Glossary CMY1502

English:
Glossary CMY1502 2019

 Assault: An attack that may not involve physical contact; includes attempted battery
or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.
 Attractiveness of the target: The appeal (rich, old, young) of the target to the
criminal-prone individual.
 Burglary: Breaking into and entering a home or structure for the purpose of
committing a crime.
 Crime control: The preservation or conservation of the current levels of
crime or behaviour; it is more reactive in nature.
 Crime prevention: Any activity that is designed to reduce the actual levels of crime
and /or perceived threat or fear of crime.
 Crime victim: Somebody who has been negatively affected by a
criminal act committed by a perpetrator.
 Empathy (empathetic): The ability to understand another person’s feelings,
experience, etc.
 Empowerment: To enable the victim to regain ownership of the criminal
event and its repercussions; to give somebody more control over their
own life or the situation they are in.
 Facilitation: Victims fail to take conventional precautions and thus in some
cases unknowingly make the criminal’s task easier by being negligent or careless
(e.g. making burglary easier (facilitating it) by leaving a window open or a
door unlocked, or making car theft easier by leaving the keys in the
ignition lock.
 Fear of crime: Anxieties about crime or the perceived prospects of victimisation.

 Hate crime: A criminal act which is motivated by hatred, bias or prejudice

against a person or property based on the actual or perceived race or ethnicity,
gender, religion, or sexual orientation of the victim.
 Identification parade: A row of people, including one person who is
suspected of crime, are shown to a witness to see if he or she can recognise the
suspect.
 Incest: Sexual activities between individuals who are closely related by kinship.
 Interaction: Communication or direct involvement with someone or
something.
 Lifestyle: People may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases
their exposure to criminal offenders.
 Murder: The unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent.
 Patriarchal (system): A system ruled or controlled by men.
 Pornography: Books, videos, etc. that describe or show naked people and
sexual acts in order to make people feel sexually excited, especially in a way that
many people find offensive.
 Post-traumatic stress disorder: An emotional disturbance following
exposure to stresses outside the range of normal human experience.
 Repeat victimisation: A person, object or place is victimised more than
once within a specific period.
 Routine activities theory: The notion that direct-contact predatory crime is
a function of the co-presence in time and space of a likely offender and a suitable
target and the absence of a capable guardian. Changes in crime rate can be
explained by the changes in the supply, distribution and movement of these three
elements.
 Self-esteem (low or poor): A feeling of not being happy with your own
character and abilities.
 Sexual harassment: Comments about sex, physical contact, etc. usually at
work, that a person finds annoying and offensive.
 Survivor: A victim who has survived a criminal event.
 Trauma: A mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the
harmful effects last for a long time.

 Victim-blaming: Casting blame or guilt on to an innocent person, group or

object.
 Victimisation: The process of becoming a victim of crime; various
characteristics are associated with that probability.
 Victimisation survey: A statistical survey that measures the amount, nature
and patterns of victimisation in the population.
 Victim precipitation: The idea that the victim’s behaviour was the spark that
ignited the subsequent offence, when the victim abused the offender verbally
or physically.
 Victimology: The scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual
characteristics and social contexts associated with crime victims.
 Victim support: The empathetic, person-centred assistance that is
rendered by an organisation or individual following an incident of victimisation.
 Victim vulnerability: The likelihood of a person becoming a victim of crime. This
likelihood is determined by many factors, including the victim’s behaviour, personal
lifestyle and interaction with the offender.
 Vulnerable: Weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally.
English/Xitsonga

 Assault: An attack that may not involve physical contact; includes attempted battery
or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.
Mbaviso: Nhlaselo lowu nga vaka wu nga katsi nkhumbo wa miri; swi katsa ndzingeto
wa nkhumbo wa miri kumbe ku chavisa hivomu muhlaseriwa hi marito kumbe xiendlo.
 Attractiveness of the target: The appeal (rich, old, young) of the target to the
criminal-prone individual.
Vukokamahlo bya xipakanisiwa: Ku vitanisa (wo fuma, mudyuhari, muntshwa) ka
xipakanisiwa eka munhu wo va na vugevenga.
 Burglary: Breaking into and entering a home or structure for the purpose of
committing a crime.
Vutshovi: Ku tshova na ku nghena emutini kumbe eka xivumbeko xo karhi hi
xikongomelo xo endla vugevenga.
 Crime control: The preservation or conservation of the current levels of crime or
behaviour; it is more reactive in nature.
Vulawulavugevenga: Vuhlayisi kumbe nhlayiso wa xiyimo xa nkarhi wolowo
xa vugevenga; endlelo leri i ngopfu ro angula hi muxaka wa rona.
 Crime prevention: Any activity that is designed to reduce the actual levels of crime
and /or perceived threat or fear of crime.
Vusivelavugevenga: Nghingiriko wun’wana na wun’wana lowu nga endleriwa ku
hunguta xiyimo xa ntiyiso xa vugevenga na/kumbe nxungeto kumbe nchavo wa
vugevenga leswi swi ngo anakanyiwa.
 Crime victim: Somebody who has been negatively affected by a criminal act
committed by a perpetrator.
Mutwisiwakuvava hi vugevenga: Munhu loyi a nga khumbiwa hi ndlela yo
biha hi xiendlo xa vugevenga lexi nga endliwa hi muhlaseri.
 Empathy (empathetic): The ability to understand another person’s feelings,
experience, etc.
Ntwelo (ntwelavusiwana): Vuswikoti byo twisisa matitwelo ya munhu
un’wana, leswi a swi tokotaka, sw. sw.
 Empowerment: To enable the victim to regain ownership of the criminal event
and its repercussions; to give somebody more control over their own life or the
situation they are in.
Vunyikamatimba: Ku pfumelela mutwisiwakuvava ku tlhela a kuma vun’wini
bya xihumelelo xa vugevenga na switandzhaku swa xona; ku nyika munhu
vulawuri byo engeteleleka ehenhla ka vutomi bya yena n’wini kumbe xiyimo
lexi a nga eka xona.
 Facilitation: Victims fail to take conventional precautions and thus in some cases
unknowingly make the criminal’s task easier by being negligent or careless (e.g.
making burglary easier (facilitating it) by leaving a window open or a door
unlocked, or making car theft easier by leaving the keys in the ignition lock.
Vuoloviseri: Vatwisakuvava va tsandzeka ku va na vuxiyaxiya bya ntolovelo
kutani mikarhi yin’wana hi ku ka va nga lemuki va vevukisela xigevenga ntirho hi
ku honisa kumbe ku va na futa (xik.: ku olovisa vutshovi) hi ku tshika fasitere ri
pfulekile kumbe rivanti ri nga lotleriwangi, kumbe ku olovisa ku yiwiwa ka movha
 hi ku siya makhiya eka xidumiso xa wona.
 Fear of crime: Anxieties about crime or the perceived prospects of victimisation.
Vuchavavugevenga: Michavo ya vugevenga kumbe ku vona onge munhu byi
nga n’wi humelela.

 Hate crime: A criminal act which is motivated by hatred, bias or prejudice

against a person or property based on the actual or perceived race or ethnicity,
gender, religion, or sexual orientation of the victim.
Vugevenga bya rivengo: Xiendlo xa vugevenga lexi susumetiwaka hi
rivengo, vuvoyamelatlhelo kumbe vuehleketeleleri eka munhu kumbe rifuwo,
swi simekiwe eka xiyimo xa ntiyiso kumbe xo ehleketeleriwa ku ya hi rixaka
kumbe rixakatsongo, rimbewu, vukhongeri, kumbe mboyamelo ku ya hi
rimbewu swa mutwisiwakuvava.
 Identification parade: A row of people, including one person who is
suspected of crime, are shown to a witness to see if he or she can recognise the
suspect.
Nxaxamelo wo komba: Nxaxamelo wa vanhu, ku katsa na munhu un’we loyi
a ehleketeleriwaka vugevenga, lowu kombiwaka mbhoni ku vona loko yi nga
tiva muehleketeleriwa.
 Incest: Sexual activities between individuals who are closely related by kinship.
Vuyila: Swiendlo swa swa masangu exikarhi ka vanhu va vuxaka bya le
kusuhi.
 Interaction: Communication or direct involvement with someone or
something.
Nghenelelano: Mbulavurisano kumbe ku tirhisana hi ku kongoma na munhu
un’wana kumbe xan’wanchumu.
 Lifestyle: People may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases
their exposure to criminal offenders.
Hanyelo: Vanhu va nga hundzuka vatwisakuvava va vugevenga hikwalaho ka ku
va hanyelo ra vona ri tlakusa ku va va kumiwa hi vadyohi.
 Murder: The unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent.
Vudlayi: Ku dlaya swi nga ri nawini ka munhu hi xikongomelo xo biha.
 Patriarchal (system): A system ruled or controlled by men.
Sisiteme ya ndzawulo wa vaxinuna: Sisiteme yo fumiwa kumbe ku lawuriwa
hi vavanuna.
 Pornography: Books, videos, etc. that describe or show naked people and
sexual acts in order to make people feel sexually excited, especially in a way that
many people find offensive.
Phonogirafi: Tibuku, tivhidiyo, sw.sw. leswi hlamuselaka kumbe ku komba
vanhu vo ka va nga ambalangi na swiendlo swa swa masangu ku endlela
leswaku vanhu va pfukeriwa eka swa masangu ngopfungopfu hi ndlela leyi vo
tala va vonaka swi nyangatsa.
 Post-traumatic stress disorder: An emotional disturbance following
exposure to stresses outside the range of normal human experience.
Mpfilupfilu wa ntshikilelo wo landza ntshukokulu: Ku karhateka ka swa
ntlhaveko ko landza ntshikilelo wo tlula wa ntolovelo wa ntokoto wa vanhu.
 Repeat victimisation: A person, object or place is victimised more than once
within a specific period.
Nhlaselo wo vuyelela: Munhu, nchumu kumbe ndhawu swi hlaseriwa kutlula
kan’we eka nkarhi wo karhi.
 Routine activities theory: The notion that direct-contact predatory crime is a
function of the co-presence in time and space of a likely offender and a suitable target
and the absence of a capable guardian. Changes in crime rate can be explained by
the changes in the supply, distribution and movement of these three elements.
Thiyori ya migingiriko ya ntolovelo: Miehleketo ya leswaku vugevenga byo
xanisa van’wana byo khumbana hi ku kongoma byi va kona hikwalaho ka ku
va swin’we ka nkarhi na ndhawu ka loyi a nga vaka mudyohi na
mupakanisiwa loyi a faneleke, na ku pfumaleka ka muhlayisi loyi a nga na
vuswikoti. Ku hundzuka ka mpimo wa vugevenga ku nga hlamuseriwa hi ku
hundzuka eka ku va kona, vuhangalasi na mafambelo ya swilo leswi
swinharhu.
 Self-esteem (low or poor): A feeling of not being happy with your own
character and abilities.
Matilangutelo (ya le hansi kumbe yo tsana): Ki titwa u nga tsakangi hi
vumunhu bya wena na vuswikoti.
 Sexual harassment: Comments about sex, physical contact, etc. usually at
work, that a person finds annoying and offensive.
Nkarhato hi swa masangu: Swovula mayelana na swa swa masangu, ku
khumba, sw.sw. hakanyingi entirhweni, leswi munhu a swi kumaka swi
nyangatsa na ku sorisa.
 Survivor: A victim who has survived a criminal event.
Muponi: Mutwisiwakuvava loyi a nga pona eka xihumelelo xa vugevenga.
 Trauma: A mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the harmful
effects last for a long time.
Ntshukokulu: Xiyimo xa miehleketo lexi vangiwaka hi ku tsemeka nhlana,
ngopfungopfu loko switandzhaku swo vavisa swi tshama nkarhi wo leha.

 Victim-blaming: Casting blame or guilt on to an innocent person, group or

object.
Vulumbetamutwisiwakuvava: Ku lumbeta kumbe ku veka nandzu eka
munhu, ntlawa kumbe nchumu wo ka wu nga ri na nandzu.
 Victimisation: The process of becoming a victim of crime; various
characteristics are associated with that probability.
Vutwisakuvava: Ndlela ya ku va mutwisiwakuvava wa vugevenga; ku na
swihlawulekisi swin’wana na swin’wana leswi fambelanisiwaka na vukoteki
lebyi.
 Victimisation survey: A statistical survey that measures the amount, nature
and patterns of victimisation in the population.
Mbalango wa vutwisakuvava: Mbalango wa tinhlayohlayo lowu pimaka
mpimo, muxaka na tipheteni ta vutwisakuvava erixakeni.
 Victim precipitation: The idea that the victim’s behaviour was the spark that
ignited the subsequent offence, when the victim abused the offender verbally
 or physically.
Vuvangi bya mutwisiwakuvava: Miehleketo ya leswaku matikhomelo ya
mutwisiwakuvava a ya ri wona ya nga lumeka xidyoho, loko mutwisiwakuvava
a karhate mudyohi hi marito kumbe emirini.
 Victimology: The scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual
characteristics and social contexts associated with crime victims.
Dyondzo ya vutwisakuvava: Dyondzo ya xisayense ya swivangelo,
swiyimo, swihlawulekisi na swiyimo swa matshamelo ya vanhu leswi
fambelanaka na vatwisiwakuvava va vugevenga.
 Victim support: The empathetic, person-centred assistance that is rendered by
an organisation or individual following an incident of victimisation.
Nseketelo wa mutwisiwakuvava: Mpfuneto wa ntwelovusiwana, wo kongoma
munhu lowu nyikiwaka hi nhlangano kumbe munhu endzhaku ka xiendleko xa
nhlaselo.
 Victim vulnerability: The likelihood of a person becoming a victim of crime. This
likelihood is determined by many factors, including the victim’s behaviour, personal
lifestyle and interaction with the offender.
Ku tsana ka mutwisiwakuvava: Vukoteki bya ku va munhu a va
mutwisiwakuvava hi vugevenga. Vukoteki lebyi byi lawuriwa hi swilo swo tala,
ku katsa matikhomelo ya mutwisiwakuvava, mahanyelo ya yena n’wini na
nghenelelano wa yena na mudyohi.
 Vulnerable: Weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally.
Tsana: Ku vevuka na ku vaviseka hi ku olova emirini na le ka ntlhaveko.

English/ESetswana

 Assault: An attack that may not involve physical contact; includes attempted battery
or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.
 Kgobalo: Tlhaselo e e e ka neng ya se amane le kgolagano ya mmele, e
akaretsa teko ya petso kgotsa maikaelelo a go tshosa motswasetlhabelo ka
lefoko kgotsa tiro.

 Attractiveness of the target: The appeal (rich, old, young) of the target to the
criminal-prone individual.
 Kgogedi ya ntlha: Boikuelo (bahumi, batsofe, baswa) ba ntlha mo go motho
yo o ka itemogelang bosenyi.
 Burglary: Breaking into and entering a home or structure for the purpose of
committing a crime.
 Bogodu: Go thuba le go tsena ka mo ntlong kgotsa kago ka lebaka la go dira
bosenyi.

 Crime control: The preservation or conservation of the current levels of crime or

behaviour; it is more reactive in nature.
 Taolo ya bosenyi: Poloko kgotsa tshomarelo ya maemo a ga jaana a
bosenyi kgotsa boitsholo; go ka mokgwa wa go tsiboga thata ka tlhago.

 Crime prevention: Any activity that is designed to reduce the actual levels of crime
and /or perceived threat or fear of crime.
 Thibelo ya bosenyi: Tiro nngwe le nngwe e e diretsweng go fokotsa maemo
a bosenyi le/ kgotsa letshogo le le akantsweng kgotsa letshogo la bosenyi.

 Crime victim: Somebody who has been negatively affected by a criminal act
committed by a perpetrator.
 Motswasetlhabelo wa bosenyi: Motho yo mongwe le yo mongwe yo o neng
a ka anngwa ke tiragalo ya bosenyi e e dirilweng ke motlhodi wa bosenyi.

 Empathy (empathetic): The ability to understand another person’s feelings,

experience, etc.
 Boutlwelobotlhoko (go utlwela botlhoko): Kgonagalo ya go tlhaloganya
maikutlo a motho yo mongwe, boitemogelo, jj.

 Empowerment: To enable the victim to regain ownership of the criminal event

and its repercussions; to give somebody more control over their own life or the
situation they are in.
 Maatlafatso: Go kgontsha motswasetlhabelo go fitlhela gape go nna teng ga
tiragalo ya botshelo le ditlamorago tsa bona; go naya motho yo mongwe taelo
e ntsi mo botshelong jwa gagwe kgotsa boemo jo a leng mo go bona.

 Facilitation: Victims fail to take conventional precautions and thus in some cases
unknowingly make the criminal’s task easier by being negligent or careless (e.g.
making burglary easier (facilitating it) by leaving a window open or a door
unlocked, or making car theft easier by leaving the keys in the ignition lock.
 Bobebofatso: Batswasetlhabelo ba retelelwa ke go tsaya ditlhokomelo tsa
tlwaelo, mme ka jalo mo mabakeng a mangwe ka go se itse ka go dira tiro ya
mosenyi go nna bonolo ka go se nne kelotlhoko kgotsa boatla (sekao, ba dira
tiro ya bosenyi go nna bonolo (ba e bebofatsa) ka go tlogela letlhabaphefo le
butswe kgotsa lebati le sa notlelwa, kgotsa go dira bogodu jwa koloi go nna
bonolo ka go tlogela dinotlolo.

 Fear of crime: Anxieties about crime or the perceived prospects of victimisation.

 Letshogo la bosenyi: Ditlhobaelo ka ga bosenyi kgotsa go akanya ka
kgonagalo ya botswasetlhabelo.
 Hate crime: A criminal act which is motivated by hatred, bias or prejudice
against a person or property based on the actual or perceived race or ethnicity,
gender, religion, or sexual orientation of the victim.

 Letlhoo la bosenyi: Tiragalo ya bosenyi e e tlhotlhelediwang ke letlhoo, go

tsaya letlhakore kgotsa go utlwisa botlhoko kgatlhanong le motho kgotsa go
ikaegile mo lotsong lwa mmatota kgotsa lo lo akantsweng kgotsa bosemorafe,
bong, bodumedi, kgotsa boitlwaetso jwa bong jwa motswasetlhabelo.

 Identification parade: A row of people, including one person who is

suspected of crime, are shown to a witness to see if he or she can recognise the
suspect.
 Tatamatso ya tlhaolo: Mola wa batho, go akaretsa motho a le mongwe yo o
belaelwang ka bosenyi, ba bontshwa mosupi gore a bone fa a ka kgotsa go
ba gakologelwa mmelaelwa.

 Incest: Sexual activities between individuals who are closely related by kinship.
 Thobalano ya ba losika: Ditiragalo tsa thobalano magareng ga batho ba ba
golaganeng ka madi a losika.

 Interaction: Communication or direct involvement with someone or

something.
 Kgolagano: Tlhaeletsano kgotsa kamano ka tlhamalalo le motho yo mongwe
kgotsa selo se sengwe.

 Lifestyle: People may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases
their exposure to criminal offenders.
 Mokgwatshelo: Batho ba ka nna batswasetlhabelo ka gonne mokgwatshelo
wa bona o oketsa ponagalo ya bona mo go basiamolodi ba bosenyi.

 Murder: The unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent.
 Polao: Polao e e seng mo molaong ya motho (polao e se ka maikaelelo) ka
boikaelelo jo bo maswe.

 Patriarchal (system): A system ruled or controlled by men.

 Tatelano ya borre (thulaganyo): Thulaganyo e e busiwang kgotsa e e
laolwang ke banna.

 Pornography: Books, videos, etc. that describe or show naked people and
sexual acts in order to make people feel sexually excited, especially in a way that
many people find offensive.
 Ditshwantsho tsa maponapona: Dibuka, dibidio, jj, tse di tlhalosang kgotsa
di bontshang batho ba ba sa aparang le ditiragalo tsa thobalano ka
 maikaelelo a go dira batho gore ba ikutlwe ba eletsa thobalano, bogolosegolo
ka mokgwa o batho ba le bantsi ba tla kgopisegang.

 Post-traumatic stress disorder: An emotional disturbance following

exposure to stresses outside the range of normal human experience.
 Tlhakatlhakano ya kgatelelo ya maikutlo morago ga manokonoko:
Kgoreletso ya maikutlo morago ga go sala morago ponagalo ya dikgatelelo
tsa maikutlo kwa ntle ga tekanyo ya boitemogelo jwa motho jo bo siameng.

 Repeat victimisation: A person, object or place is victimised more than once

within a specific period.
 Poeletso ya botswasetlhabelo: Motho, selo kgotsa lefelo le nna
motswasetlhabelo go feta gangwe mo magareng ga paka e e totobetseng.

 Routine activities theory: The notion that direct-contact predatory crime is a

function of the co-presence in time and space of a likely offender and a suitable target
and the absence of a capable guardian. Changes in crime rate can be explained by
the changes in the supply, distribution and movement of these three elements.
 Tiori ya ditiragalo tsa ka metlha: Ntlha ya gore mosenyi ka kgolagano ya
tlhamalalo ke tiro ya go nnang teng mmogo mo nakong le lefelong la yo o ka
nnang mosenyi le motswasetlhabelo yo o ka nnang yo o tshwanelang le go se
nne teng ga motlhokomedi yo o kgonang. Diphetogo mo tekanyetsong ya
bosenyi e ka tlhalosiwa ke diphetogo mo bothelesing, phatlalatsong le
motsamao wa dielemente tse tharo tseno.

 Self-esteem (low or poor): A feeling of not being happy with your own
character and abilities.
 Boitshepo: (jo bo kwa tlase kgotsa bokoa): Go ikutlwa o sa itumela ka
semelo sa gago le dikgono.
 Sexual harassment: Comments about sex, physical contact, etc. usually at
work, that a person finds annoying and offensive.
 Tshotlo ka thobalano: Ditshwaelo ka ga thobalano, kgolagano ya mmele, jj.
gantsi kwa tirong, tse motho a di bonang di tena le go tlhapaola.

 Survivor: A victim who has survived a criminal event.

 Mofalodi: Motswasetlhabelo yo o falotseng tiragalo ya bosenyi.

 Trauma: A mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the

harmful effects last for a long time.
 Manokonoko: Boemo jwa tlhaloganyo jo bo bakwang ke letshogo le le
tseneletseng, bogolosegolo fa ditlamorago tse di kotsi di nna teng ka nako e
telele.

 Victim-blaming: Casting blame or guilt on to an innocent person, group or

object.
 Peomolato ya motswasetlhabelo: Go baya molato kgotsa molato mo go
motho yo o se nang molato, setlhopha kgotsa selo.

 Victimisation: The process of becoming a victim of crime; various

characteristics are associated with that probability.
 Botswasetlhabelo: Tirego ya go nna motswasetlhabelo wa bosenyi;
diponagalo tse dingwe di kgolaganngwa kgotsa amanngwa le kgonagalo eo.

 Victimisation survey: A statistical survey that measures the amount, nature

and patterns of victimisation in the population.
 Tekanyetso ya botswasetlhabelo: Tekanyetso ya dipalopalo e e
lekanyetsang bokana joo, mokgwa le dipaterone mo baaging.

 Victim precipitation: The idea that the victim’s behaviour was the spark that
ignited the subsequent offence, when the victim abused the offender verbally
or physically.

 Mokgwa wa motswasetlhabelo: Kakanyo ya gore maitsholo a

motswasetlhabelo ke ona a tlhotlheleding tlhase ya bosenyi jo bo latelang, fa
motswasetlhabelo yo o sotlilweng ke mosenyi ka mafoko kgotsa mmele.

 Victimology: The scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual

characteristics and social contexts associated with crime victims.
 Thuto ya botswasetlhabelo: Thuto ya saense ya mabaka, maemo,
diponagalo tsa motho le diteng tsa loago tse di kgolaganngwang le
batswasetlhabelo.

 Victim support: The empathetic, person-centred assistance that is rendered by

an organisation or individual following an incident of victimisation.
 Tshegetso ya motswasetlhabelo: Boutlwelobotlhoko, thuso e e amang
motho e e neelwang ke mokgatlho kgotsa mongwe go latela tiragalo ya
botswasetlhabelo.

 Victim vulnerability: The likelihood of a person becoming a victim of crime. This

likelihood is determined by many factors, including the victim’s behaviour, personal
lifestyle and interaction with the offender.

 Kgonagalo ya go nna motswasetlhabelo: Kgonagalo ya motho ya gore e

nne motswasetlhabelo wa bosenyi. Kgonagalo eno e tlhomamisiwa ke dintlha
di le dintsi, go akaretsa boitsholo jwa motswasetlhabelo, mokgwa wa botshelo
le kgolagano le mosenyi.
  Vulnerable: Weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally.
 Kgonagalo: Bokoa le go utlwa botlhoko mo mmeleng bonolo kgotsa maikutlo.

English/Sesotho

 Assault: An attack that may not  Ho otla: Tlhasello e kanna ya se

involve physical contact; kenyelletse thetsano ya mmele; e
includes attempted battery or kenyelletsa teko ya ho kgakgatha
intentionally frightening the kapa ho tshosa lehlatsipha ka
victim by word or deed. boomo ka mantswe kapa ka
ketso.
 Attractiveness of the target:  Kgahliseho ya lehlatsipa:
The appeal (rich, old, young) of Takatseho (o ruile, o moholo, o
the target to the criminal-prone monyane) ya lehlatsipa ho motho
individual. ya ka etsang botlokotsebe.
 Burglary: Breaking into and  Ho thuba: Ho thuba le ho
entering a home or structure kena ka tlung kapa moaho
for the purpose of committing bakeng sa ho etsa
a crime. botlokotsebe.
 Crime control: The  Taolo ya botlokotsebe:
preservation or conservation of Polokotlo ya maemo a hajwale
the current levels of crime or a botlokotsebe kapa boitshwaro;
behaviour; it is more reactive in ke ketso ya karabelo ka tlhaho.
nature.
 Crime prevention: Any activity  Thibelo ya botlokotsebe: Ketso
that is designed to reduce the efe kapa efe e reretsweng ho
actual levels of crime and /or fokotsa maemo a nnete a
perceived threat or fear of botlokotsebe le/kapa phepetso e
crime. utluwang kapa tshabo ya
botlokotsebe.
 Crime victim: Somebody  Lehlatsipa la botlokotsebe:
who has been negatively Motho ya nnagweng ke ketso
affected by a criminal act ya botlokotsebe ka tsela e
committed by a perpetrator. mpe e entsweng ke
setlokotsebe.

 Empathy (empathetic): The  Kutlwelo (ho ba le kutlwelo):

ability to understand another Bokgoni ba ho utlwisisa
person’s feelings, experience, maikutlo a batho ba bang,
etc. dintho tse etsahetseng ho
bona, jj.
 Empowerment: To enable  Phano ya matla: ho dumella
 the victim to regain lehlatsipa ho etsa ketso ya
ownership of the criminal botlokotsebe ebe ya hae le
event and its repercussions; to ditlamorao tsa yona; ho fa
give somebody more control motho taolo e ngata ho feta
over their own life or the hodima bophelo ba hae kapa
situation they are in. boemo bo ba leng ho bona.
 Facilitation: Victims fail to  Ho thusa: Mahlatsipa a hlolwa
take conventional precautions ho nka mehato e tlwaelehileng
and thus in some cases ya boitlhokomelo mme kahoo
unknowingly make the ba nolofatsa mosebetsi wa
criminal’s task easier by being setlokotsebe ba sa tsebe ka ho
negligent or careless (e.g. se tsotelle kapa ho ba bohlaswa
making burglary easier (mohl. ho nolofatsa ho thubelwa
(facilitating it) by leaving a (kapa ho ho thusa) ka ho siya
window open or a door festere e butswe kapa lemati le
unlocked, or making car theft sa notlelwa, kapa ka ho
easier by leaving the keys in nolofatsa ho utswetswa koloi ka
the ignition lock. ho siya dinotlolo moo koloi e
kgannwang teng.
 Fear of crime: Anxieties about  Tshabo ya botlokotsebe:
crime or the perceived letswalo le mabapi le
prospects of victimisation. botlokotsebe kapa
dingongoreho tse nahanwang
tsa ho etswa lehlasipha.

 Hate crime: A criminal act  Botlokotsebe ba lehloyo:

which is motivated by hatred, Ketso ya botlokotsebe e
bias or prejudice against a kgannwang ke lehloyo,
person or property based on kgethollo kapa lenyatso
the actual or perceived race or kgahlano le motho kapa thepa
ethnicity, gender, religion, or ho ipapisitswe le morabe wa
sexual orientation of the victim. nnete kapa o nahanwang
kapa botjhaba, bong,
bodumedi, kapa kgetho ya
maratano ya lehlatsipa.
 Identification parade: A row  Phontsho ya boitsebiso:
of people, including one Mola wa batho, ho
person who is suspected of kenyelletswa le motho a le
crime, are shown to a witness mong eo ho belaelwang hore
to see if he or she can o entse botlokotsebe, ba
recognise the suspect. bontshwa paki ho bona na a
ka tseba mmelaellwa.
 Incest: Sexual activities  Motabo wa baamani: Diketso
between individuals who are tsa thobalano pakeng tsa batho
closely related by kinship. ba amang haholo ka leloko.
 Interaction: Communication  Tshebedisano: Kgokahano
or direct involvement with kapa bonkakarolo bo
someone or something. otlolohileng le motho kapa ntho
 e nngwe.
 Lifestyle: People may become  Mokgwa wa bophelo: Batho e
crime victims because their ka ba mahlatsipa a
lifestyle increases their botlokotsebe hobane mokgwa
exposure to criminal offenders. wa bona wa bophelo o eketsa
pepeso ya bona ho
ditlokotsebe.
 Murder: The unlawful killing of  Polao: Polao e seng molaong
a human being (homicide) with ya motho (polao ya motho) e
malicious intent. nang le maikemisetso a mabe.
 Patriarchal (system): A  Ya botona (sistimi): Sistimi e
system ruled or controlled by buswang kapa e laolwang ke
men. banna.
 Pornography: Books,  Ditswantsho tsa motabo:
videos, etc. that describe or Dibuka, dividiyo, jj. tse
show naked people and hlalosang kapa tse bontshang
sexual acts in order to make batho le diketso tsa thobalano
people feel sexually excited, ho etsa batho ba kgahlwe ke
especially in a way that many thobalano, haholo ka tsela eo
people find offensive. batho ba bangata ba sa e
thabeleng.
 Post-traumatic stress  Bokudi ba kgatello e
disorder: An emotional latelang koduwa: Tshitiso ya
disturbance following maikutlo e latelang pepeso ho
exposure to stresses outside dikgatello tse sa tlwaelehang
the range of normal human ho motho.
experience.
 Repeat victimisation: A  Phetapheto ya bohlasipa:
person, object or place is Ha motho, ntho kapa sebaka
victimised more than once se etswa lehlatsipa hangata
within a specific period. nakong e itseng e beilweng.
 Routine activities theory:  Tumelo ya mesebetsi e
The notion that direct-contact tlwaelehileng: Mohopolo wa
predatory crime is a function hore botlokotsebe ba thetso e
of the co-presence in time and otlolohileng bo bakwa ke
space of a likely offender and a boteng ba bobedi nako le
suitable target and the absence sebaka ba eo e ka
of a capable guardian. Changes setlokotsebe le tlhokahalo ya
in crime rate can be explained mohlokomedi ya
by the changes in the supply, tshwaenelehileng. Diphetoho
distribution and movement of ho sekgahla sa botlokotsebe
these three elements. di ka hlaloswa ka diphetoho
ho phepelo, kgasanyo le
motsamao wa dintlha tsena
tse tharo.
 Self-esteem (low or poor): A  Boitshepo (bo tlaase kapa bo
feeling of not being happy fokolang): Ho ikutlwa o sa
with your own character and thabela bowena kapa bokgoni
 abilities. ba hao.
 Sexual harassment:  Tlhekefetso ya thobalo:
Comments about sex, Dipuo tse mabapi le
physical contact, etc. usually thobalano, thetsano ya
at work, that a person finds mmele, jj. hangata
annoying and offensive. mosebetsing, tseo motho a
utlwang di mo tena kapa di mo
kgentsha.
 Survivor: A victim who has  Mophonyohi: Lehlatsipa le
survived a criminal event. phonyohileng ketsahalo ya
botlokotsebe.
 Trauma: A mental condition  Letshoho le leholo: Bokudi ba
caused by severe shock, kelello bo bakwang ke tshabo e
especially when the harmful kgolo, haholo ha ditlamorao tse
effects last for a long time. mpe di ba teng nako e telele.

 Victim-blaming: Casting  Ho bona lehlatsipa molato:

blame or guilt on to an Ho beha molato kapa lebaka
innocent person, group or la ketsahalo hodima motho ya
object. senang molato, kapa
sehlopha kapa ntho.
 Victimisation: The process  Ho etsa motho lehlatsipa:
of becoming a victim of Ketso ya ho ba lehlatsipa la
crime; various characteristics botlokotsebe; dintlha tse
are associated with that fapaneng di amahangwa le
probability. kgonahelo eo.
 Victimisation survey: A  Phuputso ya ketso ya
statistical survey that mahlatsipa: Phuputso ya
measures the amount, nature dipalopalo e lekanyang
and patterns of victimisation in bongata, mofuta le ditlwaelo
the population. tsa ketso ya lehlatsipa
setjhabeng.

 Victim precipitation: The  Ho baka lehlatsipa:

idea that the victim’s Mohopolo wa hore boitshwaro
behaviour was the spark that ba lehlatsipa ke bona qholotso
ignited the subsequent e bakileng botlokotsebe bo
offence, when the victim latetseng, ha lehlatsipa le
abused the offender verbally hlekefeditse setlokotsebe ka
or physically. mantswe kapa ka diketso.
 Victimology: The scientific  Victimology: Boithuto ba
study of the causes, saense ba disosa, maemo,
circumstances, individual dintlha tsa motho ka mong le
characteristics and social dikateng tsa botjhaba tse
contexts associated with crime amahanngwang le mahlatsipa a
victims. botlokotsebe.
 Victim support: The  Tshehetso ya mahlatsipa:
empathetic, person-centred Thuso ya kutlwelobohloko, e
 assistance that is rendered by tsepameng hodima motho e
an organisation or individual fanwang ke mokgatlo kapa
following an incident of motho ka mong kamora
victimisation. ketsahalo e entseng motho eo
lehlatsipa.

 Victim vulnerability: The  Ho fokola ha lehlatsipa:

likelihood of a person becoming Kgonahalo ya hore motho a be
a victim of crime. This likelihood lehlatsipa la botlokotsebe.
is determined by many factors, Kgonahalo ena e tliswa ke dintlha
including the victim’s behaviour, tse ngata, ho kenyeletswa
personal lifestyle and interaction boitshwaro ba lehlatsipa, mokgwa
with the offender. wa hae wa bophelo le
tshebedisano le motlodi wa
molao.
 Vulnerable: Weak and easily  Pepeseho: Ho fokola le ho ba
hurt physically or emotionally. boemong ba hore o ka utlwiswa
bohloko habonolo ekaba
mmeleng kapa maikutlong.

English/Tshivenda

 Assault: An attack that may not involve physical contact; includes attempted battery
or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.
 U rwa: U thoma muthu hune ha nga si tou katela fhedzi u kwamana nga muvhili; hu
katela u rwa kana u tshuwisa mupondwa wo ḓiimisela nga maipfi kana zwiito.

 Attractiveness of the target: The appeal (rich, old, young) of the target to the
criminal-prone individual.
 Lunako lwa thagethe: U kunga (lupfumo, vhukale, vhuswa) ha thagethe kha muthu
ane a nga ita vhugevhenga.

 Burglary: Breaking into and entering a home or structure for the purpose of
committing a crime.
 U pwasha: U pwasha wa dzhena muḓini kana kha tshiimiswa hu na ndivho
ya u ita mulandu.

 Crime control: The preservation or conservation of the current levels of crime or

behaviour; it is more reactive in nature.
 Ndango ya vhugevhenga: Ndondolo ya ḽeveḽe dza zwino dza vhugevhenga kana
 mikhwa; kanzhi zwi kha mbonalo ya u nyanyuwa.

 Crime prevention: Any activity that is designed to reduce the actual levels of
crime and /or perceived threat or fear of crime.
 Nzivho ya vhugevhenga: Nyito iṅwe na iṅwe yo itelwaho u fhungudza ḽeveḽe
dza vhukuma dza vhugevhenga na/kana tshushedzo kana nyofho dza vhugevhenga

 Crime victim: Somebody who has been negatively affected by a criminal act
committed by a perpetrator.
 Mupondwa wa vhugevhenga: Muthu o kwameaho nga nḓila i si yavhuḓi nga
nyito dza vhugevhenga dzo itwaho nga tshigevhenga.

 Empathy (empathetic): The ability to understand another person’s feelings,

experience, etc.
 Vhupfelavhuṱungu (u pfela vhuṱungu): Vhukoni ha u pfesesa vhuḓipfi ha
muṅwe muthu, tshenzhelo, nz.

 Empowerment: To enable the victim to regain ownership of the criminal event

and its repercussions; to give somebody more control over their own life or the
situation they are in.
 U maanḓafhadza: U konisa mupondwa u wana hafhu vhuṋe ha tshiwo tsha
vhugevhenga na zwibveledzwa; u itela u ṋea muṅwe muthu ndango yo
ṱanḓavhuwaho kha vhutshilo havho kana nyimele ine vha vha khavho.

 Facilitation: Victims fail to take conventional precautions and thus in some cases
unknowingly make the criminal’s task easier by being negligent or careless (e.g.
making burglary easier (facilitating it) by leaving a window open or a door
unlocked, or making car theft easier by leaving the keys in the ignition lock.
 U leludza: Zwipondwa zwi a kundelwa u dzhia tsirakhombo ya tshiga tsha vhoṱhe
na zwenezwo kha dziṅwe nyimele u ita uri mushumo ya tshigevhenga i leluwe u
sa zwi ḓivhi nga u sa londa kana u sa vha na ndavha (sa tsumbo, u ita uri u
pwasha zwi leluwe (u hu leludza) nga u sia wo vula mafasiṱere kana u songo khia
mavothi, kana u ita uri u tswa goloi zwi leluwe nga u sia khii dzo ṱomiwa kha
goloi.)

 Fear of crime: Anxieties about crime or the perceived prospects of victimisation.

 Nyofho dza vhugevhenga: U tshuwa vhugevhenga kana u humbulela
khonadzeo dza u nga vha tshipondwa.

 Hate crime: A criminal act which is motivated by hatred, bias or prejudice

against a person or property based on the actual or perceived race or ethnicity,
gender, religion, or sexual orientation of the victim.

 Vhugevhenga ha vengo: Nyito ya vhugevhenga ine ya ṱuṱuwedzwa nga u

vhenga, u dzhia sia kana luvhengelambiluni kha muthu uyo kana ndaka zwo
 ḓisendeka nga murafho une wa khou humbulelwa, mbeu, vhurereli kana sia ḽa
vhudzekani ha mupondwa.

 Identification parade: A row of people, including one person who is

suspected of crime, are shown to a witness to see if he or she can recognise the
suspect.
 Mufolo wa vhufaedzi: Muduba wa vhathu, hu tshi katelwa muthu muthihi ane
a khou humbulelwa vhugevhenga, une wa sumbedzwa ṱhanzi u vhona arali a
tshi nga kona u ḓivha muhumbulelwa.

 Incest: Sexual activities between individuals who are closely related by kinship.
 Vhudzekani ha vha malofha mathihi: Nyito dza zwa vhudzekani vhukati ha
vhathu vha re mashaka a dzofha ḽa tsini.

 Interaction: Communication or direct involvement with someone or

something.
 Mvuvhano: Vhudavhidzano kana u dzhenelela thwii kha muthu kana zwiṅwe
zwithu.

 Lifestyle: People may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases
their exposure to criminal offenders.
 Kutshilele: Vhathu vha nga vha vhapondwa vha vhugevhenga nga ṅwambo wa
kutshilele kwavho kune kwa engedza u ṱanea havho kha zwigevhenga.

 Murder: The unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent.
 Vhupondi/vhuvhulai: U vhulaya muthu lu si ho mulayoni (u zwizwiedza) wo
ḓiiimisela u ita tshiṱuhu.

 Patriarchal (system): A system ruled or controlled by men.

 Ya tshinna (sisiṱeme): Sisiṱeme i vhuswaho na u lagiwa nga vhanna.

 Pornography: Books, videos, etc. that describe or show naked people and
sexual acts in order to make people feel sexually excited, especially in a way that
many people find offensive.
 Pornography: Books, videos, etc. that describe or show naked people and
sexual acts in order to make people feel sexually excited, especially in a way that
many people find offensive.
 Phonogirafi: Bugu, vidio nz. zwi ṱalutshedzaho kana u sumbedza vhathu vha
songo ambara na nyito dza vhudzekani u itela u ita uri vhathu vha pfe vha tshi
takalela zwa vhudzekani, nga maanḓa nga nḓila ine vhathu vhanzhi vha wana
i songo dzulisea.

 Post-traumatic stress disorder: An emotional disturbance following

exposure to stresses outside the range of normal human experience.
 Vhulwadze ha mutsiko wa nga murahu ha dzhenuwo: Vilinga ḽa vhuḓipfi
nga murahu ha u ṱaniwa kha mutsiko wa nga nnḓa ha tshenzhelo ya muthu
yo ḓowelelaho.

 Repeat victimisation: A person, object or place is victimised more than once

within a specific period.
 Ndovhololo ya vhupondwa: Muthu, tshithu kana fhethu hune ha pondiwa lu
fhiraho luthihi kha tshifhinga tsho bulwaho.

 Routine activities theory: The notion that direct-contact predatory crime is a

function of the co-presence in time and space of a likely offender and a suitable target
and the absence of a capable guardian. Changes in crime rate can be explained by
the changes in the supply, distribution and movement of these three elements.
 Routine activities theory: The notion that direct-contact predatory crime is a
function of the co-presence in time and space of a likely offender and a suitable target
and the absence of a capable guardian. Changes in crime rate can be explained by
the changes in the supply, distribution and movement of these three elements.
 Thyori ya mishumo yo ḓoweleaho: Kuvhonele kwa uri vhugevhenga ha u
tshinyadza nga u kwamana thwii ndi mushumo wa u vha hone ha tshifhinga
na tshikhala tsha ane a nga vha muiti wa mulandu na thagethe yo teaho na u
sa vha hone ha muunḓi a konaho. Tshanduko kha phimo ya vhugevhenga i nga
ṱalutshedzwa nga tshanduko kha nḓisedzo, khovhekano na musudzuluwo wa izwi
zwipiḓa zwiraru.

 Self-esteem (low or poor): A feeling of not being happy with your own
character and abilities
 Vhuḓifulufheli (ha fhasi kana vhu si havhuḓi): Vhuḓipfi ha u sa takala nga
mvumbo na vhukoni hau.

 Sexual harassment: Comments about sex, physical contact, etc. usually at

work, that a person finds annoying and offensive.
 U tambudzwa lwa vhudzekani: Mabulamihumbulo nga ha vhudzekani,
vhukwamani ha muvhili nz. kanzhi mushumoni, zwine muthu a pfa zwi tshi mu
ṋengisa nahone zwi songo dzulisea.

 Survivor: A victim who has survived a criminal event.

 Muponyi: Mupondwa o ponyaho tshiwo tsha vhugevhenga.

 Trauma: A mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the

harmful effects last for a long time.
 Dzhenuwo: Nyimele ya muhumbulo i vhangwaho nga u tshenuwa hu hulwane,
nga maanḓa musi mveledzwa dzi tshinyadzaho dzo dzhia tshifhinga tshilapfu.
 Victim-blaming: Casting blame or guilt on to an innocent person, group or
object.

 U sanda mupondwa: U vhea sando kana mulandu kha muthu a si na

mulandu, tshigwada kana tshithu.

 Victimisation: The process of becoming a victim of crime; various

characteristics are associated with that probability.
 U vha mupondwa: Maitele a u vha mupondwa wa vhugevhenga; zwiṱaluli
zwo fhambanaho zwi livhanywa na khonadzeo iyo.

 Victimisation survey: A statistical survey that measures the amount, nature

and patterns of victimisation in the population.
 Ṱhoḓisiso ya u vha mupondwa: Ṱhoḓisiso ya mbalo-mbalo dzi kalaho
tshivhalo, mupo na phatheni ya u vha mupondwa kha tshitshavha.

 Victim precipitation: The idea that the victim’s behaviour was the spark that
ignited the subsequent offence, when the victim abused the offender verbally
or physically.

 U hoha ha mupondwa: Kuhumbulele kwa uri mikhwa ya mupondwa ndi

tshone tshivhangi tsha mulandu wo bvelelaho, musi mupondwa a tshi
tambudza muiti wa mulandu nga maipfi kana nga u mu fara-fara.

 Victimology: The scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual

characteristics and social contexts associated with crime victims.
 Ngudo dza vhupondwa: Ngudo dza tshisaintsi dza zwivhangi, nyimele, zwiṱaluli
zwa muthu na nyimele ya matshilisano i elanaho ha vhapondwa vha
vhugevhenga.

 Victim support: The empathetic, person-centred assistance that is rendered by

an organisation or individual following an incident of victimisation.
 Thikhedzo ya mupondwa: Vhupfelavhuṱungu, thuso yo ḓisendekaho nga muthu
ine ya ṋekedzwa nga dzangano kana muthu nga murahu ha tshiwo tsha
vhupondwa.

 Victim vulnerability: The likelihood of a person becoming a victim of crime. This

likelihood is determined by many factors, including the victim’s behaviour, personal
lifestyle and interaction with the offender.

 U vha khomboni ha mupondwa: Khonadzeo ya uri muthu avhe mupondwa wa

vhugevhenga. Khonadzeo iyi i dzumbululwa nga zwiitisi zwinzhi, hu tshi katelwa
mikhwa ya mupondwa, kutshilele kwawe na mvuvhano na muiti wa mulandu.
  Vulnerable: Weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally.
 U vha khomboni: U shaya nungo na u huvhadzea muvhilini kana kha vhuḓipfi lu
leluwaho.

<*TRANSLATION (IsiXhosa) – 3 pages*>

Glossary CMY1502 2019

 Assault: An attack that may not involve physical contact; includes attempted battery
or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.
 Uhlaselo: Uhlaselo olunganyanzelekanga ukuba kusetyenziswe izandla, ukubetha
omnye umntu okanye ukumoyikisa ngamazwi okanye izenzo
 Attractiveness of the target: The appeal (rich, old, young) of the target to the
criminal-prone individual.
 Umtsalane wexhoba: Kukuthandeka kwexhoba (isityebi, umntu omdala, osemtsha)
kubaphuli mthetho.
 Burglary: Breaking into and entering a home or structure for the purpose of
committing a crime.
 Ukuqhekeza emzini/kwisakhiwo: Ukungena emzini okanye kwisakhiwo
ngaphandle kwemvume ngenjongo yokuba izinto ezilapho ngaphakathi
 Crime control: The preservation or conservation of the current levels of crime or
behaviour; it is more reactive in nature.
 Ukulawula ubuqhetseba/ubugebenga/ulwaphulo-mthetho: Indlela kunye
nemisebenzi yokuhlisa izinga okanye umgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho
 Crime prevention: Any activity that is designed to reduce the actual levels of crime
and /or perceived threat or fear of crime.
 Ukunqanda ubuqhetseba/ubugebenga/ulwaphulo-mthetho: Nokuba ngowuphi
umsebenzi ojolise ukuba kunciphe izinga lobundlobongela nobugebenga
 Crime victim: Somebody who has been negatively affected by a criminal act
committed by a perpetrator.
 Ixhoba lobugebenga/lobuqhetseba/lolwaphulo-mthetho: Umntu othe
wachaphazeleka okanye kwenziwa kuye uqhetseba okanye ubugebenga
 Empathy (empathetic): The ability to understand another person’s feelings,
experience, etc.
 Uvelwano: Isakhono sokuvelana okanye ukuqondisisa amava okanye izimvo
zomnye umntu
 Empowerment: To enable the victim to regain ownership of the criminal event
and its repercussions; to give somebody more control over their own life or the
situation they are in.
 Ukuxhobisa: Ukuxhobisa umntu olixhoba lobugebenga ngolwazi lokuba
akufanele avumele abaphuli mthetho ukuba balawule ubomi bakhe ngenxa
yokoyika
 Facilitation: Victims fail to take conventional precautions and thus in some cases
unknowingly make the criminal’s task easier by being negligent or careless (e.g.
making burglary easier (facilitating it) by leaving a window open or a door
unlocked, or making car theft easier by leaving the keys in the ignition lock.
 Ukuncedisa: Ngamanye amaxesha amaxhoba obugebenga awenza ube lula
umsebenzi wezigebenga ngokuthi bangaqaphelisisi izinto ezithi zitsale
amehlo wezikrelemnqa, umz. Ukungavali iifestile endlwini xa kungekho bantu,
okanye umntu ashiye isitshixo semoto yakhe emotweni.
 Fear of crime: Anxieties about crime or the perceived prospects of victimisation.
 Uloyiko lobugebenga: Xa umntu ehlala esoyika ukugetyengwa okanye oyike
ngenxa yezinto ezakhe zehlela abanye abantu

 Hate crime: A criminal act which is motivated by hatred, bias or prejudice

against a person or property based on the actual or perceived race or ethnicity,
gender, religion, or sexual orientation of the victim.

 Ubugebenga benkohlakalo nenzondo: Isenzo solwaphulo mthetho okanye

esenkohlakalo esiphenjelelwa yinzondo ebhekiswe kwabanye abantu ngenxa
yenkolo yabo okanye ibala lesikhumba sabo, isini, nokuthanda uhlobo
oluthile lwesini.
 Identification parade: A row of people, including one person who is
suspected of crime, are shown to a witness to see if he or she can recognise the
suspect.
 Udweliso lokuqwalaselisa umntu othile: Ngamanye amaxesha amapolisa
aye abambe abantu abarhanelwa kwityala elithile, apho baye badweliswe
ukuze umntu olingqina alathe lowo athe wambona esaphula umthetho okanye
esenza ubuqhetseba. Ingqina akufanelekanga libonwe ngabarhanelwa ukuze
lihlale likhuselekile
 Incest: Sexual activities between individuals who are closely related by kinship.
 Umbulo: Isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo phakathi kwabantu abazalanayo okanye
abantwana bomntu omnye.
 Interaction: Communication or direct involvement with someone or
something.
 Ubudlelwane: Unxibelelwano nomntu othile okanye ubudlelwane bento ethile
 Lifestyle: People may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases
their exposure to criminal offenders.
 Indlela yokuphila: Ngelinye ixesha abantu baba ngamaxhoba obugebenga
ngenxa yendlela abaphila ngayo
 Murder: The unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent.
 Ukubulala: Ukuthatha umphefumlo womnye umntu ngokungekho mthethweni
nangenjongo yokwenzakalisa
 Patriarchal (system): A system ruled or controlled by men.
 Ulawulo ngamadoda: Indlela yokulawula apho kuphethe amadoda qha
 Pornography: Books, videos, etc. that describe or show naked people and
sexual acts in order to make people feel sexually excited, especially in a way that
many people find offensive.
 Izinto zoburheletya: Iincwadi, iividiyo ezishicilelweyo ezibonakalisa abantu abangaze
besenza izinto zokwabelana ngesondo ngenjongo yokonwabisa abanye kodwa
ngendlela abanye abantu abaninzi abangayithandiyo
 Post-traumatic stress disorder: An emotional disturbance following
exposure to stresses outside the range of normal human experience.
 Ukuphatheka kakubi engqondweni emva kwesiganeko sobugebenga:
Abantu baye bangaphatheki kakuhle engqondweni emva kokuba lixhoba
leziganeko ezibi nezingaphaya kokunyamezela.
 Repeat victimisation: A person, object or place is victimised more than once
within a specific period.
 Ukuba lixhoba lobugebenga ngokuphindeneyo: Umntu othe wafumana
ilishwa lokuba abe lixhoba lobugebenga ngokuphindana kungekadluli
nexesha elide
 Routine activities theory: The notion that direct-contact predatory crime is a
function of the co-presence in time and space of a likely offender and a suitable target
and the absence of a capable guardian. Changes in crime rate can be explained by
the changes in the supply, distribution and movement of these three elements.
 Imbono yezinto ezenziwa rhoqo: Inkolelo yokuba ubundlobongela okanye
ubugebenga obuza ngqo emntwini budalwa yimeko yexesha kunye nendawo
apho umntu osisikrelemnqa ebona umntu olixhoba kuye kwakhona
kungabonakali umntu ongakhusela loo meko. Ukutshintsha kwezinga
lolwaphulo mthetho kuxhomekeka ekutshintsheni kunikezelo, usasazo
neentshukumo zale miba mithathu.
 Self-esteem (low or poor): A feeling of not being happy with your own
character and abilities.
 Ukungazixabisi/Ukungazithembi: Indlela umntu aziva ngayo ngesiqu sakhe,
abanye abantu abazithembanga ukuba angakwazi ukwenza izinto ezithile.
 Sexual harassment: Comments about sex, physical contact, etc. usually at
work, that a person finds annoying and offensive.
 Ukuphatha kakubi ngokwesini: Incoko engqamelene nesini, ukubamba
ngendlela engamkelekanga, njl.njl. edla ngokwenzeka emsebenzini.
 Survivor: A victim who has survived a criminal event.
 Osindileyo: Umntu olixhoba lobundlobongela othe wasinda kwisiganeko
sobugebenga
 Trauma: A mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the
harmful effects last for a long time.
 Ukwenzakala enqondweni nasemphefumlweni: Ukwenzakala engqondweni
nasemphefumlweni okwenziwe kukothuka nokoyika kakhulu, ngakumbi xa elo
futhe lithatha ixesha elide

 Victim-blaming: Casting blame or guilt on to an innocent person, group or

object.

 Ukutyhola: Xa kutyholwa umntu ongenatyala okanye ongayenzanga into

engalunganga
 Victimisation: The process of becoming a victim of crime; various
characteristics are associated with that probability.
 Ukuba lixhoba: Indlela umntu aba lixhoba lobugebenga ngayo; kwaye zininzi
izinto eziphembelela oko.
 Victimisation survey: A statistical survey that measures the amount, nature
and patterns of victimisation in the population.
 Ufunisiso ngamaxhoba obundlobongela: Ufunisiso ngokubala inani
labantu abathe baba ngamaxhoba obugebenga, iindidi neepateni
zobugebenga.
 Victim precipitation: The idea that the victim’s behaviour was the spark that
ignited the subsequent offence, when the victim abused the offender verbally
or physically.

 Ukuzibangela kwexhoba: Abanye abantu banembono ethi ngamanye

amaxesha amaxhoba obugebenga azibizela ngokwabo ukuxhatshazwa,
ngokuthi mhlawumbi athethe ngendlela engalunganga kunye nesigebenga
 Victimology: The scientific study of the causes, circumstances, individual
characteristics and social contexts associated with crime victims.
 Inzululwazi ngamaxhoba: Isifundo sobunzululwazi sezizathu, iimeko, neempawu
ezinxulunyaniswa namaxhoba obundlobongela.
 Victim support: The empathetic, person-centred assistance that is rendered by
an organisation or individual following an incident of victimisation.
 Inkxaso yamaxhoba: Uncedo ounikwa ngamaqela athile akhathelela ngomonde
kunye nothando amaxhoba obuqhetseba emva kwesiganeko
 Victim vulnerability: The likelihood of a person becoming a victim of crime. This
likelihood is determined by many factors, including the victim’s behaviour, personal
lifestyle and interaction with the offender.

 Ubuthathaka bamaxhoba: Imeko esenokukhokelela ekubeni lixhoba lolwaphulo

mthetho. Le meko inokwenziwa zizinto ezininzi njengendlela eliziphethe ngayo
ixhoba, isimbo sobomi, ukunxibelelana nomaphuli mthetho.
 Vulnerable: Weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally.
 Umntu onobuthathaka: Umntu onkenenkene nokhathazeka msinya.