ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

IN GLAZING WORKS

Thesis

May 2024

Guided by
Dr. Luke Judson

Submitted by
Saksham Adaulia
SPA/NS/BEM/2022/892

Department of Building Engineering & Management,

School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Thesis titled “Assessment of Quality Management Practices in
Glazing Works” submitted by Mr. Saksham Adaulia in the partial fulfilment for the degree of
Masters in Building Engineering and Management at School of Planning and Architecture,
New Delhi, is a record of the student’s work carried out by her under my supervision and
guidance.
The matter embodied in this thesis work has not been submitted for any other degree or
diploma.

Guide HoD
Dr. Luke Judson, Prof. Virendra Kumar Paul,
Dept. of Building Engg. & Management, Dept. of Building Engg. & Management,
School of Planning & Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture,
New Delhi New Delhi

i
 PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATE

I, Saksham Adaulia, hereby certify that no part of this report is reproduced or copied from
another literature source, published or non-published. All works used for the purpose of the
study are duly referred and acknowledged in the relevant portions of the report and sources
indicated.

Saksham Adaulia,
SPA/NS/BEM/2022/892
MBEM, 2nd Year, 4th Semester

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to the
Head of the Department, Prof. Virendra Kumar Paul, and my guide who supported me in
accomplishing this research, Mr. Varun Seth. I would also like to express my gratitude to all
the faculty members of the department for their exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of the thesis.
As a part of the research, I had the opportunity to interact with several experts for the data
collection, interviews, case study analysis and for their insights on the process, in-person and
on mails and telephonic conversations and receive their timely guidance and invaluable inputs
for the thesis.
Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to my family, friends and seniors for their support
and encouragement.

iii
 ABSTRACT

The rapid urbanization and infrastructure development in India have led to an increased usage
of glazing in building exteriors. High-rise buildings with glass facades have become a common
sight in Indian metros, symbolizing affluence and style. Structural glazing, which optimizes
natural light in buildings, significantly reduces the weight of the building envelope and
enhances the interior environment. However, the costs of structural glazing typically fall within
the range of 10% to 25% of the total building cost for commercial and high-end residential
projects. Therefore, ensuring quality in structural glazing becomes crucial.
This research aims to identify the critical quality factors influencing the installation and
performance of structural glazing in Indian construction projects and compare prevailing
quality management practices with international standards. The study will also explore the key
barriers and challenges in establishing robust quality management frameworks for structural
glazing systems in India. Furthermore, it will examine how a benchmarking framework can
guide improvement in structural glazing installations.
The research will involve identifying the challenges and prevailing Quality Management
Practices in Glazing Works, deriving and analysing the Performance Requirements for Project
Managers, Consultants, and Clients, generating a Proforma for the assessment of Quality
Management Practices for Glazing Works, and implementing the Proforma on case studies to
assess the Quality of Glazing works.
The research is expected to fill the gap in comprehensive studies on quality management
practices specific to structural glazing in the Indian context. It will also address the need for a
more standardized framework from government organizations, as the expertise of installation,
fabrication, and quality assurance is currently under the Suppliers and Vendors.
The findings of this research will contribute to the body of knowledge on quality management
in structural glazing and provide valuable insights for stakeholders in the construction industry.
It will also pave the way for further research in this area, ultimately leading to improved quality
and performance in structural glazing installations.

Keywords: Curtain Glazing, Quality Management, Quality Assessment

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 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 7
Chapter 2: Literature Review.................................................................................... 10
2.1 REVIEW MATRIX 1: SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE TESTING CODES ... 18
2.2 REVIEW MATRIX 2: ACTIVITY MAPPING FOR CURTAIN GLAZING ....... 20
Chapter 3: Data Collection ....................................................................................... 21
3.1 Procedure for Data Collection ......................................................................... 23
3.2 Identified Case-Studies:.................................................................................. 25
Chapter 4: Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 32

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 Table of Figures

Table 1 BIS Codes for Glass and Glazing ...................................................................... 16

List of Figures
Figure 1 (Left) Stick Curtain Wall System; (Right) Semi-Unitized Glazing System (Source:
Internet) ..................................................................................................................... 11

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. INTRODUCTION
Glass facades are becoming more and more common in the fast-paced world of Indian
construction, completely changing the way facades are planned and built. The skylines of
Indian Metros are dotted with high-rise buildings clad in glimmering glass, spelling out
affluence and style. The usage of glazing in building exteriors has significantly increased due
to rising urbanisation and extensive infrastructure development.
Glazing systems is critical for optimising natural light in buildings, resulting in a brighter and
cosier interior environment. Effective utilisation of natural light reduces the demand for
artificial lighting during the day, resulting in reduced energy expenses and enhanced comfort
for occupants. Apart from enhancement of Functional performance, it reduces the weight of
building envelope significantly. Complementing this emphasis on natural light is the Indian
construction industry's growing attention to sustainable design concepts.
As per the article “Trends in Glass Glazing in India”, MGS Architecture (2009),
The costs of structural glazing typically fall within the range of 10% to 25% of the total
building cost for commercial and high-end residential projects.
In order to guarantee performance, safety, and durability in structural glazing, quality
management becomes crucial.
As Henry Ford said, “Quality means doing it right when no one is looking.” (S.E. Bruke, 2017)
Quality in construction projects depends on clear design documents, well-defined quality
control methods, proper materials and workmanship (Jha, 2015). Inspections, testing, and
sampling are common quality control methods. Quality assurance focuses on preventing
defects, while quality control focuses on detecting them.
Overall, successful construction quality management requires a comprehensive approach
encompassing planning, execution, control, and continual improvement, while adapting to the
specific needs and challenges of the construction industry.
1.2. Keywords
Structural glazing, Quality Management, Benchmarking
1.3. Research Questions
a) What are the critical quality factors influencing the installation and performance of
structural glazing in Indian construction projects?
b) How do prevailing quality management practices compare to international standards?
c) What are the key barriers and challenges in establishing robust quality management
frameworks for structural glazing systems in India?
d) How can a benchmarking framework be used to guide improvement in structural
glazing installations?
1.4. Research Gap
1. The costs of structural glazing typically fall within the range of 10% to 20% of the
total building cost for commercial and high-end residential projects. Glazing works

7
 shall thus conform to quality expectations w.r.t aesthetics, performance, workmanship
and customer satisfaction.
2. In India, where the construction industry is rapidly expanding, façade failure still
occurs and recurs in the same way. Glazing construction is important for the successful
completion of a construction project.
3. Limited comprehensive studies are available on quality management practices specific
to structural glazing in the Indian context.
4. CPWD has recently included Structural Glazing works in DSR, DAR and
Specifications, but still the expertise of installation, fabrication and quality assurance
is under the Suppliers and Vendors. Thus, a more standardized framework is required
from govt. organizations
1.5. Aim
To analyse the prevailing Quality Management practices and generate a Quality Assessment
model of Glazing Works

1.6. Objectives
I. To identify the challenges and prevailing Quality Management Practices
in Glazing Works, and the scope of each stakeholder. (PLAN)
II. To derive and analyse the Performance Requirements for Project
Managers, Consultants and Client (Users) also validate the challenges
identified from case-studies. (DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS)
III. To generate a Proforma for assessment of Quality Management Practices
for Glazing Works (Quantify the Performance Parameters)
IV. To implement the Proforma on the case-studies and assess the Quality of
Glazing works. (IMPLEMTATION)

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 1.7. Objectives

AIM - TO ANALYZE THE PREVAILING Literature review – identify and

QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES categorize the challenges in
OUTCOME – (1)
AND GENERATE A BENCHMARK FOR Glazing
Research Process Map for
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GLAZING
papers, reports, What are the Processes and execution of Curtain
WORKS
Published Quality Management Practices Wall (2) Scope of each
available studies for Glazing? stakeholders (3)
Roles and Scope of each Checklist for Case-
Stakeholder (Client, PMC, Studies
OBJECTIVE 1 - To identify the
Consultant, Fabricator)
challenges and prevailing Quality
Management Practices in Glazing Literature Process of Execution Process,
Expert
Works, and the scope of each review + Expert Execution QM Practices being
Interviews
stakeholders. (PLAN) Interviews and carried out
Quality

To identify the critical Challenges

OBJECTIVE 2 – To derive and analyze in execution of Glazing Works
Case-Studies
the Performance Requirements for (Curtain Wall)
Project Managers, Consultants and OUTCOME – Basis
Client(Users) also validate the for generation of
challenges identified from case-studies. Derive Performance requirements Proforma for Quality
(DATA COLLECTION & Data Analysis for based on (1) identified Critical Assessment
ANALYSIS) Challenges, (2) QM Checklists (3)
RFQs (4) Expert Interviews

Parameters Shall be:

Key
Parameters 1. Quantity and Cost of
for Rework (%)
OBJECTIVE 3 - To generate a OUTCOME – Proforma for
Assessment 2. Wastage per unit area of
Proforma for assessment of Quality Quality Assessment
work (%)
Management Practices for Glazing 3. Weather-proof: Water and
Works (Quantify the Performance Air Penetration (%)
Parameters) 4. Workmanship: Rigidity of
Quantificati
frames, joints, Dimensional
on of these
accuracy (variations per unit
parameters
area of work)

Based on the Proforma, the Quality Assessment shall be carried out on each Case-
OBJECTIVE 4 - To implement the Studies, and scores shall be evaluated
Proforma on the case-studies and assess
the Quality of Glazing works.
(IMPLEMTATION)

OUTCOME – Quality Assessment of OUTCOME – Areas of improvement

each Case-Studies in existing Quality Management
Practices

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

This chapter presents a detailed review of all the relevant literature for this thesis. The literature
has been selected to understand the important and recurring terms and concepts of Glazing
Works, the process of execution, cost parameters and economics, existing cost considerations
and identifying factors for selection. It also provides a basis to conduct further data collection
and derive quantitative outcomes.
2.1. Literature Cited

2.2. Glazing in Construction

Glass facades are becoming more and more common in the fast-paced world of Indian
construction, completely changing the way facades are planned and built. The skylines of
Indian Metros are dotted with high-rise buildings clad in glimmering glass, spelling out
affluence and style. The usage of glazing in building exteriors has significantly increased due
to rising urbanisation and extensive infrastructure development.
Glazing systems is critical for optimising natural light in buildings, resulting in a brighter and
cosier interior environment. Effective utilisation of natural light reduces the demand for
artificial lighting during the day, resulting in reduced energy expenses and enhanced comfort
for occupants. Apart from enhancement of Functional performance, it reduces the weight of
building envelope significantly. Complementing this emphasis on natural light is the Indian
construction industry's growing attention to sustainable design concepts.
Why Glazing is Important in Modern Construction?

• Natural Light: Glass maximizes natural light, reducing reliance on artificial lighting
and creating brighter, more welcoming spaces.
• Aesthetics: Glazing offers a sleek, modern look and can be used to create visually
striking designs.
• Energy Efficiency: Advanced glazing technologies (like coatings, insulation, and
double/triple glazing) improve thermal performance, reducing heating and cooling
costs.
• Indoor-Outdoor Connection: Large glass panels blur the lines between inside and
out, enhancing views and creating a sense of spaciousness.
• Sound Insulation: Specialized glazing can help reduce noise pollution, creating
calmer interior environments.
Glazing system is a vertical structure enclosure that covers two or more floors and bears no
loads other than its load and the forces acting on it in the environment. Aluminum frames are
used in the vast majority of curtain walling installations. Aluminum extrusion is commonly
used in these designs. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and ability to be extruded
into complicated forms.

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There are three types of glazing systems based on how the components are assembled, which
influences the time, cost, and quality of work.
1. Stick Curtain Wall System: The components of this curtain wall system are
assembled piece by piece on the building's structure.
2. A semi-unitized curtain wall glazing system is a type of structural glazing in which
the primary structural framing components are erected as an erector set individually.
3. Unitized curtain systems are made up of large glass units that are manufactured and
glazed in a factory before being delivered to the construction site.
In CPWD AOR following items are specified,
1. Semi-(grid) unitized system of structural glazing (with open joints)
2. Suspended Spider Glazing system
For this research me shall focus on Semi-Grid unitized system of structural glazing.

Figure 1 (Left) Stick Curtain Wall System; (Right) Semi-Unitized Glazing System (Source: Internet)

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2.3. Quality Procedures for Works

As per IS 15883 – Part 4, Quality procedures elaborating quality assurance and quality
control requirements for construction works (including construction materials and
workmanship) shall be defined.
Works involving items which cannot be checked at subsequent stages such as services
embedded in concrete, works which have significant failure cost and works wherein
performance would be known only during actual use (such as waterproofing) shall
have quality assurance procedures defined in accordance with work specifications.

Glazing works lies works where “Performance would be known” and shall have pre-
defined QA procedures.

2.4. Definition of Quality for Glazing Works

A. Structural Integrity: (PRE-CONSTRUCTION DECISION)

• Wind Load Resistance: Ability to withstand high wind pressure and gusts
without deformation or failure.
• Seismic Resistance: Capacity to endure seismic forces (especially in earthquake-
prone zones) without causing significant damage or collapse.
• Dead Load and Live Load Bearing: Must support its weight and additional
loads like signage or maintenance equipment.
B. Weather Resistance: (QUALITY CONTROL / ASSURANCE)
• Water Resistance: Effective seals and drainage systems to prevent rainwater
penetration and leakage.
• Air Infiltration Resistance: Tight seals to minimize unwanted airflow and
ensure energy efficiency.
C. Thermal Performance: (PRE-CONSTRUCTION DECISION)
• Insulation (U-Value): The lower the U-value, the better the wall's insulation and
ability to reduce heat transfer.
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC): Measure of how well the curtain wall
blocks solar heat, impacting indoor comfort and energy costs.
D. Visual and Aesthetic Quality: (QUALITY CONTROL / ASSURANCE)
• Uniformity: Consistent, clean lines, and an unblemished finish.
• Color/finish Consistency: Maintain consistent color and material finish
throughout the entire system.
• Glass Clarity: High-quality glass free from distortions or flaws.
• Sound Transmission Reduction (Acoustics): The wall's ability to block
external noise.
E. Workmanship: (QUALITY CONTROL)
• Fabrication Quality: Correct assembly and precise tolerances to ensure
structural strength, alignment, and weathertightness.
• Installation Quality: Skilled professionals adhering to best practices, preventing
gaps, water infiltration, and misalignment.
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 2.5. Quality Performance Indicators and Acceptance Criteria

As per IS 15883 – Part 4, As per Quality performance indicators should be identified

relevant to the work and customer requirements.
Accordingly, acceptance criteria should be defined considering customer needs and
cost, and in conformance to national standards and accepted engineering practices.

Our Roadmap for identification for Quality Performance Indicators shall be:
1. Identification of various activities and roles of each stakeholder at various
stages of Glazing works
2. Identification and validation of Challenges
3. Categorization of each challenge among the stakeholders
4. Identifying the Performance Requirement for respective challenges

2.6. Challenges in Glazing Works

Curtain Glazing presents several challenges:
(Pavitt & Gibb, 2003)(Lu & Zhang , 2015)(Lee, 2018)(Cohen 1991)(Jha,2015)(Pragya,2023)
1. Aesthetics: Curtain glazing often serves architectural purposes, contributing to the
aesthetic appeal of buildings. Balancing design requirements with structural
integrity and performance standards can be challenging. It has also been observed
that often final Product varies from the Architectural design.
2. Procurement of Consultants: Identifying reputable suppliers and manufacturers
of curtain wall components, such as glass panels, framing systems, and sealants,
requires careful research and evaluation.
3. Coordination Among Stakeholders: Curtain glazing projects involve multiple
stakeholders, including architects, engineers, contractors, and glass manufacturers.
Ensuring effective communication and coordination among these parties is crucial
to address design complexities and minimize errors during execution.
4. Contractor Expertise and Trained Workers: The quality of workmanship in
curtain glazing heavily relies on the expertise and training of contractors
responsible for installation. Lack of skilled labor or inadequate training can result
in improper assembly, leading to structural issues or aesthetic defects.
5. Material Quality Control: Ensuring the quality of glass and framing materials
used in curtain glazing is crucial. Variations in material quality can lead to
structural weaknesses, poor insulation, and reduced longevity.
6. Quality Control During Installation: Implementing rigorous quality control
measures during the installation process is crucial to detect and rectify defects
promptly. Inspection checkpoints should be established to verify adherence to
design specifications and construction tolerances.
7. Material Handling: Material handling challenges for glazing works include the
transportation of large and fragile glass panels, which require careful lifting,

13
 securing, and maneuvering to prevent breakage or damage. Additionally,
coordinating the delivery of heavy materials to elevated building levels presents
logistical complexities and requires specialized equipment and skilled labor.
8. Repairs and Reworks: Repairs and reworks in glazing works incur costs related
to labor, materials, and time, impacting project budgets and schedules. Challenges
include identifying defects, accessing elevated areas for repairs, coordinating with
subcontractors, and addressing client dissatisfaction.
9. Cost-effectiveness: Clients seek curtain wall solutions that offer value for money,
balancing initial investment costs with long-term benefits such as energy savings,
reduced maintenance requirements, and enhanced building functionality.
10. Weather Resistance: Curtain glazing systems must withstand various weather
conditions, including wind, rain, and temperature fluctuations. Ensuring that the
design and materials can withstand these environmental factors is critical for
maintaining quality over time.
11. Structural Integrity: Proper installation is essential for the structural integrity and
weatherproofing of curtain glazing systems. Challenges arise in ensuring that
installers adhere to standardized procedures and best practices to prevent leaks,
drafts, and other issues.
12. Maintainability: Implementing appropriate maintenance strategies is essential for
preserving the performance and appearance of curtain glazing over time.
Challenges include access for cleaning, replacement of damaged components, and
degradation of sealants.
13. Fire Safety: Meeting fire safety requirements and regulations, including fire
resistance ratings, smoke control measures, and evacuation strategies for buildings
with curtain wall construction.
14. Timely Delivery: Clients expect curtain wall projects to be completed within
agreed-upon timelines and budget constraints. They require effective project
management, coordination, and communication to ensure timely delivery and
installation without compromising quality.

2.7. Requirements of QM and benchmarking in Glazing Works

In India, where the construction industry is rapidly expanding, façade failure still occurs and
recurs in the same way. Curtain wall construction is important for the successful completion of
a construction project. In addition to the fact that it is an activity on the critical path in
many projects, it also accounts for a nonnegligible portion of the total construction cost
up to10%– 15%. (Cho, 2021) Poorly designed or installed curtain walls can compromise the
building's integrity and put the occupants at risk.
In order to guarantee performance, safety, and durability in structural glazing, quality
management becomes crucial.

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 2.8. Key Issues in Glazing Works
List of possible Issues identified through Literature at Installation stages:
(Hwang, Zhao, & Van Do, 2014) (Kassem, Dawood, & Mitchell, 2012) (Kim, Roh , Kim ,
Lee , & Kwak , 2019) (Lu & Zhang , 2015) (Lee, 2018) (Layzell & Ledbetter,1998), (Luo,
Jin, Shen, & Wang Y, 2020) (Pavitt & Gibb, 2003)

S.no. Stages Defects

1 Construction 1. Lack of Inspections
Inspection 2. Hiring Unqualified inspectors
3. Neglect of the Importance of Inspection
4. Not Implementing corrective actions during job
execution
2 Civil Construction 5. Inadequate measurements
6. Applying paint in unsuitable conditions and surfaces
7. Applying inadequate water proofing and drainage
8. Insufficient concrete cover to reinforcement
9. Improper construction of cold joints
10. Loss in adhesion between materials
11. Early form work removal
12. Inadequate curing base facade
13. Lack of communication
3 Contractor 14. Non-compliance with specifications
Administration 15. Inability to read drawings
16. Insufficient site supervision
17. Poor communication between the owner and the
architect/engineer
18. Hiring unqualified supervisors
19. Speedy completion or cheap quality work
20. Hiring unqualified workforce
21. Multinational construction experience
4 Construction materials 22. Thermal movement in different materials
23. Selection of materials unsuitable for climatic
conditions
24. Use of non-durable materials
25. Use of expired materials
26. Poor material handling and storage
5 Construction 27. Wrong use of equipment
equipment 28. Inadequate performance of equipment
29. Lack of required amount of equipment
6 Construction 30. Lack of references
Drawings 31. Conflicting details
32. Lack of details

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 2.9. Codes and References for Glass and Curtain wall systems
Following codes and References are applicable for Curtain Glazing Systems:
1. BIS Indian Standards for Glass, Glazing System (Facade and Fenestration), Profiles
and its Associated Materials:
Table 1 BIS Codes for Glass and Glazing

Sl no. Code/ Standard Title

1 IS 16945 : 2018 Fire Resistance Test for Glass Walls
Fire Resistance Tests for Doors with Glass Panes,
2 IS 16947 : 2018
Openable Glass Windows and Sliding Glass Doors
Glass in Building - Forced-Entry Security Glazing Part
3 IS 16978 : Part 1 : 2018
1 Test and Classification by Repetitive Ball Drop
Glass in Building - Forced-Entry Security Glazing Part
4 IS 16978 : Part 2 : 2018 2 Test and Classification by Repetitive Impact of a
Hammer and Axe at Room Temperature
Glass in Building - Forced-Entry Security Glazing Part
5 IS 16978 : Part 3 : 2018
3 test and Classification by Manual Attack
Glass in Building - Forced - Entry Security Glazing Part
6 IS 16978 : Part 4 : 2018 4 test and Classification by pendulum impact under
Thermally and fire stressed Conditions
7 IS 16982 : 2018 Heat Strengthened Glass - Specification
8 IS 17004 : 2018 Testing Methods for Processed Glass
9 IS 14900 : 2018 Transparent Float Glass - Specification (First Revision)
Safety Glass - Specification Part 1 Architectural,
10 IS 2553 : Part 1 : 2018
Building and General Uses (Fourth Revision)
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 1
11 IS 16231 : Part 1 : 2019
General Methodology for Selection (First Revision)
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 2
12 IS 16231 : Part 2 : 2019
Energy and Light ( First Revision )
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 3 Fire
13 IS 16231 : Part 3 : 2019
and Loading ( First Revision )
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 4
14 IS 16231 : Part 4 : 2019
Safety Related to Human Impact ( First Revision )
15 IS 17346: 2020 Insulating Glazing Unit - Specification
Specification for Aluminium Doors, Windows and
16 IS 1948 : 1961
Ventilators
SPECIFIC CODES IN PRACTICE
17 IS 3548 : 1988 Code of Practice for Glazing in Buildings
Code of Practice For Design Loads (Other Than
18 IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 Earthquake)For Buildings And Structures Part 1 Dead
Loads
Code of Practice For Design Loads (Other Than
19 IS 875 (Part 3): 1987 Earthquake)For Buildings And Structures Part 3 Wind
Loads

16
 Wrought Aluminium & Aluminium Alloys- Extruded
20 IS 1285 : 2002 Round Tube & Hollow Sections for General
Engineering
PERFORMANCE TESTING
Wind Resistance for Curtain Walls, Windows, Sliders,
18 IS 18473: 2024
Doors and Skylights — Method of Test
Water Penetration of Curtain Walls, Windows, Sliders,
19 IS 18459: 2024 Doors and Skylights by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference — Method of Test
Field Measurement of Air Permeability and Water
Penetration through Installed Curtain Wall, Windows,
20 IS 18434 : 2023
Doors, Sliders and Skylights under Static Air Pressure
Difference — Method of Test
Method of Measurement of Building and Civil
21 IS 1200 : Part 14 : 1984
Engineering Works: Part 14 Glazing

2. International Standards for Performance Testing:

Sl no. Code/ Standard Title

PERFORMANCE TESTING
Standard Test Method for determining the Rate of Air Leakage
1 ASTM E 283-91
through Exterior
Standard test method for Water penetration of Exterior Windows,
2 ASTM E 331-93
Curtain walls
Standard Test Method for Structural performance of Exterior
3 ASTM E 330-90
Windows, Curtain Walls
4 AAMA501.1 Water penetration by Dynamic pressure
Water leakage-field check of installed storefronts, Curtain
5 AAMA 501.2-03
walls& sloped glazing systems
6 E 488 Strength of anchors in concrete and masonry elements.
Voluntary specification for field testing of newly installed
7 AAMA 502-21
fenestration products
Voluntary specification for field testing of newly installed
8 AAMA 503-14
storefronts, curtain walls and sloped glazing systems
Standard test method for field measurement of air leakage
9 ASTM E783: 2018
through installed exterior windows and doors
Standard test method for field determination of water penetration
10 ASTM E1105: 2015 of installed exterior windows, skylights, doors, and curtain walls,
by uniform or cyclic static air pressure difference.
Standard test method for water penetration of exterior windows,
11 ASTM E331: 2016 skylights, doors and curtain walls by uniform static air pressure
difference
12 EN 12211 : 2016 Windows and doors — Resistance to wind load — Test method
Standard Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of Pre-
13 ASTM E2099-00
construction Laboratory Mock-ups of the Exterior Wall Systems

17
 2.10 REVIEW MATRIX 1: SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE TESTING CODES

Sl. Code
Title References Test Preparation Test Procedure Illustrations
No. /Standard
1 IS 18473: Wind Resistance for a) ISO 6612 : 1980 Windows and The laboratory air temperature shall be recorded and Three air pressure pulses shall be applied; the rate of
2024 Curtain Walls, door height windows — Wind reported in the report. application shall be 100 Pa/s, and the pressure shall be
Windows, Sliders, resistance tests All operating parts of the specimen shall be opened maintained for 3 s.
Doors and Skylights b) EN 12211 : 2016 Windows and and closed five times and finally secured in the The specimen shall undergo the following sequenceof
— Method of Test doors — Resistance to wind load — closed position. tests as under:
Test method 1. Deformation Test
c) ASTM E2099-00 Standard Deformation up to a pressure differential of 𝑃1 in both
Practice for the Specification and the positive and negative directions, shall be evaluated by
Evaluation of Pre-construction the relative frontal deflection.
Laboratory Mock-ups of the Exterior 2. Repeated Pressure Test
Wall Systems The specimen shall be subjected to 50 pressure
impulses between −𝑃2 and +𝑃2. The 𝑃2 is equal to
0.5 𝑃1
The period of transition from one pressure value to
another shall not be less than 7 s.

2 IS 18459: Water Penetration of ASTM E331 : 2016 — Standard test The test-pressure difference or differences at which 1. The outer face of the specimen can be installed facing
2024 Curtain Walls, method for water penetration of water penetration, if not specified shall not be less the inner chamber where the pressures generated. In this
Windows, Sliders, exterior windows, skylights, doors than 150 Pa. case the spray rack is installed within the chamber.
Doors and Skylights and curtain walls by uniform static 2. Submit each operable unit to five cycles of opening,
by Uniform Static Air air pressure difference closing, and locking prior to testing. The test specimen
Pressure Difference shall be subjected to water sprayed completely and
— Method of Test continuously over the exterior face of the test sample at a
rate 2.0 l/m.min or 3.4 l/m.min

18
3 IS 18434 : Field Measurement AAMA 502-21 Voluntary Selection of Test specimen: Air Leakage Test
2023 of Air Permeability specification for field testing of 1. The test specimen shall not have any visible 1. Apply a minimum uniform static test pressure of 75 Pa
and Water newly installed fenestration products; defects to the test chamber.
Penetration through AAMA 503-14 Voluntary 2. Appropriate size of specimen is usually a 2. The acceptable air infiltration rate is limited to 0.5 L/s
Installed Curtain specification for field testing of minimum of 9.3 sqm sqm.
Wall, Windows, newly installed storefronts, curtain 3. The specimen shall include, perimeter seals, 3. Air leakage resistance testing to be conducted before
Doors, Sliders and walls and sloped glazing systems; typical splices, frame intersections, at least 2 entire water penetration resistance test is performed.
Skylights under ASTM E783 : 2018 Standard test vision lies and 2 entire spandrel lies containing an
Static Air Pressure method for field measurement of air intermediate vertical and an intermediate horizontal. Water penetration test by Static Pressure Difference
Difference — leakage through installed exterior 1. Subject each operable unit to five cycles of opening,
Method of Test windows and doors; and Examination of Test Specimen: closing, and locking prior to testing.
ASTM E1105 : 2015 Standard test 1. Conduct a detailed visual examination of the test 2. Adjust the water to spray rate to 5 l/min/m and the
method for field determination of specimen and the construction adjacent to the test minimum pressure shall be 200 kPa to 300 kPa.
water penetration of installed exterior specimen. 3. Maintain the water spray for 30 min.
windows, skylights, doors, and 2. Check the specimen gaskets before proceeding
curtain walls, by uniform or cyclic with the air leakage test.
static air pressure difference.
Preparation of Test Chamber
Fit the test chamber to the perimeter of the test
specimen to cover the entire assembly through
which air leakage is to be determined and a check
for water penetration is to be made.

AAMA Quality Assurance

501.2 and Diagnostic Water
Leakage Field Check
of Installed
Storefronts, Curtain
Walls, and Sloped
Glazing Systems 1. The test specimen shall not have any visible
defects Water penetration test by Static Pressure Difference
2. Appropriate size of specimen is usually a 1. Subject each operable unit to five cycles of opening,
minimum of 9.3 sqm closing, and locking prior to testing.
4
3. The specimen shall include, perimeter seals, 2. Adjust the water to spray rate to 5 l/min/m and the
typical splices, frame intersections, at least 2 entire minimum pressure shall be 200 kPa to 300 kPa.
vision lies and 2 entire spandrel lies containing an 3. Maintain the water spray for 30 min.
intermediate vertical and an intermediate horizontal.

19
 2.11 REVIEW MATRIX 2: ACTIVITY MAPPING FOR CURTAIN GLAZING

As per IS-15883 – Part 4, Quality management processes may be grouped under the following stages of project:
a) Pre-construction stage:
1. Project development,
2. Planning for construction, and
3. Tender action.
b) Construction stage
c) Commissioning and handing over stage
Pre-Construction
Construction Stage Commissioning and handing over
Project Development Planning for Construction Tender Action
Field Testing:
(1) Air penetration test as per ASTM E 783 at a minimum static-
air-pressure differential of 300 Pa; Test Area: One bay wide, but
Material Inspection:
not less than 30 feet (9.1 m), by one story of glazed aluminum
All materials shall conform to specifications and
curtain wall.
Preliminary Design (Architectural Structural Design as per IS 875 approved makes.
Issuance of RFQ (2) Water penetration test as per ASTM E 1105 at a minimum
Elevations) (Part 1 & 3)
static-air-pressure differential not less than 300 Pa and shall not
Source Quality Control:
evidence water penetration.
Third party inspection of the material is mandatory
Test Area: One bay wide, but not less than 30 feet (9.1 m), by one
story of glazed aluminum curtain wall, Perform at least three tests,
prior to [10, 35, and 70 percent completion]
Samples and Mock-ups:
Selection of Suitable Glazing
Shop Drawings Selection of Vendors (1) Sample of Sealant, accessories etc. Repair and Rework
System
(2) Mock-ups of size 300x300 or whichever mentioned
Field Quality Control:
Selection of Façade Consultant Detailed Specifications A qualified testing agency shall be engaged to perform Cleaning
tests and inspections.
Process Checks:
(1) Check for/ Ensure Surface Preparation and Evenness
(2) Check for alignment and Levels
(3) Check for Jointing and sealants
(4) Check for Non-Conformance of Glass: Colouration,
Scratches, Breakages.
(5) Check for Non-Conformance of Aluminium:
Coloration, misalignment, movement of openable
panels, hardware issues
(6) Check for non-conformance of Sealants: all gaps are
properly filled

20
 CLIENT

FAÇADE
PROJECT

GLAZING
GENERAL
MANAGER
CHALLENGES

ARCHITECT

CONSULTANT

CONTRACTOR
CONTRACTOR

THIRD PARTY QA
•
•
•

X
X
X
X
Aesthetics & Design

•
•

X
X
X
X
X
Procurement of Consultants

•
•
•
•
•
•
X
Coordination Among Stakeholders

•
•

X
X
X
X
X
Contractor Expertise and Trained Workers

•
•
•
•
•
X
X
Material Quality Control

21
•
•
•

X
X
X
X
2.12 Roles and Responsibilities of Consultants

Quality Control During Installation

•
•
•

X
X
X
X

Material Handling

•
•
•

X
X
X
X

Repairs and Reworks

•
•
•

X
X
X
X

Cost-effectiveness

•
•
•

X
X
X
X

Weather Resistance

•
•
•
•
•
X
X

Structural Integrity
•
•
•
•
•

X
X

Maintainability
•
•
•
•

X
X
X

Fire Safety
•
•
•
•

X
X
X

Timely Delivery
 Pre-Construction
Commissioning and
Stakeholder Project Planning for Construction Stage
Tender Action handing over
Development Construction
CLIENT Preliminary Design Approval of Design Selection of Vendors Approval of work
ARCHITECT Preliminary Design Concept Drawings Approval of work
1. Material Inspection
PROJECT Selection of Façade 2. Quality Control and Assurance
Issuance of RFQ Approval of work
MANAGER Consultant 3. Routine Quality Checks
4. Check for non-conformance
1. Structural Design
as per IS 875 (Part 1
1. Provide Sample and Mock-ups
FAÇADE & 3) & Detailed
2. Provide Technical support and Approval of work
CONSULTANT Specifications
Monitoring
2. Preparation of
Shop Drawings
GENERAL Coordinate with Façade Contractor Coordinate with Façade
CONTRACTOR (for Surface readiness) Contractor
1. Material Procurement
2. Installation of Curtain Wall
FAÇADE 1. Repair and Rework
3. In-Process Quality Checks
CONTRACTOR 2. Surafce Cleaing
4. Ensure proper weather sealing and
integration
1. Source Testing and Certification of
THIRD PARTY QA Certification of field
Materials
QA tests
2. Field Testing (during installation)

22
Chapter 3: Data Collection

This chapter focuses on the collection of data required to analyse the objectives. The data
collection procedure has been specified in the previous chapter, including literature, site visits,
information from Suppliers/ Vendors and Case Studies. The detailed process followed and data
collected has been presented here.
3.1 Procedure for Data Collection
The data collection can be divided into two main stages: secondary data collection and primary
data collection.
Secondary data collection involves gathering information from existing sources, such as
journals, books, reports, and websites.
Primary data collection involves collecting new data from primary sources, such as surveys,
interviews, and observations.
3.2. Expert Interviews
Interview 1: For Façade Consultants and Fabricators

Alfa Facades (Delhi) Door Bhai (Lucknow)

Q1 Can you provide a Engineering Design, Engineering Design,

breakdown of the specific Shop Drawings, Shop Drawings,
tasks involved in the Supervision Supervision, Fabrication
glazing process as per your
scope of work?

Q2 How do you ensure that the a) Aluminium e) Aluminium

materials used in the Members: Static Members: Static
glazing process meet and Dynamic and Dynamic
specified standards and loading IS 875 loading IS 875
requirements? (Part 1 & 3), (Part 1 & 3),
Glass thickness: Glass thickness:
a) Structural integrity
Fire Resistance Fire Resistance
b) Wind Resistance IS 16231 (Part 3) IS 16231 (Part 3)
& ASTM E2190- &
c) Thermal Performance
08
f) Design winds
d) Weather Resistance
b) Design winds speed as per
speed as per geographical
geographical location: IS 875
location: IS 875 (Part 3)
(Part 3)

23
 c) ASTM E2190-08
d) Recommendation
for Hose test for
water leakage,
begin testing as
early as possible
i.e. 5 % of
installation

Q3 Can you describe your NA Inspection – Quality

approach to ensuring Control – Client’s
proper installation Approval
practices and
workmanship quality

Q4 How do you address any Change/ Replacement Change/ Replacement

deviations from the
product specifications
during material
inspection?

Q5 What documentation and Dimensional Accuracies, Dimensional Accuracies,

reporting practices do you Visual Inspection, QMP Visual Inspection,
follow to track quality Checklists Plumb Test
control measures and
project progress?

Q6 How do you ensure that the Material Inspection (on- Material Inspection (on-
materials used in the site), Source Quality site)
glazing process meet Control
specified standards and
requirements?

Q7 Can you provide examples Novotel, Bhubaneshwar; BBD University

of similar glazing projects Vadodra Airport, Lucknow
you have completed in the Agartala Airport
past?

Q8 Are there any training and ISO 9001

certifications your
personnel possess related
to glazing works?

24
 3.2 Identified Case-Studies:
The following case-studies have been identified for this research, each case-study has a
different characteristic, be it construction techniques, materials, slab area, slab cycle and
variation in construction equipments used.
To understand the processes involved in Glazing Works we conducted Case-Studies, details of
case-studies are as follows:

• Case-Study 1: AIPL Masterpiece, Gurugram.

• Case-Study 2: WHO Building, New Delhi
Other identified Case-Studies:

• NBCC Nauroji Nagar, ITO

• AIPL Autograph, Gurugram
• Ithium Mixed use Complex, Sector 74, Noida

3.3. Identification of Quality Management Practices in Glazing Works

In CPWD AOR following items are specified,
25.1 Providing and supplying aluminium extruded tubular and other aluminium sections as
per the architectural drawings and approved shop drawings
25.2 Designing, fabricating, testing, protection, installing and fixing in position semi (grid)
unitized system of structural glazing (with open joints) for linear as well as curvilinear
portions of the building for all heights and all levels
25.3 Providing, assembling and supplying vision glass panels (IGUs)
25.4 Extra for openable side / top hung vision glass panels (IGUs)
25.5 Providing, fabricating and supplying shadow box for fixing in the spandrel portion of the
structural glazing
25.6 Providing and supplying Spandrel Glass Panels comprising of 6 mm thick heat
strengthened monolithic float glass of approved colour and shade so as to match the colour
and shade of the IGUs
25.8 Design supply & installation of suspended Spider Glazing system designed to withstand
the wind pressure as per IS 875 (Part-III)
For this research me shall focus on Semi-Grid unitized system of structural glazing.
Process mapping for Glazing works was derived from LITERATURE, QC REPORTS, CASE
STUDIES AND EXPERT INTERVIEWS, relevant sources have been discussed later.

Sl. Quality Management Source / References

no. Practice

1 Material Inspection (on-site) QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview
(Alpha Façades), (Pragya, 2023), (CMHC, 2004)

2 Pull-out & Alignment Tests QMP Checklist (AIPL), (CMHC, 2004)

25
3 Alignment and Plumb Test QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview
(Alpha Façades, Door Bhai), (Pragya, 2023),
(CMHC, 2004)

4 Water Penetration Test QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview
(Alpha Façades, Door Bhai), (Pragya, 2023),
(CMHC, 2004)

5 Visual Inspection QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview

(Alpha Façades, Door Bhai), Site Visits(AIPL),
(Pragya, 2023), (CMHC, 2004)

3.4. PROCESS FLOW FOR EXECUTION OF CURTAIN WALL

26