Research Work 1 - Ar-403

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Architecture
The Future of CBDs: Shaping the Urban Fabric through

Connectivity, Sustainability and Resiliency
Architectural Design 8: Design of Complex Structures
By:
Ar-403
December 20, 2023
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex urban environment that
characterizes a city's core. Researchers and decision-makers can learn important lessons about
the CBD's geography, economy, society, and culture. These lessons can then be applied to
decisions about infrastructure, economic tactics, and development. The CBD emerges as a
microcosm of urban life and progress, as well as a business hub thanks to the intricate interaction
of various factors.
Table of Contents
1. What is a Lifestyle Shopping Mall………………………………………………………1
2. critical areas ………………………………………………………………………………1
3. Benchmarked Projects for a Lifestyle Shopping Mall………….………………………1
4. Space Programming of a Lifestyle Shopping Mall………….……………..……………1
5. What is a Multi-Modal Terminal?………….……………………………………………1
6. Circulation/Traffic flow of vehicles and people ………….………………………..……1
7. Photo Documentation & Brief interviews ………….……………………………………1
8. Architectural design standards for multi-modal terminal developments such as….…1
a. dimensions of different parking slots……….……………………………………………1
b. dimensions of public utility vehicles………………………………...……………..…..…1
c. maneuvering clearances, headroom clearances…………………………………..…..…1
d. design and dimension of ticket counters………….………………………………………1
e. bus bays……………………….…….………………………………………………………1
9. Benchmarked Projects for a Multi-Modal Terminal……………………………..…..…1
10. Space Programming of Multi-Modal Terminal………….…………………….…..……1
11. What is a Capsule-inspired Hostel?………….…………………………………….……1
12. Benchmarked Projects for a capsule-inspired hotel/hostel……………………….……1
13. Space Programming of Capsule-inspired Hostel………….……………………………1
14. Relevant Building Laws………….………………………………………………………1
15. Site Pictures with initial site analysis………….…………………………………...……1

1. What is a Lifestyle Shopping Mall?
A lifestyle shopping mall is a sort of retail destination that goes beyond the standard shopping
center concept by combining a variety of activities and services to create a holistic and
immersive shopping environment. These malls usually have a mix of stores, places to eat,
entertainment spots, and services related to lifestyle. The goal is to create a friendly and
town-like atmosphere with sidewalks, green spaces, nice lighting, and benches for people to
relax. Lifestyle Shopping Malls are designed to be a social hub, featuring entertainment
facilities, events, and spaces for community engagement
While some regular malls may have entertainment options like a movie theater, lifestyle malls
often place a stronger emphasis on regular events, exhibitions, and communal spaces for social
and cultural engagement. Since lifestyle centers are open, people can easily move from one
trader to the next. Lifetime shopping malls also save on heating and cooling and make it easier
for customers to access the services in the building. Comparing the lifestyle center and mall,
you feel that they are just outlet malls turned inside out. The storefronts in the lifestyle centre in
the mall often face each other across landscaped pedestrian crossings or low-traffic roads. In
essence, while a regular mall is centered around shopping, a lifestyle mall aims to provide a
broader and more enriching experience, incorporating elements that cater to various aspects of
visitors' lifestyles, including entertainment, dining, wellness, and community engagement.
Outlet malls are designed drastically differently than lifestyle centers due to their different
tenants and clientele. We’ve outlined these differences in the chart below:
2. Research on the critical areas indicated on the list of space requirements.
a. RDU (receiving and delivery units) for shops

A shop's designated area for receiving and processing incoming items is called a
receiving area. This technique is commonly referred to as "inbound." The receiving area ought
to be situated as close to the storage area as feasible, unless the main purpose of the
warehouse is for cross-docking.
b. RDU with delivery docks and storage (supermarket, appliance and department stores)
At a distribution center, the receiving dock is where carriers deliver goods that have been
purchased. This is when the material is really received physically. The dock could be outside or
inside.
c. Security Office with IT office

Six essential tasks are included in security office administration. Each is distinct and
essential. It is crucial that the distinct roles maintain their identities, even while it isn't always
feasible for various persons to carry out these tasks.
● The day-to-day duties that go into keeping the security office operating efficiently
are covered by supervision. These duties include organizing, setting up supplies
and equipment, coordinating job assignments, and conducting inspections.
● Internal assistant services are provided to departmental management by the
administrative assistant role. Clerical work include data input, filing, processing
forms and papers, and other office "generalist" tasks. Being the department's
initial point of contact with outsiders, the receptionist has an obligation to provide
a cooperative and courteous image. Another particular and significant duty is
handling mail.
● A big component of the security program is record keeping. Records of arrests,
dismissals, investigations, crimes of all types, reference materials, and files
including equipment and resources are a few examples. Regardless of the filing
system used, it must offer information accessibility while maintaining strict
controls.
● Lastly, it is critical that internal procedures for physical and electronic security, as
well as the hiring of office staff, reflect security standards. The physical layout of
the security office need to demonstrate the value the organization places on this
role.
d. Administration offices with reception and meeting rooms (separate the admin office of
the shops from the mall-owned spaces like supermarket and
Office administration, often known as Office Ad or OA, is the collective term for a range of daily
tasks associated with upkeep of an office building, financial planning, billing and record keeping,
individual growth, physical distribution, and logistics within an organization. No matter the size of
the company, the person performing these tasks is often referred to as an office manager or
administrator and is an essential part of the infrastructure.
e. Employee's Canteen
In a lifestyle shopping mall, an employee canteen is usually a designated dining room or

cafeteria created especially for the staff or employees of the mall. This establishment functions
as a dining area, rest area, and social gathering place for mall staff members while they work.
● Employee choice: Your staff members get to decide how much of their pretax
income to set aside and how they wish to use it.
● Decreased tax liability: Because employee contributions are pretax, their lower
gross income helps them pay less in taxes. You also save money on payroll
taxes as a result.
● Better benefits packages: You can help keep your employees happier, which can
enhance employee retention, by providing them with additional pretax options
and financial freedom. It may also assist you in luring in fresh talent.
● Less money lost: Cafeteria programs may be more economical from the
employer's point of view. Instead of wasting money on perks that few employees
utilize, you're making sure your team members receive the benefits they desire.
● tolerant of a variety of needs: The needs of your staff are varied. While a young
parent would be thrilled to save money on child care, an older employee might
want to concentrate more on retirement savings. To keep everyone happy, you
can assist each employee in receiving benefits that are most appropriate for their
circumstances.
f. Staff lounge and locker

Having a safe place for employees to keep their items is a top concern for all
businesses, including restaurants, retail establishments, healthcare facilities, and schools. Many
firms decide to establish a staff locker room by dedicating a specific space on their property to
fulfill this purpose. But with more adaptable and innovative methods of working emerging,
traditional locker rooms are falling short. Here's when simplicity is beneficial.
1. A place to store personal items

Flexible hours and remote working may mean employees need to bring their belongings
to and from work more often. Having their own personal space to store belongings will make
employees feel valued and give them a place to keep their possessions safe during the working
day.
2. Keeps the workspace free of clutter

Without staff lockers, personal items, coats, and bags will all have to be stored at
employees’ desks. Keeping the workspace free of clutter is important for productivity. A tidy and
organised office will have a more professional feel and leave the desk space for work equipment
and important documents. If you don’t have staff lockers, once installed, you’ll be surprised at
the difference it makes to the feel of the office.
3. Creates a sense of belonging

Staff lockers give employees their own space to store personal items. While this is
practical, it can also help create a sense of belonging amongst employees. It gives them a
space to control, and they can relax and keep busy knowing all their stuff is safe in their locker.
Offering employees staff lockers helps them stay connected to the business and makes them
feel more valued – boosting motivation.
4. Improves organisation
Not only are staff lockers a place to store personal items, but they can also be used to
store work equipment. This means the likes of stationery, laptops and documents can be easily
accessed whenever they’re needed, without wasting time looking for them. This improves the
organisation and productivity of the office.
5. Ideal for hot desking

Hot desking is becoming far more common, especially with the rise of remote working.
When employees want to use the office, being able to sit close to those who have also decided
to go in that day on a desk of their choosing is a flexible way of working. Staff lockers are perfect
for offices that have hot desking or remote working policies in place. This is because employees
can no longer keep all their belongings at their desk as that might not be where they sit the next
time they use the office. Staff lockers offer a place to keep anything they want to leave stored
safe and securely, without leaving clutter on a desk a colleague wants to use.
6. Provides security
Security in the office is essential. Employees won’t deliver their best work if they don’t
feel like their personal items such as mobile phones are safe, plus you can avoid potential
conflict caused by items going missing. Having a personal space where they can store their
belongings that they’re the only ones who can access will give them peace of mind during their
working day. Staff lockers with keys will cover any issue of security as employees won’t have to
worry about anyone else gaining access to their valuables.
7. Personalisation
Staff lockers can be a great way for businesses to advertise their brand and culture.
Using materials and colours on the locker door can help companies showcase what they’re all
about in a cost-effective way. Employees who use these lockers will be reminded of the
company they work for and help them feel part of the brand. Allowing employees to customise
their own can create a feeling of value and help them feel more connected to the business.
g. Emergency facilities (clinic, safe dispersal areas, fire exits)
Emergency management is the procedure in place to cope with any potential

emergencies. This can include both natural disasters such as a storm or tornado and man-made
disasters such as a terrorist attack. Emergency teams are involved in all aspects of the
emergency lifecycle, including prevention, response, and post-disaster evaluation.
The goal of emergency management is to keep people safe and to reduce the damage
caused by disasters. This involves anything from organizing rescue attempts and providing
emergency assistance to protecting important infrastructure.
h. Generator set room
Power outages are a problem that diesel gensets offer a great solution to. These
generators are intended to provide buildings with electricity in the event of a blackout or
insufficient grid supply. Compared to other generator types, diesel gensets provide a number of
advantages. They are perfect for large commercial buildings with significant power demands
because they offer dependable power backup for lengthy periods of time. When weighed
against alternative fuels like propane or natural gas, they are also more affordable. Diesel
generator sets are perfect for big commercial buildings since they are also very efficient. They
outlast other kinds of generators in terms of longevity, fuel consumption, and pollution output.
i. AHU and electrical rooms
Due to their large number of concurrent visitors, venues such as conference or

convention centers, restaurants, function rooms, and hotel dining halls have limited natural
ventilation. For these reasons, the AHU is suited for these types of locations. Additionally, it
works well in places like clean rooms, manufacturing facilities, operating rooms for medical
procedures, and laboratories where hygienic standards are strictly enforced. AHUs can also be
used to ventilate areas that contain air conditioning or underfloor heating, for example. The
primary goal of an AHU is to improve energy efficiency. Heat exchanger cooler units and
specialized "run around" coils work together to collect and reprocess waste heat through the
AHU. This function controls energy usage and lessens the strain on the heating coils. In order to
lessen the extreme hot/cold contrast when the air enters the cooling coil and to allow the unit to
create cool air with the least amount of energy, indoor and outside air are combined during the
cooling process.
Because they serve as a center for the delivery of electrical power for equipment,
electrical rooms are crucial to the running of buildings. Important safety systems are also
included in these rooms, and transformers are frequently present in bigger installations. The
primary benefit of a well-planned electrical room is that it offers a central area for technical staff
members to oversee and maintain building power systems. Generally speaking, there are a
number of specifications that electrical installations need to fulfill about the load they can
handle, technical staff clearances, and how they work with other building systems. Although
there are criteria unique to each application, for the great majority of projects, the standard
parameters are sufficient.
3. 3 Benchmarked Projects for a Lifestyle Shopping Mall
1. UPTOWN MALL ( Bonifacio Global City (BGC), Taguig, Metro Manila)
Background:
Uptown Mall is a high-class shopping mall situated at Bonifacio Global City (BGC). Uptown
Mall has a size of 85,000 square meters or 8.5 hectares. It provides tourists with a remarkable close-up
view of high-rise buildings in the northern parts of BGC. Uptown Mall has a total of five floors which
include the lower ground level. The Uptown Mall, with its strategic location, hosts a variety of businesses
and establishments that redefine the lifestyle, retail, leisure, and entertainment complex of Fort Bonifacio.
Uptown Bonifacio brings new life to the heart of Fort Bonifacio, the fastest-growing and most
impressive new address in the Philippines, with an array of firsts including restaurants and stores and a
Vegas-style dancing fountain outside the mall. Watching water spouting out and dancing to music, lights
and fire is really relaxing. The five-level lifestyle mall is the “play” component in this master-planned
township. It is also the new venue of choice for lifestyle events and launches. Apart from the mall, there’s
Uptown Parade, which has a bevy of sought-after restaurants, and many more. Presently, Uptown Mall is
one of the best lifestyle shopping malls in the Philippines and it’s visited by thousands of mall-goers
every week to have a memorable shopping and dining experience.
The following are the design features that can be applied in the project:
Vegas-style Dancing Fountain
Located in its open-air courtyard, Uptown Mall features the first and only dancing fountain in the whole
of Fort Bonifacio. The water fountain dances in synchronicity with lights, music and fire.
Uptown Parade
Uptown Parade, with its bustle and the Metro as the city's backdrop, is conclusive proof that Filipinos are
those who enjoy eating. With an array of restaurants, both homegrown and foreign franchises, this area
serves as somewhat similar to a home. It makes sense that there are more and more diverse cuisines
available in our nation. The current trend in the Philippines is for people to treat themselves with a fine
meal after a long day at work. As a result, Uptown Bonifacio has become a hub for restaurants offering a
wide variety of international cuisines.
St. Gabriel the Archangel Chapel
Located at the rooftop of the mall, St. Gabriel the Archangel Chapel is shaped like a fish when you look at
it from above, and is also part of the triad of chapels in Fort Bonifacio that were named after archangels.
Apart from providing a place of solace amid the high rises in such a bustling district, St. Gabriel the
Archangel Chapel’s visual aesthetics are outright appealing and eye-catching. The chapel features a high
ceiling with a skylight in the shape of the Holy Cross, a roof shaped like a bishop’s hat, and tempered
glass walls with glass fins and spider fittings.
Uptown Tempur Cinema
The Uptown Tempur Cinema is a collaboration between Megaworld Cinemas, a leading global
manufacturer of specialized beds, high quality memory foams, pillows, and mattresses. The brand new
theater is designed to elevate the movie viewing experience like never before with top notch seats and
configurations comparable to a first-class airplane cabin allowing moviegoers to sit at ease or lie down
comfortably on 28 premium Tempur beds and mattresses, including pillows, while watching their favorite
blockbusters on the big screen.
Sunflower Art Installation
Aside from the high rise buildings, restaurants and shops; Bonifacio Global City (BGC) is well known for
the various art installations scattered across the place. It is mostly created in different sizes and can be
seen in different corners and walls, and these Sunflower Arts are of the most interesting of it all, for it is
somewhat hidden and can only be seen from the towers around Uptown Mall or when you are riding a
helicopter—a mystery waiting to be discovered.
2. EASTWOOD MALL ( Eastwood Ave., Bagumbayan, Quezon City)
Background:
Eastwood Mall is a premier destination for shopping and dining that rivals the greatest in the
world. Eastwood Mall, recognized as the "Best Shopping Center of the Year" in 2010 and 2012 by the
Philippine Retailers Association, features chef-driven restaurants that provide outdoor dining options,
along with top-notch theaters that are highly coveted throughout the country. Eastwood City is the first
shopping center in the Philippines to be pet-friendly, and it welcomes pets of all shapes and sizes to enter
its doors. This is because the company recognizes the need to adapt to the changing lifestyles of its
customers.
The mall also features a vast expanse of open space known as the Eastwood Mall Open Park,
which includes a lagoon and hosts a captivating dancing fountain show. This location serves as the main
setting for significant community gatherings, such as the yearly New Year's Eve countdown. Eastwood
Mall contains four modern movies, including Megaworld's renowned Ultra Cinema.
Eastwood Mall Open Park
The Eastwood Mall Open Park offers an outdoor area where visitors may enjoy a pedestrian-friendly
environment that resembles a small town. This is achieved by the presence of walkways, planting,
ambient lighting, and park seats. This concept will be implemented in the design of the proposed Lifestyle
Shopping Mall, which is a pivotal area that both identifies and serves as the primary attraction of lifestyle
malls.
Lagoon and Dancing Fountain
A lagoon and a dancing fountain creates an interest for customers to visit the shopping center, and the
primary purpose of this attraction is to catch customers' attention so that they can go for outdoor shopping
and strolling.
Eastwood City's Modern Heroes Monument
Through the commemoration of a person or an event, monuments for outdoor sculpture contribute to the
enhancement of the users' knowledge. Additionally, it heightens one's perspective within the location,
which is a significant benefit.
Alfresco Dining
The Eastwood mall offers al fresco eating options, with a variety of restaurants and cafes that allow
customers to dine outdoors and appreciate the surrounding and natural environment.
3. VENICE GRAND MALL ( Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City)

Background:
Within the 50-hectare McKinley Hill Township of Megaworld Corporation in Fort Bonifacio
Taguig City, there is a well-known lifestyle shopping mall development that was inspired by one of the
most romantic cities in Italy. The mall's focal point is the artificial Grand Canal, which stretches 200
meters (660 feet) in length and 15 meters (49 feet) in width. Beneath the model of the Rialto Bridge are
the gondolas. Additionally, the mall features recreations of the Ponte de Amore Bridge, where visitors
may take part in the installation of love locks, the Rialto Bridge, which is modeled after the well-known
bridge in Venice, and St. Mark's Campanile in Piazza San Marco. A wide variety of retail brands, a
supermarket, lifestyle shops, bookstores, service stores, novelty shops, and health and exercise facilities
can all be found in Venice Grand Canal.
The mall offers dining experiences and sights and sounds that are specifically Italian. Walk
around the bazaars and oddity stores for food and interesting items, hang a love lock along the Ponte de
Amore Bridge, and take a classic gondola ride with singing gondoliers in this outdoor mall. Additionally,
pets are welcome in this mall, so bring your animal companions along for the shopping adventure.
Exterior Architecture of Venice Mall
The distinctive architecture and muted hues do in fact evoke the spirit of not just Venice but all of Europe.
The retail center provides a range of food, entertainment, and shopping choices, such as unique dining
alternatives, live performances, and a selection of stores and boutiques. Furthermore, the mall
accommodates movie theaters for moviegoers, scenic areas for leisure and photography, and functions as
a location for events and festivities.
Gondolas at Venice Grand Canal
The artificial Venice Grand Canal that winds through the middle of the mall is its most notable feature.
Gondoliers, who sing beautifully and wear classic Venetian costumes, manage the gondolas. Where
families and couples may cruise the canal by boat while enjoying an authentic Italian experience with
Gondola Ride. It's also the most well-liked location for touring and photography, lined with a wonderful
selection of stores, eateries, and cafés, and a terrific way to take in the Italian ambience of the mall.
The Venice Piazza
Venice Piazza is an open area along the Grand Canal in Venice that offers Italian-inspired dining options
where patrons may take in the scenery while dining al fresco. With a variety of foreign and local eating
brands offering nightlife and alfresco dining, it is a top dining destination. In addition, every late
afternoon, Pigeon Feeding activities are also available at the Piazza.
The Interior of Venice Mall
The interior of the mall is as lovely, including an abundance of paintings, vivid colors, and eye-catching
lighting. While there are a few upscale retailers strewn throughout, the mall is more likely to provide a
wide variety of dining options with a focus on Mexican, Italian, Filipino, and other cuisines. And the
canal's side'streets' are a hive of interesting street performers, mostly fancy-dressed'statue' artists who
provide fantastic picture opportunities.
4. Space Programming of a Lifestyle Shopping Mall
Space programming in architecture is a systematic method involving the definition and organization of
spatial requirements and functions within a building or interior space. This process encompasses
understanding the intended purpose, breaking down functions into specific activities, determining spatial
relationships, and allowing for future flexibility. It serves as an important early-stage guide for architects
to create aesthetically pleasing, practical spaces that align with user requirements and regulatory
standards.
4.1 Promenade with terraces and gardens
The verb promenade refers to a leisurely stroll or ride done for show or parade. As a noun, it refers to a
location, a road, or a path for bicycling, walking, or strolling. Examples of these locations include parks,
city avenues, riverbanks, and beaches. The idea of a promenade has spread beyond urban areas such as
parks, streets, and shopping centers to include virtual public places. Promenading in urban public areas is
made livelier by the presence of waterscapes and landscapes. There may or may not be restrictions on
vehicle traffic. Promenades are open spaces with attractive landscaping or a commanding view that can be
found in parks and resort cities.
Promenade in Bonifacio High Street, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City, Philippines
4.2 Parking area
Parking is the prime convenience advantage of the shopping center over the central business district.
Despite the repetitive statement of this fact, the shopper may not always find the parking space he wants.
The shopper wants a space he can find easily, with a minimum of difficulty in moving around the parking
area, and one that is located near the store or store group in which he is going to shop. The fault is
sometimes with the developers who have underestimated the need for parking space or found the land too
valuable to be devoted to parking. Sometimes there are too few parking spaces simply because there are
too many people with cars looking for them. Most shopping malls are situated in crowded business
districts with limited and highly sought-after parking. Consequently, parking costs and the volume of
patrons are what determine a mall's earnings from customers. Mall management can regulate how many
automobiles enter the parking lot and guarantee that spots are accessible for customers by enforcing a
parking fee.
Parking Areas in Bonifacio High Street, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City, Philippines
4.3 Parks and Playgrounds

Parks give our cities natural benefits in terms of the environment, aesthetics, and relaxation. They also
provide advantageous economic effects. They enhance municipal income and property values. In addition
to fostering a feeling of community in children from an early age, playgrounds facilitate parent-child
interaction. An encouraging play area for kids is appealing to the whole family, making it a valuable
marketing tool that aids in attracting clients and guests, which raises turnover and, ultimately, profits. One
of the main advantages of a park is that they give people a fantastic place to unwind or engage in outdoor
activities like cycling or jogging. Parks and playgrounds enhance air quality and stormwater drainage,
lessen noise pollution, and attract more species and greenery. It is regarded as an essential component of
public space design. Customers will benefit from a more convenient shopping experience as a result, and
transportation costs will go down. They might also draw tourists from neighboring cities. This will
encourage people to work by generating job opportunities in the retail, maintenance, and security
industries.
Parks and Playgrounds in Bonifacio High Street, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City, Philippines
4.4 Architectural permeability
It creates a link between the inner space and its surroundings, as well as between what is private and what
is public. This raises the physical, functional, and perceptual qualities of the space's significance.
Enhancing the mobility of individuals is the primary purpose of permeability.
Evia Lifestyle Center, Las Pinas Up Town Center, Ayala Land, Quezon City
4.5 Vehicle/Truck loading and unloading
Vehicle loading and unloading is crucial. There is an increased chance of injury from this. One of the
most frequent causes of injuries in the manufacturing, distribution, and courier sectors is loading and
unloading motor vehicles. Workers in these sectors need to be always alert and vigilant to avoid serious
injuries from things like forklift accidents and falling items.
Design Considerations for Safety and Security of Loading and Unloading
● Proper Dimensions Required

● Well Lit
● Free from Hazards
● Free from Traffics
● Storage Areas/Rooms
● Spacious
4.6 Future Proofing
Developing resilient spaces that optimize a building's whole-life worth is the objective of future proofing.
The goal is to provide long-term adaptation using clever planning and effective processes that permit
fundamental flexibility. It needs considering and getting ready for prospective changes and obstacles in
the future to lessen the effects and guarantee long-term success. This requires thinking about possible
dangers and future trends, as well as creating plans and remedies to lessen them.
Considerations for Future Proofing:
● Resilience - Sustainability throughout the course of time under natural disasters.

● Reliability - Ensuring the design to be durable
● Loose Coupling - Allowing the design to be repaired and upgraded in the future
● Extensibility - Providing spaces or facilities for future extensions
● Maintainability - Taking into consideration the entire cost of the design
● Efficiency - Utilizing resources in proportion to their efficiency
● Quality - The intangible elements of the design that enable customers to recognize its significance
● Preserving Ambiguity - Reducing future presumptions in order to deliver a design that may come
in use later.
Other SPACES to consider in a lifestyle shopping mall in the Philippines:
1. Functional Requirements
a. Retail stores
i. International brand outlets
ii. Local artisan and entrepreneur kiosks
iii. Specialty stores or Anchor stores (department stores, fashion retails, technology
stores, home decor, supermarkets etc…)
b. Dining areas
i. Food Courts with a mix of international and local cuisine variety of food stalls
that can accommodate social diversity
ii. Upscale restaurants and cafe with extended alfresco dining (adapting new
normal)
iii. Outdoor dining spaces with tropical landscaping and proper sun shading
c. Entertainment Zones:
i. VIP Cinemas, imax, 4d, 5d and more
ii. Gaming arcade
iii. Recreational areas (indoor or outdoor park)
d. Family friendly amenities
i. Play areas and retail spaces for children
ii. Breastfeeding zones
e. Flexible Spaces:
i. Modular kiosks and pop-up spaces for changing trends and local entrepreneurs
ii. Multi-purpose event spaces that can adapt to different uses
2. Integration of Lifestyle Elements:
a. Event center/s
i. Areas for traditional filipino cultural events and festivals
ii. Exhibition spaces for local artisans
iii. Flexible event space/s for seasonal events and performances
b. Outdoor space
i. Landscaped areas as waiting area, relaxation zone, and socializing
ii. Outdoor events spaces for bazaar, market and/or performances
c. Wellness facilities
i. Fitness centers with traditional filipino wellness programs
ii. Spa facilities offering local spas treatments
3. Spatial organization
a. Mall Layout
i. Easy navigation, with clear wayfinding signage and strategic placement of anchor
stores.
b. Covered walkways
i. Providing shaded connections and pathways to protect visitors from the weather.
4. Accessibility and inclusivity
a. Accessible to people
i. Accessible ramps and elevators
ii. Pwd parking spaces
b. Inclusive accommodations
i. Family-friendly amenities
ii. Inclusive restroom facilities
5. Smart technologies:
a. Smart Water Play Areas:
i. Interactive water play zones with sensors triggering different water patterns or
features based on user movement.
ii. Water conservation features, such as automated shut-off systems during low
usage times.
b. Smart Lighting and Soundscapes:
i. Dynamic lighting systems that respond to the time of day or special events,
creating visually appealing atmospheres.
ii. Soundscapes with programmable audio elements to enhance the park's ambiance.
c. Interactive Play Zones:
i.Augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) play areas with interactive games
projected onto the ground or walls.
ii. Sensory-based play equipment with embedded sensors that respond to children's
movements.
d. Energy Harvesting Flooring:
i. Flooring technology that converts footsteps into energy, contributing to the mall's
energy efficiency and sustainability efforts.
6. Regulatory compliance
a. ensure compliance with building codes, safety standards, and regulations for commercial
spaces.
i. NBCP
ii. Fire code of the philippines
iii. Plumbing code
iv. Electrical code
v. BP 344
( additional information will be further discussed in the next few pages)
5. What is a Multi-Modal Terminal?
Multi-Modal Terminal is a passenger facility shared by two or more modes, making it

easier for a traveler to complete a journey by changing from one intercity carrier to
another, or from the intercity mode to the local area bus or car or taxi. A multimodal
terminal offers more to the users than unimodal terminals, through economies of scale
and increased efficiency of a shared facility. Carriers using the MPT may be
complementary (one mode bringing customers to the other, e.g., local transit and intercity
rail) or competitive (e.g., bus and rail competing for the traveler).
Multimodal planning is the term for transportation and land use planning that considers a
variety of modes of mobility, often including walking, bicycling, public transportation,
and driving, as well as accessibility-affecting land use issues.
In modern times, ‘human-centered’ design is a way of getting everyone involved and is

regarded as a significant multi-functional social organization with a variety of new
sociocultural functions in addition to functions. It is focused on a qualitatively new stage
in society's growth. The main feature of this is to focus on understanding the perspective
of each person, their needs, and whether the solution that has been designed for them is
truly meeting their needs effectively or not.
A. Advantages of a Multi-modal
· Less time spent waiting for

· Less pollution, traffic jams, and noise
· Opportunity for business establishments
· Cost reduction
· Handling and delivery time efficiency
· Increased transport security
· Easier freight tracking
B. Transportation Services
· Rail Transportation
· Bus Terminal
· Taxi Terminal
· Multiple occupant vehicles (carpools, minibus shuttle)
· Other Public transportation (jeepneys and etc.)
· Service and freight vehicle
C. Physical Components of Multi-modal Terminals
The interchange will typically have three spatial zones:
1. Access-egress zone - a zone that links the local area and access to transport modes. This zone
requires facilities and services that cater to the arrival and departure of the terminal. It is also
important that such services and facilities should be safe, efficient, and convenient in terms
of the in and out movement. Waiting areas outside the building should also be designed with
shelters for people waiting for public transport.
2. Facilities zones - a zone that holds retail shops, restaurants, and other supporting services.
This zone is mostly for tourists, travelers, or locals with more time to spend at the terminal.
3. Arrival-departure - a zone where users wait for transport modes. This zone should be
designed to provide convenience, ease of access, easy way of finding, and up-to-date
information.
D. Best Practices for Multi-modal Transportation

The following are some multi-modal transportation planning suggestions:
· Institutions, networks, and infrastructure should all be incorporated in multimodal

transportation planning.
· User information, fare payment systems, and stations include upgrades to the roadways in
your consideration of transportation enhancement options. Mobility management measures
such as price changes and smart grids, as well as numerous modes.
· Connectivity in the transportation system, particularly between modes, such as the quality of
pedestrian and bicycle access to transit, should be given special attention.
· Policies for land use and growth Consider combining these options, such as public and
private. Improvements in transportation, as well as measures for managing mobility.
· The quality of mobility options available to physically or economically disadvantaged people

should be given special consideration, taking into account universal design (the ability of
transportation systems to accommodate people with special needs such as wheelchair users
and people with wheeled luggage) and affordability.
E. Multimodal Planning There are several types of transportation planning that

reflect different scales and goals such as:
· Traffic impact studies that evaluate traffic impacts and mitigation strategies for a particular
development or project.
· Local transport planning that develops municipal and neighborhood transport plans.
· Regional transportation planning for developing plans for a metropolitan region.
· State, provincial, and national transportation planning that develops plans for a large
jurisdiction, to be implemented by a transportation agency.
· Strategic transportation plans develop long-range plans, typically 20-40 years into the future.
· Transportation improvement plans (TIPs) or action plans identify specific projects and
programs to be implemented within a few years.
F. Multimodal Terminal Conceptualization
Multimodal transportation opportunities provide more freedom in how people get around,
especially for people who cannot or choose not to drive a car. Transportation options build more
vibrant neighborhoods and economically prosperous downtowns. Multimodal transportation is a
good strategy for economic and community development. According to the Tennessee
Department of Transportation, good walking, biking, and transit facilities are essential to the
continued growth and success of our towns and cities. Therefore, designers may use:
· Complete Streets
A Complete Street is one that is intended for usage by people as well as vehicles. Complete
Roadways puts a renewed emphasis on the value of streets for all types of users, not only cars.
Complete streets are made to be safer for everyone, but especially for kids, seniors, and persons
with disabilities.
Walking and biking are both made safer on complete streets. Using sidewalks, bike lanes,
pedestrian crossings, bus shelters, and other multimodal transportation alternatives, complete
streets improve connectedness. Neighborhoods with complete streets are frequently more
popular and can promote tourism and business growth.
· Road Diet
Roadway redesigns are known as road diets. The number of car travel lanes might be decreased
as a transportation planning approach to improve traffic. Road diets have been found to
frequently boost traffic flow by reducing traffic congestion, despite the perception that reducing
driving lanes will hinder traffic. For pedestrians and cyclists, Road Diets contain safety elements.
Road diets are frequently inexpensive substitutes.
G. Considerations on Optimal Mode Planning
Planning for integrated multimodal transportation is necessary for both present and future needs,
particularly in rapidly urbanizing developing and middle-income cities. Determining which
forms of transportation would best serve the demands of the present and future populations while
still being financially viable for communities is crucial. The general processes in transportation
planning should ideally consist of the following:
· Monitoring and understanding existing conditions.
· Forecasting future population growth, including where people will be living and working.
· Developing, evaluating, and ultimately prioritizing potential investments, programs, and

projects to carry out along these corridors.
· Ensuring the investments, programs, and projects that have been prioritized correspond to
existing long run plans.
Cities must offer a service that is both convenient and reasonably priced if they wish to
encourage commuters to switch from private vehicles to public transportation options. Users of
public transportation may evaluate services based on availability, frequency, speed, reliability,
affordability, comfort, and safety, among other factors.
H. Potential Benefits of Integrated Multi-modal Transportation
· Increased system efficiency – by having sufficient information and options to choose

different routes, passengers can increase the overall efficiency of their travel.
· Reduction in congestion – the costs of congestion include time wasted, inflated transport
costs and carbon emissions is likely to have people switch away from the use of cars thus
reducing congestion.
· Decreasing air pollution – the reduction in CO2 emissions is a clear environmental benefit
should transport planning lead to reductions in private vehicles.
· Opening potential financing opportunities – they can be used to finance the investments that
will take place as part of the plan.
· Enhancing social cohesion – to incentivize higher income users to switch away from private
vehicles.
I. Main Design Considerations of Multi-modal Terminal
· Safety and Security
· Transfer Conditions
· Emergency Planning
· Information
· Aesthetics
· Services and facilities
· Environmental Quality
· Comfort of waiting for time

This research has led to the conclusion that, to develop an effective multi-modal terminal, a
number of elements must be taken into account from the outset of the process all the way
through to completion. Furthermore, a number of other elements also have a significant impact
on design; for this reason, it is imperative to do a thorough investigation of the environment, end
users, and any underlying issues. Designing multimodal terminals also necessitates looking at
things holistically, recognizing likely scenarios both inside and outside of the development, and
not only concentrating on a small number of effects.
6. Circulation/Traffic flow of vehicles and people entering and exiting the site (unloading to
loading passengers)
A. Vehicular Traffic Flow and Circulation
· The key to an efficient multimodal transport hub is to enforce proper traffic

management both inside and outside of the site. The assessment of freight
traffic flow management impact on the state of traffic flows in adjoining
street-road networks is important in the process of ensuring traffic safety in
proximity to large terminal complexes (Fialkin & Veremeenko, 2017).
· Analysis of the Vehicular Traffic Flow around the Site: The Mac Arthur
Highway, which connects Mabalacat City to the province of Tarlac, is the
primary source of the vehicle influx, according to the satellite site map.
· Circulation of Vehicles for Transport Terminals:
The following considerations and elements are vital for the circulation of a
transport terminal (Bayona et.al, 2016):
· Accessibility
· Transport routes
· Transferability
· Operation and management
· Facilities and amenities, and.
· Availability of Transport vehicles
· Platform Types
o Parallel Loading - the vehicles wait until the previously loaded
vehicles exit the terminal; this circulation strategy requires a
relatively bigger area.
o Right Angle Loading - out swinging bus door creates a natural

barrier on the loading queue of the passengers; vehicle
maneuvering is difficult with this layout.
o Straight Saw Tooth Loading - applicable for narrow space

allocation; baggage trucks can operate between vehicles for
side loading.
o Radial Saw Tooth Loadin; area: a wide space provided vehicles

swing into position along the natural driving rear will make
maneuvering easier.
B. Circulation of People and Baggage Entering and Exiting the Site
Designers should set the passengers and their transportation needs at the core of the
approaches in order to provide a more comfortable and seamless travel experience. The
efficiency of traveling from one point to another plays a huge impact on the lives of
individuals wherever they live. In target 11.2 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, it is
stated that "by 2030, offer access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport
systems for all." With this, it has been said that passenger empowerment is the future of
travel. (Salpeter, 2018).
An increasing number of people are using this type of transport to meet their travel needs
and speed up their journeys. (Manueco, 2022). A wide range of services such as security.
shelter. food. and ticketing is a must but as per commuters, the layouts and services the
existing terminals had to offer are very simple. Terminals here in the country appear
congested and jammed every day especially when the rush hour strikes. However, with the
right planning of stations and access point designs around the terminal, the flow of people
can be successfully managed. While TomTom International B.V. reported that traffic
congestion in Metro Manila decreased with time-71 percent in 2019, 53 percent in 2020, and
43 percent in 2021-the transportation industry is currently in a "deadly spiral." (Dela Pena,
2022).
Here are some factors commuters go through when they face such clutters and chaotic
encounters:
· Security Screening (Processing of Passengers)
· Waiting Areas (Delays and Reception of Awaiting Passengers)
· Ticketing
· Poor Signalization and Handling
· Lack of Enough Variety of Services such as Hotels, Restaurants, Stores and such.
Passengers frequently spend several hours traveling between check-in, security checks,
and luggage pickup and release on the way out. Therefore, in order to serve passengers, a
range of services that are unrelated to the transfer function must be provided. In addition
to services immediately connected to operations, such as luggage handling facilities,
passenger loading ramps, and check-in spaces, these services also include restaurants,
bars, stores, and hotels.
The baggage systems of a transport are a crucial indicator of its quality of service. Airline
companies and travelers are both impacted by inadequate baggage handling practices.
Taking care of luggage beyond what we consider to be simple carry and present the
concept. It's not a huge concern in the Philippines, unless you're in an airport terminal.
Using an efficient management strategy for the luggage area offers a space-saving
benefit. It could optimize effectiveness and reduce luggage congestion by utilizing
security scanners, real-time checks and guidelines, and route planning.
7. Photo Documentation & Brief interviews to establish the type of public utility vehicles, routes
and their time of operations (Visit Dau-Mabalacat Terminal, Robinson Starmills and SM
Telabastagan)
BRIEF INTERVIEWS AND PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
(DAU-MABALACAT TERMINAL, ROBINSONS STARMILLS, SM TELEBASTAGAN)
1st INTERVIEWEE: Mr. Aaron Almas (Information Officer at Dau-Mabalacat Terminal)
Interviewer: In order to assure the security and reliability of your transport services, how can we
be sure that those who work for you are qualified, have received training or experience in this
field?
Aaron: “Mayroon kaming marshals, at sa traffic naman kasama din namin ang MCT dito sa
loob ng bus terminal. Ngayon kada minuto, naglilibot ang mga marshal natin diyan.”
Interviewer: What kinds of public service vehicles do your transportation company operate
currently and how does it make a difference in the community's various needs for transportation?
Aaron: “Dito kumpleto ang mga biyahe, ang pinagkaiba lang mayroon tayong deluxe rito.
Pagdating sa operating hours, lahat ng biyahe ay 24 hours nag-ooperate maliban lamang sa
biyaheng pa Boacue, yung sa Bulacan hanggang 8 p.m. lamang sila at yung pa San Fernando,
Pampanga ay hanggang 5 p.m. lang maliban doon, 24 hours na lahat ng biyahe.”
Interviewer: How will your transport firm provide all passengers with the comfort and security
they require, particularly in a holiday period where there is normally an influx of travelers? Can
you give us details of any particular measures or services which have been put in place to take
into account the increase in passenger demand and improve travel experience for passengers
during holiday periods?
Aaron: “Pag marami na ang mga tao, may pumapasok na bomb squad dito, at ang PNP ang
mga kapulisan pati na rin mga marshal. Halos minu-minuto, oras-oras ay naglilibot at
nagmamatyag iyong sa mga bomb squad, iyong mga K9 dito sa loob ng bus terminal.”
Interviewer: How does your transportation company manage and organize the scheduling of
arrival and departure times for your services? In order to ensure the timely and effective transport
of your customers, are there specific procedures or technologies in place?
Aaron: “Sa pagdating, halimbawa nalang pagka sabay-sabay, kasi mayroon tayong north
bound at south bound. Iyong sa north bound area 10 bus din ang kakasya. Ang mga north bound
dito sila, mga south bound doon sila. At iyong sa mga Victory Liner, mayroon din silang sariling
puwesto. Ngayon, 15 minutes stop-over sila. Stop-over lamang kasi ang mga bus dito pagkatapos
ay lalabas na sila. Pagka may susunod na naman, siya na ang papasok pagka ganon.”
2ND INTERVIEWEE: Mr. Rita Magdawin (Bus Operator at Dau-Mabalacat Terminal)
Interviewer: What are the routes currently available to your transport company, and could you
tell us more information about their destinations, schedules or special features that occur on these
routes?
Rita: “Lingayen, yung oras nakadepende sa ibibigay ng dispatcher. Ang first trip ay ala-una ng
madaling araw samantalang 11:30 p.m. iyong last trip.”
3RD INTERVIEWEE: Mr. Jayson Sicat (Jeepney driver at Robinsons Starmills Terminal)
routes?
Jayson: “Mula Lunes hanggang Linggo,ang ruta namin ay mula Robinsons hanggang
Floridablanca yan. Ang Floridablanca, maraming pwedeng pasyalan dyan.”
field?
Jayson: “Siyempre yung pagmamaneho sa daan, at titignan din kung gaano kasikip ang daan
para maayos na makakauwi ang mga pasahero”
Jayson: “Jeepney, sa pagkakaiba naman yan ang hindi ko alam”
Jayson: “Depende rin sa holiday dahil iyong iba pagka holiday ay hindi naman lumalabas sa
mga bahay nila. Tulad na lamang noong nakaraan, bilang lamang, halos hindi nagsilabasan ang
mga tao kaya kakaunti lamang ang namasada sa mga sasakyan namin. Pagka ganoon ay hindi
na pinupuno, tulad na lamang ng mga yan hindi namin pinupuno”
Jayson: “Parehas lang dito (mall), pagka umaga kasi hindi namin pwedeng punuin ang
sasakyan dahil ang mga empleyado ay maaapektuahin din sa pagtatrabaho nila sa mall.
Halimbawa, ang oras ng mga empleyado ay mula 8:00 a.m. hanggang 9 p.m., dapat yung mula
8:00 a.m. hanggang 9:00 p.m. hindi mo pupunuin ang mga sasakyan para agad makapasok ang
mga empleyado namin at hindi sila malalate.”
4th INTERVIEWEE: Mr. Levi Valdez (Jeepney driver at SM TelebastaganTerminal)
routes?
Levi: “Isa lang naman ang ruta dito, Angeles – San Fernando lamang. At iyong Villa Pampang
doon sa kabila. Usually, 7:00 a.m.-8:00 a.m. nagsisimula ang operating hours dito hanggang
9:00 p.m. kasabay ng mall. Depende rin, tulad ngayon ber-months umaabot ng 10:00 p.m. ang
mall kaya umaabot din kami ng 10:00 p.m. Hangga’t mayroong pasahero ay hindi kami
umuuwi.”
field?
Levi: “Kailangan organized ang pagpila ng mga pasahero at iyong nakaupo sa harap ng
sasakyan, nakaseatbelt sila. Hindi puwede iyong hindi sila nagtatanong ng pila.”
Levi: “Modern, mayroon na din lumalakad dito na modern jeepney, 10 pcs. sila na modern.
Pero majority, traditional jeepneys pa rin.”
Levi: “Mayroon naman waiting area dito, hanggang doon sa may Alfa Mart pwedeng maghintay
ang mga pasahero. Pero kung tutuusin hindi naman sila nagtatagal na nakapila dahil mabilis
lang, kung dagsa sila 3 sasakyan agad ang pupunuin para hindi sila natatambak.”
Levi: “Pila-pila, kumukuha ng pila at nagpapalista. Sa tuwing dadating ka, magpapalista ka at

tuwing aalis ka buburahin, pagkatapos ay magpapalista ka ulit. Nang sa gayon, habang
dumadating alam nila kung sino ang kasunod nila at hindi nagugulo. Mayroon naman dito iyong
tinatawag nilang dispatcher at caller, sila ang nag-aasikaso rito at nagbibigay na lamang kami
ng tip para sa kanila.”
“Noon pinagbabawal dito iyong dilaw mga biyaheng Villa at Telebastagan pero pinapasok na
ngayon at naayos na. Nandito na ngayon ang mga biyaheng Villa Pampang, nakakapila na sila
at nakakabiyahe na. Hindi tulad noon maglalakad pa ang mga tao sa may Chevalier pero
ngayon ay ok na, nasettle na.”
PHOTO DOCUMENTATIONS:
● Dau - Mabalacat Terminal
● Robinsons Starmills Terminal
● SM Telebastagan Terminal
8. Architectural design standards for multi-modal terminal developments such as
a. dimensions of different parking slots (motorcycle, bicycle, cars, UV express vans, delivery
vehicles etc.)
b. dimensions of public utility vehicles,
c. maneuvering clearances, headroom clearances,
d. design and dimension of ticket counters,
e. bus bays
Bus bay
The efficient flow of traffic, accessibility and safety have been generally emphasized by
standards for the design of multimodal terminals, e.g. bus bays. In order to accommodate a
variety of bus sizes and facilitate efficient passenger boarding and disembarkation, these
standards generally provide for special dimensions and layout of the bus bays. In addition, the
design and user-friendly nature of a multimodal transport hub is facilitated by considerations
regarding facilities such as shelters, signs or lighting.
9. 3 Benchmarked Projects for a Multi-Modal Terminal
3 Benchmarked Projects for a Multi-Model Terminal
● Saint-Nazaire Multimodal Interchange

The Multimodal Interchange at Saint-Nazaire comprises a porch, a square, and a bridge.
The station was relocated between the port town and the railways, away from the main
buildings. In line with traffic and the relief of passengers from cross traffic to enter or exit the
terminal. It aims to solve the problem of traffic congestion and to cater to further growth of the
city. Since they had to relocate the station, they had to rework the roadways for the
high-frequency bus route and parking areas for buses and coaches.
The distinctive shapes that highlight engineering in the town are inspired by the silhouettes of
ocean liners that are under construction and visible above the town's skyline. These shapes
have been designed by a desire to protect cyclists and pedestrians from bad weather along with
the necessity of constructing railings above the railway lines. The granite intended for the area
where public transportation operates will be replaced with a more affordable and durable
covering. This has freed up resources, allowing for the construction of two long, parallel
canopies designed to protect commuters on public transportation.
● Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange

The Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX) is the Philippines’ first
landport, located between Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard and CAVITEX and has a
4.5-hectare site in AsiaWorld that serves as a direct access of transportation for
passengers outside Metro Manila. The terminal provides public vehicles of jeepneys, buses,
taxis, trains and other public utility vehicles for in-city transportation. Each type of vehicle
has a dedicated floor for ticketing counters and boarding gates. The ground floor and second
floor is for the bus’s ticketing counters and boarding gate, while the arrival gate is on the
second and third gate of the second floor. As for the jeepneys, there are two kinds, the
modern and traditional. Modern jeepneys’ ticketing counters, boarding gate and arrival bays
are located on the second floor. While traditional jeepneys have only loading and unloading
bays which are located at the north (loading bay) and south (unloading bay) sides of the
terminal. Lastly is the UV Express, the location of the departure and arrival is on the third
floor and taxi lanes can be found on the ground floor, near the main entrance.
The multi-modal transportation does not only have public vehicle access but also includes retail
stores, offices and parking spaces. According to KMC Savills, the PITX has an estimated of
100,000 footfall and the location of it is perfect for brand or food and drink
business. The complex building also provides employees’ offices in 5 floors with 3,200 sqm
of floor plates in 4 buildings. Since the PITX has a capacity of 100,000 passengers that can
also peak to a volume of 4380 arrivals and 3808 departures. Approximately, there are 1060
arrivals and 949 departures trips per day. The construction of the building have 59 bays for
provincial and city buses, 852 parking slots, 49 bays for UV Express and jeepneys, bicycle
facilities and accessible for the disabled.
● Dan Ryan/95th CTA Station
The Dan Ryan/95th CTA Station is located in Illinois, Chicago which was completed in
2019 along with the additional pedestrian bridges across the roadways. The designed
multimodal terminal caters to both bus and train public transportation, similar to the upcoming
proposal project in Mabalacat concerning ongoing railway system projects in the nearby area,
from Malolos to Clark.
The larger purposes of the transit system are reflected in this architectural area. Passengers on
the L Red Line trains are accommodated by an extensive central hall placed over the tracks. A
quadratic covered walkway acts as the perimeter for bus services. The station has been
designed in an approach that is consistent with other L stops, making it obvious what color the
line is; the base of the pedestrian bridges is a vivid red hue, and the façade is covered in red
cladding. Large maps that allow passengers to plan travels throughout the metro system are
presented on interior signposts, assisting in station navigation.
10. Space Programming of Multi-Modal Terminal

11. What is a Capsule-inspired Hostel?
A capsule hotel, often referred to as a pod hotel, is a distinctive kind of simple,

reasonably priced lodging. In Osaka, the first capsule hotel debuted in 1979. They are now found
throughout Japan and other countries. Every guest stays in a capsule, which is effectively a
bed-sized pod that can be closed with a curtain or a door. These capsules are double-stacked and
organized in rows. Your capsule is likely to feature electrical outlets for charging your devices
and air conditioning, though this is not a given. Typically, belongings are kept in a
hotel-provided locker.
While convenient most capsule hotels are not inadequate. There will be plenty of space
for you to move around, and you can naturally leave your capsule whenever you'd like.Pods in
certain sophisticated capsule hotels will also be smaller than those in a typical room. Having said
that, as these are contained environments, definitely avoid capsule hotels if you suffer from
severe claustrophobia.
males make up the majority of capsule hotel guests, and some are exclusively for males.
Nonetheless, there are possibilities for those who like to stay in a hotel with solely female guests.
Every level in a capsule hotel, including those that welcome men and women, is often divided
according to gender (Go Tokyo 2020).
12. 3 Benchmarked Projects for a capsule-inspired hotel/hostel
St. Christopher’s Inns
The first hostel in the UK to provide guests with a real capsule bed experience is St.
Christopher's Inns. We decided to introduce capsule beds to the center of London and erected
26 of them at our award-winning hostel in London Bridge, breaking new ground in the world of
low-cost travel. The rise of capsule beds in hostels across China, Japan, and Singapore served
as our inspiration for this current idea.
The youthful backpacker of the twenty-first century was the target market for the design, quality,
and spaciousness of the capsules at St. Christopher's At The Village. We've loaded the
capsules with the newest gadgets and technology available, all in response to their specific
requirements and desires. As seen in Asia, the younger generation of travelers has embraced
this revolutionary mode of transportation.
UNPLAN Kagurazaka
Designed by the renowned architecture firm Aida Atelier, UNPLAN Kagurazaka is a

budget-friendly hostel with a vibrant environment and comfortable sleeping quarters. It's a
straightforward and stylish place to stay. With two female and two mixed dorms, a family room,
and a private room, it is centrally located in Kagurazaka. The cozy, basic wooden pods in the
dormitory provide good storage along with seclusion.
The Hotel Owl Tokyo Nippori

This Japanese premium capsule hotel features a combination of dormitories and capsule
rooms. For your convenience, each of the capsule rooms here offers a luggage storage area
and a shelf. You can seek advice from the 24-hour front desk or use the computer in the lobby
to search for nearby tourist attractions. Guests arriving by car can park their vehicles at paid
parking lots offsite.
Space Programming of Capsule-inspired Hostel

● Spatial Planning/ Capsule hotel
The sense of privacy in capsule hotels is very little, but the segregation of private, semi-private
and public spaces is essential. Also, since the sleeping pods are in close quarters there needs to
be segregation between male, female and shared spaces.
● Zoning
Conventional hotel/motel rooms consist of any form of temporary accommodation unit

consisting of three major parts viz. sleeping area, W.C. and bath & storage and remaining open
space for circulation. Capsule hotels have all pods together, shared W.C. and baths, locker rooms
for storing personal belongings and the combined circulation spaces shared by a few pods. In the
deconstructed planning of capsule hotels, the open space is shared by a certain number of pods,
hence making it a more efficient use of available space.
● Reception Lobby
The reception lobby is the entrance and first impression of a capsule hotel and should be
designed with a welcoming and functional design, appropriate security measures, clear signage,
and wayfinding, concierge services, and aesthetics that reflect the overall building's aesthetic. It
should create a positive first impression and provide a comfortable and functional space for
residents and visitors.
● Capsule pods
Capsule hotels typically offer various types of capsule pods to cater to different
preferences and needs of guests. The design and features of these pods may vary, but here
are some common types:
a. Standard Capsule
A standard capsule provides essential amenities, featuring a bed, lighting, power outlets, and storage
space for basic functionality and comfort.
b. Luxury Capsule
The luxury capsule offers an elevated stay experience with upgraded features,
including higher quality bedding, additional space, and premium amenities for
enhanced comfort and indulgence.
c. Pod Suite
Pod suites are larger capsules tailored for extended stays or guests desiring extra
space, often featuring amenities such as a sitting area, workspace, or other
customized features for an enhanced and personalized accommodation experience.
d. Family Capsules
Family capsules are designed to accommodate larger groups or families, featuring

multiple beds and additional amenities to ensure a comfortable and convenient stay
for everyone traveling together.
e. Pod with Private Bathroom
Pods with private bathrooms offer added convenience and privacy, providing
capsules with attached or dedicated bathroom facilities for an enhanced and
personalized stay experience.
● Sanitary Facilities
In a pod hotel, where space is optimized and rooms are compact, the design and provision
of sanitary facilities are crucial to ensure comfort, hygiene, and functionality. Here are
some common features and considerations for sanitary facilities in a pod hotel:
A. Shared Bathrooms
Some pod hotels offer private, en suite bathrooms for each pod or room. These
bathrooms typically include a shower, toilet, and sink within the confined space of
the pod.
Others may have shared bathroom facilities, which could be communal bathrooms
on each floor or in a central location. These bathrooms usually include individual
shower stalls, toilets, and sinks.
B. Space Optimization
Due to limited space in pod hotels, bathroom fixtures should be compact and
efficiently arranged. Use space-saving fixtures such as corner sinks, wall-mounted
toilets, and sliding doors for showers.
C. Privacy Considerations
Even in shared bathroom setups, privacy can be maintained through thoughtful
design. For example, individual shower stalls with lockable doors or curtains, as
well as partitions between toilets, can enhance privacy.
D. Hygiene
Easy-to-Clean Surfaces: Materials that are easy to clean and maintain are essential
to ensure proper hygiene. Choose surfaces that resist moisture and are resistant to
mold and bacteria growth.
E. Amenities
Provide basic toiletries such as soap, shampoo, and toilet paper. Consider
wall-mounted dispensers to save space and reduce waste. If not provided in the
pod, ensure there's a convenient and accessible location for guests to obtain
towels.
F. Lighting and Ventilation
Proper lighting is crucial in small spaces. Ensure there's ample lighting in the
bathroom area for safety and convenience. Adequate ventilation is important to
control humidity and odors. Install exhaust fans or windows that can be opened to
promote air circulation.
G. Accessibility
Consider the needs of all guests, including those with mobility challenges. Ensure
that bathrooms are designed with universal accessibility in mind, providing
handrails and other necessary features.
H. Maintenance and Cleaning
Regularly inspect and maintain sanitary facilities to address any issues promptly.
Cleanliness is vital for guest satisfaction.
● Common Areas
The common areas are equipped with social spaces featuring comfortable seating for
guest interaction, multi-functional spaces adaptable for events or meetings with flexible
furniture arrangements and audio-visual capabilities, and workstations or study areas
furnished with desks, comfortable chairs, and adequate lighting to accommodate guests'
individual work needs.
● Security
The security measures include secure access control for entry into sleeping areas,
surveillance cameras ensuring overall security, and lockers provided for the safe storage
of valuables.
● Maintenance Area
The maintenance area is equipped with storage space for cleaning supplies and includes
laundry facilities for comprehensive upkeep and cleanliness.
● Staff Areas
The staff areas consist of a dedicated office space for administrative tasks and a break room or
lounge designed to provide a comfortable retreat for employees during their breaks. Staff areas
feature amenities such as a communal kitchenette in the break room, fostering a collaborative
and social environment, and may include separate restroom facilities for the convenience of the
staff. The staff office is designed to facilitate efficient communication and workflow, often
equipped with office supplies, workstations, and possibly meeting spaces for team discussions or
briefings.
● Design Considerations
In the design process, it is essential to optimize vertical space by incorporating multi-level

capsules, fostering a dynamic and space-efficient layout. The choice of a modern and soothing
color scheme contributes to the overall atmosphere, enhancing the aesthetic appeal. Strategic
lighting design plays a dual role, ensuring functionality and setting a conducive ambiance for
various activities within the space.
14. Building Laws (NBC, BP344, RA9514, RA1378)
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE PD 1096
SECTION 704. Location on Property
4. Building Footprint and Firewall Requirements
VII. For residential condominium (R-5) uses or occupancies, two (2) types of firewall
construction may be permitted:
● For a R-5 use or occupancy with a firewall on two (2) sides, a firewall can be erected on a
maximum of 75% of the total length of each side property line; provided that all firewall
construction at the side property lines shall not exceed 50% of the total perimeter of the
R-5 property, i.e., total length of all property lines; provided that side firewalls in R-5
uses or occupancies shall only be allowed for a maximum eight (8) storey component
structure
● (b) For a R-5 use or occupancy with a firewall on one (1) side and at the rear property
line, a firewall can be erected on a maximum of 65% of the total length of the side
property line and on a maximum of 50% of the total length of the rear property line;
provide that all firewall construction shall not exceed 60% of the total perimeter of the
R-5 property
SECTION 707. Maximum Height of Buildings
Table VII.2. Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy
Number of allowable
Type of Building/ Meters above
Character of Use or Occupancy storeys/ floor above
Structure highest grade
established grade
Residential 5 (R-5)/
1. Residential 12-18 36.00 - 54.00
Condominiums
2. Commercial Commercial 3 (C-3) 16-60 48.00 - 180.00
15.00 meters but not
exceed the duly-approved
3. Industrial Industrial 1 (I-1) -
BHL in the major zone it
is part of
15.00 meters (or must
follow the duly-approved
4. Institutional - -
BHL in the major zone it
is part of)
complement the
5. Cultural - -
duly-approved BHL in the
major zone it is part of)
6. Utility/ Transportation/ RROW/ follow the duly-approved
- -
Services BHL in the major zone it
is part of)
7. Parks and Open Recreational and follow the duly-approved
- -
Entertainment Spaces BHL in the major zone it
is part of)
8. Agricultural/ Agro-Industrial/ follow the duly-approved
- -
Tourism BHL in the major zone it
is part of)
9. Planned Unit Development (PUD) PUD at an inland area 2 - 60 36.00 - 180.00
Table VIII.2. Minimum Setbacks for Residential Buildings/ Structures/ Type of Residential Use/
Occupancy
Yard R-5**** (meters)

Front 6.00
Side 3.00
Rear 3.00
Table VIII.3. Setbacks for Commercial*, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational Buildings
Road Right-of-Way (RROW)

Front (meters) Side (meters) Rear (meters)
Width (meters)
30.00 & above 8.00 5.00 5.00
25.00 to 29.00 6.00 3.00 3.00
20.00 to 24.00 5.00 3.00 3.00
10.00 to 19.00 5.00 2.00 2.00
Below 10.00 5.00 2.00 2.00
Table VII.4. Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot, Parking Area and
Loading/Unloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use or Occupany
Specific Uses or of Reference Uses or Character Minimum Required Parking Slot,

Occupancy (refer to of Occupancies or Type of Parking Area and Loading Space
Section 701 of this Rule) Building/Structures Requirements
1. GROUP A
Units with a gross floor area of from 18.00
to 22.00 sq. meters - provide one (1)
Multi-family dwelling units located in
pooled parking slot* for every eight (8)
residential condominium (R-5)
1.2. Division A-2 units or for a fraction thereof, e.g., another
buildings/structures regardless of
slot* shall be provided if there are more
number of storeys
than eight (8) units but less than sixteen
(16) units, etc.;
2. GROUP B
One (1) car parking slot for every three (3)
rooms or a fraction thereof for highly
urbanized areas and one (1) car parking
2.1. Division B-1 Hotels slot for every seven (7) rooms or a fraction
thereof for all other areas; and two (2)
tourist bus parking slots for each hotel;
provide at least one (1) loading slot for
articulated truck or vehicle
Pension/boarding/lodging houses One (1) car slot for every twenty (20) beds
4. GROUP D
One (1) off-street cum on-site car parking
slot for every twelve (12) beds; and one
(1) off RROW (or off-street) passenger
loading space that can accommodate two
(2) qued jeepney/shuttle slots; provide at
least twelve (12) loading slot for
articulated truck or vehicle (12.00 meters
4.2. Division D-2 Private Hospital
long container van plus 6.00 meters length
for a long/hooded prime mover) and one
(1) loading slot for a standard truck for
every 5,000 sq. meters of GFA; and
provide truck maneuvering area outside of
the RROW (withing property or lot lines
only)
5. GROUP E
One (1) car slot for every 500.00 sq.
meters of gross floor area or for a fraction
thereof; and one (1) off-RROW (or
off-street) passenger loading space that
Terminals, Inter-modals or
can accommodate two (2) queued
5.1. Division E-1 Multi-modals, Depots and the like
jeepney/shuttle slots or two (2) queued
(UTS)
bus slots whichever is applicable;
maneuvering area of buses, trucks, and
like vehicles shall be outside of the RROW
(within property or lot lines only)
THE SUBDIVISION AND CONDOMINIUM BUYERS’ PROTECTIVE DECREE PD 957
Condominiums
A. Minimum sizes of Rooms:

● Follow NBC
B. Parks and Playgrounds
● Required if:
○ 10 condo units or more
○ Project is 1,000 sq. meters or larger
● May be waived if a public park is within 800 meters
● 50 sq. meters for every ten (10) condo units
● +3 sq. meters for every additional unit
C. Roads
● Minimum RROW: 8.00 meters
○ 6.00 meters for carriageway
○ 2.00 meters for sidewalk/ planting strip
● For hierarchy of roads, follow requirements for subdivision
D. Floor Areas for Condos
● Single Occupancy:
○ 18 sq. meters
○ 12 sq. meters (for students)
● Family Occupancy:
○ 22 sq. meters for Medium Cost
○ 36 sq. meters for Open Market
E. Minimum Level of Completion
● Complete house based on submitted plans and specifications
ACCESSIBILITY LAW BP344
Specifications:
Standard of Accessibility for Special Type of Facilities
● Seating for the disabled shall be accessible from the main lobby to primary entrances, together
with related toilet facilities.
● In all assembly places where seating accommodation is provided, there shall be spaces for the
disabled persons as provided. A seating capacity of 51-300 shall have 4 wheelchair seating space.
Walkways and Passageways
● Whenever and wherever possible, walkways should have a gradient no more than 1:20 or 5%.
● Walkways should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.
● To guide the blind, walkways should as much as possible follow straight forward routes with right
angle turns.
● Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway, regular maintenance is essential to ensure
branches of trees or shrubs do not overhang walkways or paths, as not only do these present a
particular danger to the blind, but they also reduce the effective footways width available to
pedestrians generally.
Handrails
● Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 m and0.70 m above steps or ramps. Handrails for protection at
great heights may be installed at 1.0 m to 1.06 m.
Parking
● Parking spaces for the disabled should allow enough space for a person to transfer to a wheelchair
from a vehicle.
● Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as possible to building entrances or to
accessible entrances.
● Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of 3.70 m.
● A walkway from accessible spaces of1.20 m. clear width shall be provided between the front ends
of parked cars.
Ramps
● Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m.

● The maximum gradient shall be 1:12.
● The length of a ramp should not exceed 6:00 m. if the gradient is 1:12; longer ramps whose
gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with landings not less than 1.50m.
● Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at 0.70 m. and 0.90 m. from the ramp level.
Doors
● All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80 m
Washrooms and Toilets
● Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80 mts. One movable grab
bar and one fixed to the adjacent wall shall be installed at the accessible water closet stall for
lateral mounting; fixed grab bars on both sides of the wall shall be installed for stalls for frontal
mounting.
● A turning space of 2.25 sq.m for wheelchairs shall be provided.
● The maximum height of water closets is 0.45 m.
● Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80 m. with a knee recess of 0.60 - 0.70M. vertical
clearance and a 0.50 m. depth.
Open Spaces
● Provide defined edges by using planters with dwarf walls, or a grass verge to avoid the blind from
being disoriented.
14. Hotels, Appartelles, Dormitories, & Other Transient Lodging Facilities
Minimum Number of Minimum Number of

Total no. of Minimum Number of
Accessible Rooms w/ Accessible Rooms w/
Guest Rooms Accessible Rooms
Accessible Bathtubs Roll in Showers
101 - 150 7 5 2
151 - 200 8 6 2
201 - 300 10 7 3
301 - 400 12 8 4
401 - 500 13 9 4
501 - 1000 3% of total 2% of Total 1% of Total
30, plus 2 for each 10, plus 1 for each 100,

20, plus 1 for each 100, or
1001 and over 100, or fraction or fraction thereof, over
fraction thereof, over 1000
thereof, over 1000 1000
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES RA 9514
Division 10. Health Care Occupancies
Section 10.2.10.1 General Requirements
A. Rooms, Operating Rooms, Intensive Care Units, Delivery Rooms and Other Similar
Facilities
Emergency rooms, operating rooms, intensive care units, delivery rooms, and other
similar facilities shall not be located more than one (1) storey above or below the floor of exit
discharge. In existing buildings where any of the aforementioned facilities are located above or
below the floor of exit discharge, same shall be equipped with ramps complying with Section
10.2.5.7 of this IRR
Section 10.2.10.2 Exit Details
A. Number and Types

● Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types;
a. Doors leading directly outside the building
b. Stairs and smoke-proof enclosures
c. Ramps
d. Horizontal exits
e. Exit Passageways
● At least two (2) exits of the above types, remote from each other, shall be provided for
each floor or fire section of the building
● elevators constitute a supplementary facility, but shall not be counted as required exits.
B. Access to Exit
● Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit location and access shall be in
accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR, except as modified in the succeeding
paragraphs of this subsection. 2. Travel distance shall comply with the following:
a. Between any room door intended as exit access and an exit shall not exceed thirty
(30) meters;
b. Between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed forty-six (46) meters;
c. Between any point in a health care sleeping room or suite and an exit access door
of that room or suite shall not exceed fifteen (15) meters.
Division 8. Educational Occupancies
Section 10.2.9.2 Exit Details
● Minimum number of Exits:

○ Every room or space with a capacity of fifty (50) or more persons or over ninety-three
square meters (93 m2) in area shall have at least two (2) doorways as remote from each
other as practicable. Such doorways shall provide access to separate exits, but, where
egress is through corridors, shall open upon a common corridor leading to separate exits
in opposite directions.
Division 10. Residential Occupancies

Section 10.2.19.6 Stairwells
● All stairways shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Rule 3. All doors on stairwells
shall be kept closed. Stairway doors, which can be locked, must be provided with automatic
electrical unlocking from the fire command center.
● All interior stairwells used as a means of egress shall be pressurized. In no 223 cases shall
stairwells in high rise buildings be allowed to be unprotected.
PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES RA1378
Chapter IV. Plumbing Fixtures
Minimum Plumbing Facilities
Bathtubs
or
Urinals
Types of Building Water Closet Lavatories (Fixtures Showers Drinking
(Fixtures per
Occupancy (Fixtures per person) per person) (Fixtures Fountains
person)
per
person)
Male Female Male Female
Assembly Places - 1: 1-15 1: 1-16 0: 1-9 1 per 40 1 per 40
Theaters,
2: 16-35 3: 16-36 1: 10-50
Auditoriums,
Convention Halls, 3: 36-55 4: 36-56 - -
etc. - for
Add one (1)
permanent Over 55, add 1 fixture
fixture for each
employee use for each additional 40
additional 50
persons
males
Male Female Male Female
1: 1-100 3: 1-50 1: 1-100 1: 1-200 1: 1-200
2: 101-200 4: 51-100 2: 101-200 2: 201-400 2: 201-400
Assembly Places -
Theaters, 3: 201-400 8: 101-200 3: 201-400 3: 401-750 3: 401-750
Auditoriums, 11:
4: 401-600 - 1 per 75
Convention Halls, 201-400
etc. - for public
use Over 400, add 1
Over 600, add
fixture for each
1 fixture for
additional 500 males
each additional
and 2 for each 300
500 males
females
Dormitories
1 per
1 per dwelling or 1 per dwelling or dwelling or
Multiple dwellings - -
apartment unit apartment unit apartment
unit
15. Site Pictures

site analysis
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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Architecture

The Future of CBDs: Shaping the Urban Fabric through

Architectural Design 8: Design of Complex Structures

1. What is a Lifestyle Shopping Mall………………………………………………………1

2. critical areas ………………………………………………………………………………1

3. Benchmarked Projects for a Lifestyle Shopping Mall………….………………………1

4. Space Programming of a Lifestyle Shopping Mall………….……………..……………1

5. What is a Multi-Modal Terminal?………….……………………………………………1

6. Circulation/Traffic flow of vehicles and people ………….………………………..……1

7. Photo Documentation & Brief interviews ………….……………………………………1

8. Architectural design standards for multi-modal terminal developments such as….…1

a. dimensions of different parking slots……….……………………………………………1

b. dimensions of public utility vehicles………………………………...……………..…..…1

c. maneuvering clearances, headroom clearances…………………………………..…..…1

d. design and dimension of ticket counters………….………………………………………1

9. Benchmarked Projects for a Multi-Modal Terminal……………………………..…..…1

10. Space Programming of Multi-Modal Terminal………….…………………….…..……1

11. What is a Capsule-inspired Hostel?………….…………………………………….……1

12. Benchmarked Projects for a capsule-inspired hotel/hostel……………………….……1

13. Space Programming of Capsule-inspired Hostel………….……………………………1

14. Relevant Building Laws………….………………………………………………………1

15. Site Pictures with initial site analysis………….…………………………………...……1

a. RDU (receiving and delivery units) for shops

c. Security Office with IT office

In a lifestyle shopping mall, an employee canteen is usually a designated dining room or

f. Staff lounge and locker

1. A place to store personal items

2. Keeps the workspace free of clutter

3. Creates a sense of belonging

5. Ideal for hot desking

g. Emergency facilities (clinic, safe dispersal areas, fire exits)

Emergency management is the procedure in place to cope with any potential

h. Generator set room

i. AHU and electrical rooms

Due to their large number of concurrent visitors, venues such as conference or

3. 3 Benchmarked Projects for a Lifestyle Shopping Mall

1. UPTOWN MALL ( Bonifacio Global City (BGC), Taguig, Metro Manila)

Vegas-style Dancing Fountain

St. Gabriel the Archangel Chapel

Sunflower Art Installation

Eastwood Mall Open Park

Lagoon and Dancing Fountain

3. VENICE GRAND MALL ( Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City)

Exterior Architecture of Venice Mall

Gondolas at Venice Grand Canal

The Interior of Venice Mall

4.1 Promenade with terraces and gardens

4.2 Parking area

4.3 Parks and Playgrounds

4.4 Architectural permeability

4.5 Vehicle/Truck loading and unloading

Design Considerations for Safety and Security of Loading and Unloading

● Proper Dimensions Required

4.6 Future Proofing

Considerations for Future Proofing:

● Resilience - Sustainability throughout the course of time under natural disasters.

Other SPACES to consider in a lifestyle shopping mall in the Philippines:

5. What is a Multi-Modal Terminal?