techniques.

22. SINGLE LINE PROGRESSIONS IN BLACK-AND-GOLD HOWLER MON-

KEYS (ALOUATTA CARAYA): IS THERE AN ORDERED POSITIONING?

J C. Bicca-Marques and C. Calegaro-Marques

Dept. ofAnthropology, University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign, IO9 Davenport Hall, Urbana,
IL 61801.
Individual, age, and sex-based trends in spatial organization of cercopithecine troop progressions have
provided support for the ‘protection hypothesis’. This hypothesis argues that more vulnerable individuals,
like infants and juveniles, occupy safer or more guarded positions during group travel than do adults. In
New World primates, single line progressions on the ground provide a good opportunity to test the ‘pro-
tection hypothesis’. In howlers, for example, individuals show a higher level of vigilance during ground
progressions than when traveling in an arboreal setting. This study analyzes 42 single line progressions on
the ground in a troop of wild black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) living in a forest fragment
of two hectares in Southern Brazil. The study troop was composed of 15-17 individuals. Age classes
presented different patterns of travel position: (a) adults tended to travel in the front and rear of the pro-
gression; (b) subadults traveled mainly in the vanguard; and (c)juveniles and infants were found to travel
significantly more in the middle of the progression than expected. This spatial distribution is consistent
with the predictions of the ‘protection hypothesis’. Overall, however, individual differences in adult posi-
tioning seem to reflect differential social status and may be influenced by female reproductive state. The
frequency of use of the first and last positions in the line is probably the best predictor of social rank during
progressions.