Control No: _______________

SLK 2 for EARTH SCIENCE

QUARTER 2 WEEK 4
I. PRELIMINARIES
Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such
Competency as compression, pulling apart, and shearing. (S11ES-IId-27)
Explain how seafloor spreads. (S11ES-IIf-32)
1. Identify different types of stress such as compression, pulling
apart, and shearing.
2. Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress.
3. Enumerate and explain the initial and unusual observations
that led to the formulation of the seafloor spreading
Objectives
hypothesis.
4. Enumerate and explain the evidence that support the seafloor
spreading process.
5. Perform actively the written works and performance tasks
presented in this lesson.
Topic/
Rocks Under Different Types of Stress;
Subject
Seafloor Spreading
Matter
DepEd Region X, EarthSci_Q2_Module9_Earths-Interior-and-its-
Textbook Mechanisms_Version3; EN.WIKIBOOKS.ORG
Exploring Life Through Science-Earth Science,2016
clay, wire, metal, spring, rubber band, computer with internet
Materials
access, drawing and writing materials
Copyrights DepEd Talisay City
Total Points 80
Date January 25 – 29, 2021

II. CONTENT MAP

Types of Stress

Confining Stress Compression Stress Tension Stress Shearing Stress

Seafloor Spreading

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III. CONTENT NOTES
Lesson 1: Rocks Under Different Types of Stress
Wikibook.org. (2020) explained the following terms related to rock deformations
under different types of stress. The following are its explanations.
 Stress is the force applied to an object. In geology, stress is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock. There are four types of stresses that act on
materials.
 Rock deformation includes any change in shape, position, and/or volume of a
rock in response to stress. When layers of rocks are tilted, folded, or
misplaced, this indicates that deformation has occurred.
 Strain is the change in shape or volume of the rock that undergone stress.
Thus, stress causes the strain on rock layers.
Types of Stress:
 Confining stress is a deeply buried rock is pushed down by the weight of all
the material above it. Since the rock is trapped in a single spot, it is as iif the
rock is being pushed in from all sides. This pushing causes the rock to become
compressed, but it cannot deform because there is no place for it to move.
 Compression stress squeezes rocks together. Compression causes rocks to
fold or fracture.
 Tension stress pulls rocks apart. Tension causes rocks to lengthen or break
apart.
 Shear stress happens when forces slide past each other in opposite
directions.
DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City, 2020 explained the following terms
related to rock deformations under different types of stress. The following are its
explanations.
 The magnitude of stress is not just a function of the amount of stress but also
relates to the area over which the force is
applied. There are different stages of
deformation. These are as follows:
 Elastic deformation occurs when the strain
is reversible. This means that material that
returns to its original shape once the stress
that deforms it is removed.
 Ductile deformation occurs when the strain Figure 2. The graph shows the
is irreversible. Rocks layers or the materials relationship between
confining pressure and strain.
respond to stress by bending or deforming http://structuralgeology.50webs.
without breaking. com/pconf.htm
 Fracture deformation is an irreversible strain wherein the materials breaks
because these are mostly brittle.
 Low temperature, low confining pressure, and high rate of strain increase
the brittle properties of rock. High temperature, high confining pressure and
low rate of strain increase the ductile properties of rocks. The material’s
composition determines the point at which brittle-ductile transition occurs.

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 Folds are formed when rock layers or materials are deforming plastically
under compressive stress. Most of these materials do not return to their
original shape. If stress is increased, the rocks may undergo more folds and
even fracture.
There are three types of folds:
 Monocline occurs when there is a simple bending of rock layers so that they
are no longer horizontal.
 Anticline occurs when a fold bends upward.
 Syncline occurs when a fold bends downward.

Fig. 3. Types of folds under compressive stress.

(Source:https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC7V7DB_you-
gotta-know-when-to-fold-em?)

 Faults occurs when too much stress is applied to rock layers. Rocks will
undergo fracture or rock materials will break. If there is a sudden motion along
faults, it causes the rocks to break and move suddenly. The energy released
during the movement of fault called earthquake.
 Slip is the distance that rocks move sideways a fault. It can be up or down
the fault plane. Slip is relative. This is because there is usually no way to
know whether both sides moved or only one. That angle that faults lie to the
horizontal of the surface of the Earth is called the fault’s dip. If the fault’s dip
is inclined relative to the horizontal surface, the fault is a dip-slip fault. There
are two types of dip-slip faults.
 Normal faults is described when the hanging wall drops down relative to the
footwall.
 Reverse faults is when the footwall drops down relative to the hanging wall.
Strike slip faults are vertical fractures where the blocks have mostly moved
horizontally. Oblique-slip fault is a fault which has components of dip slip
and strike slip.

Fig. 4. Types of fault and their movement.

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/

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Lesson 2: SEAFLOOR SPREADING

According to the book, Exploring Life Through Science,2016, the evidence

presented by Wegener are compatible with the concept of Pangea, the theory was
rejected by geologists because Wegener could not present a believable mechanism
to explain how Pangea broke apart. However, the need to study the seafloor for
military purposes during World War II led to the development of advanced
technologies that allowed detailed studies of the seafloor. These newly – acquired
data were significantly consistent with Wegener’s Continental Drift Theory.
In the 1950s and 1960s, marine geologists used echo sounding to map ocean
ridges, or submarine mountain chains, in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific
Ocean. They discovered that these were continuous on the Earth’s surface,
resembling the stitches on a baseball. In 1962, Harry Hammond Hess, an American
geologist who conducted echo – sounding surveys on the ocean floor, published his
findings in his article, “The History of Ocean Basins.” He found out that magma
oozed up from the Earth’s interior along mid – oceanic ridges and this eventually
solidified and formed a new seafloor. The seafloor on either side of the ridge spreads
away from the crest of the ridge, until it sank into deep oceanic trenches in the
process called subduction.

 Seafloor spreading – is
the process in which the
ocean floor is extended
when two plates move
apart.Is the movement of
two oceanic plates away
from each other (at a
divergent plate boundary),
which results in the
formation of new oceanic
crust (from magma that As magma seeps out between the plates, it solidifies
comes from within the and extends the ocean floor and creates a long
Earth’s mantle) along a chain mountain called Mid – Oceanic Ridge.
mid – ocean ridge.

 Zone of Divergence – is
where the ocean plates are
moving away from each
other.
The world’s ocean floors
are spreading outward from
the mid – ocean ridges at a
geographically varying rate
of 1 to 2 inches per year and
then subducting under the less dense continental plates, destroying old crust
at roughly the same rate as the rifts are creating new crust.
 The boundaries where the plates move apart are constructive because new
crust is being formed and added to the ocean floor.
 The ocean floor gradually extends and thus the size of these plates
increases.

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  As these plates get bigger, others
become smaller as they melt back
into the Earth in the process called
Subduction.
 Sonar – a device that bounces
sound waves off under – water
objects and then records the
echoes of these sound waves. The
time it takes for the echo to arrive
indicates the distance to the object.

Supporting Evidence for Seafloor Spreading

 Molten material
 Magnetic Stripes
 Drilling samples

Samples of the deep ocean

floor show that basaltic oceanic
crust and overlying sediment
become progressively younger as
the mid – ocean ridge is
approached, and the sediment
cover is thinner near the ridge.
The rock making up the ocean
floor is considerably younger than
the continents, with no samples found over 200 million years old, as contrasted with
maximum ages of over 3 billion years for the continental rocks. This confirms that
older ocean crust has been reabsorbed in ocean trench systems.

By the mid – 1960s studies of

the earth’s magnetic field showed a
history of periodic reversals in
polarity. The magnetic history of the
earth is thus recorded in the
spreading ocean floors as in a very
slow magnetic tape recording,
forming a continuous record of the
movement of the ocean floors.

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 Magnetic surveys conducted
near the mid – ocean ridge
showed elongated patterns of
normal and revesed polarity of
the ocean floor in babds
paralleling the rift and
symmetrically distributed as
mirror images on either side of it.
 A dramatic proof of sea-floor spreading was discovered in the mid 1960s when
data revealed alternating stripes of magnetic orientation on the sea floor,
parallel to the mid – ocean ridges and symmetric across them – that is, a thick
or thin stripe on one side of the ridge is always matched by a similar distance
on the other side.This mirror – image magnetic orientation pattern is created by
steady sea – floor spreading combined with recurrent reversals pf Earth’s
magnetic field. Iron atoms in liquid rock welling up along a mid – ocean ridge
align with Earth’s magnetic field.

Oceanic Crust Continental Crust

 The oceanic crust is that  The continental crust accounts for 40%
part of the Earth’s crust of the surface of the Earth. It is made up
that covers the ocean of granite rock. This rock is rich in
basins. It consists of constituents like silicon, aluminum, and
dark – colored rocks oxygen.
made up of basalt.  The continental crust is much thicker
 The oceanic crust when compared to the oceanic crust.
scarcely floats on the  The continental crust floats much more
mantle, freely on the magma.

 The density of the continental crust is much less as compared to the oceanic
crust. It has an approximate value of 2.6g/𝑐𝑚3 . Due to this difference in densities
in magma between the oceanic crust and the continental crust, the continents
stay in their places, and both crusts are able to float on the magma.
 With age, the oceanic crust gathers a layer of cooled mantle on the underside.
This causes the two – layered structure to sink into the hot, molten mantle. Once
in the mantle, the oceanic crust melts and is thus recycled. Due to this process
there is an absence of aged oceanic crust.
 The best theory fitting all this evidence together is a mechanism known as
“seafloor spreading,” an idea formalized in the 1960s by North Americans Harry
Hess, Robert Dietz and Tuzo Wilson.
 This developing theory received further confirmation by the mapping of 20th –
century seismic and recognition that it is concentrated at shallow depths of the
lithosphere along the “axial rift” of midocean ridges and at deeper depths around
subduction zones, just as the seafloor spreading theory would predict.
 Once again, the military played a central role in these scientific discoveries, for
it was the 1963 treaty banning above – ground nuclear – weapons testing that
created the need for a Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network
(WWSSN), the very instruments used to detect this faint earthquake activity all
around the planet.

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IV. ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Date: January 25 - 29, 2021 HPS: 15
Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer in a separate answer sheet.

A. Multiple Choice. Write your answers on the answer sheet provided.

1. What is a crack in a rock layer where the rock on either side is moving?
A. Fault B. Fold C. Fracture D. Slip
2. What is the force per unit area that is placed on a rock?
A. Fault B. Fold C. Slip D. Stress
3. What do you call the deformation in rock layers where there is a change in shape
without breaking?
A. fault B. fold C. fracture D. slip
4. What do you call an upward fold in rocks?
A. anticline B. incline C. monocline D. syncline
5. Which is a downward U-shaped fold in a rock layer?
A. anticline B. incline C. monocline D. syncline
6. Which layer of Earth behaves in a plastic manner?
A. asthenosphere B. crust C. lithosphere D. mantle
7. Which is not an evidence in support of the continental drift theory?
A. eroding mountains C. similar fossils
B. matching coastlines D. similar rocks
8. What is a consequence of variations in the orientation of metallic minerals in basalts?
A. Volatile gasses C. Magnetic Reversals
B. Volcanic Eruptions D. Fractional Crystallization
9. Majority of the islands in the Philippines is a product of volcanism due to ____.
A. Collision B. Hot Spot C. Rifting D. Subduction
10. This boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other.
A. Confining B. Convergent C. Divergent D. Transform
B. Identification. Identify what is asked and write your answers in the
1. It is the device that scientists use to map the ocean floor.
2. It is a supercontinent that according to the continental drift theory, the
continents were once a single landmass.
3. It is used by the marine geologist to map ocean ridges, or submarine mountain
chains, in North Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
4. It is the rigid layer of Earth that is composed of the crust and upper mantle.
5. It a dense, coarse – grained igneous rock consisting mostly of the minerals
olivine and pyroxene.

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Activity 2
Date: January 25 - 29, 2021 HPS: 20
Title: Types of Stress
Directions: Perform the activity. Answer the given questions in a separate sheet of
paper.

I. Objectives
Demonstrate and observe how rock layers or materials undergo stress
II. Materials
block of clay, interactive science notebook
III. Procedure
1. Take a block of clay. It should be 5 cm long, 5cm wide and 2 cm thick.
2. Demonstrate compression by slowly pushing on opposite sides. Sketch what
you have observed.
3. Reshape the clay and demonstrate tension by pulling slowly both ends of the
clay in opposite directions. Again, sketch your observation.
4. Lastly, reshape the clay and demonstrate shear stress by placing your hands
flat on opposite sides of the clay block and gently move your hands in
opposite directions. Sketch your observations. Below is an illustration for
reference.

Tensile Stress
Compressional Shear Stress
Stress

Q1. Describe the shapes of the clay after applying stress. What is your own definition
of the following? (5 pts. each)
a.) Elastic b.) Ductile c.) Brittle
Q2. Given examples wire, clay, metal spring, and rubber band, classify if these
materials are elastic or inelastic. If inelastic, classify again if it is ductile or brittle.
Write your observations in the table below.

Material Property
metal wire
clay
metal spring
rubber band
Source: DepEd Region X, EarthSci_Q2_Module9_Earths-Interior-and-its-
Mechanisms_Version3

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Activity 3
Date: January 25 - 29, 2021 HPS: 30
Title: Deformation of Rocks
Directions: Identify what type of stress is caused by these deformations of rocks.
Explain how they are being deformed. Write your answers on the answer
sheet provided.

1. 4.

https://tinyurl.com/yxp7nzye https://tinyurl.com/y443l
9ql

2. 5.

https://tinyurl.com/y443l9ql https://www.google.com

3. 6.

https://tinyurl.com/h2zxmbd https://tinyurl.com/y6lodm2
w

V. EVALUATION:
Date: January 25 - 29, 2021
HPS: 15
Directions: Read and understand the questions. Write the letter of your answer on
the answer sheet provided
1. This behavior is manifested when rock layers or the materials respond to stress
by bending or deforming without breaking.
A. Brittle behavior C. Elastic behavior
B. Ductile behavior D. Stress behavior
2. A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo what process?
A. Shear strain B. Shortening C. Slip D. Stretching

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3. What type of fault is formed when the fault plane is nonvertical and the hanging-
wall block moves downward relative to the footwall block?
A. Detachment B. Normal C. Reverse D. Thrust
4. What type of fault is referred to when the fault plane is greater than 35° from
horizontal and the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall
block?
A. Detachment B. Normal C. Reverse D. Thrust
5. Which is fold shaped like an elongate arch?
A. Anticline B. Basin C. Dome D. Syncline
6. What type of fold that is shaped like an upside-down bowl?
A. Anticline B. Basin C. Dome D. Syncline
7 What type of deformation is shown when a material under stress returns to its
original shape once the stress is removed?
A. Ductile B. Elastic C. Fracture D. Slip
8. This type of stress manifest when a deeply buried rock is compressed by all
materials above it but does not deform since it is trapped??
A. Confining Stress C. Shear Stress
B. Foldable Stress D. Tensional Stress
9. What is the change in shape or volume of the rock that undergone stress?
A. Faults B. Fold C. Strain D. Stress
10. Which of the following statements is true regarding rock deformation inside the Earth?
A. Heat makes materials harder to deform.
B. High pressures make rock act more brittlely.
C. Softer rock types undergo ductile deformation.
D. Sudden change in shape causes ductile deformation
11. Which of the following does Seafloor spreading begins?
A. Basin C. Deep ocean trench
B. Continent’s edge D. Mid – ocean ridge
12. Which of the following objects best represents the movement that occurs
during sea – floor spreading?
A. Elevator C. Roller Coaster
B. Conveyor Belt D. Hot Air Balloon
13. A type of deformation that is formed when brittle rocks are exposed to stress
like tension or compression.
A. faulting B. folding C. mass wasting D.
weathering
14. What do you call a geologic process in which tectonic plates – large slabs of
Earth’s lithosphere, split apart from each other?
A. Seafloor Spreading C. Plate Tectonics
B. Continental Drift Theory D. Metamorphism
15. What is Seafloor Spreading?
A. Continental crust gradually subducted to Earth’s mantle.
B. Oceanic basin rapidly subducted below the Earth’s crust.
C. Mid-Ocean ridges continually add new material to the ocean floor.
D. Mid-Ocean trenches continually add new material to the ocean floor.

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VI. ADDITIONAL READING

Sonar or Sound Navigation and Ranging is a helpful tool for exploring and
mapping the ocean. This is the same technology Harry Hess used in mapping the
seafloor during World War II. Sound waves travel farther in the water compared to
radar and light waves. The velocity of sound waves can be used to determine
distances and depth under water. Scientists and oceanographers use sonar to
develop nautical charts, located underwater hazards to navigation, search for and
map objects on the seafloor and map the seafloor itself.
1. What is the reading/article all about?
2. In your own opinion, what do you think is the reason why scientists and
oceanographer is exploring and mapping the ocean?
3. How this tool be helpful in exploring and mapping the seafloor?

Source: Jose Tolentino Olivar II, Raymond S. Rodolfo, Hillel B. Cabria. 2016.
EXPLORING LIFE THROUGH SCIENCE. QUEZON CITY: PHOENIX
PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC. Seafloor Spreading (page 194)

VII. ANSWER KEY

5. Basalts 10. B D 5.
4. Lithosphere 9. D A 4.
3. Magnetometer 8. D D 3.
2. Pangea 7. B D 2.
1. Sonar 6. A A 1.
B. A.
Activity 1

VIII. REFERENCES

DepEd Cagayan de Oro City Division. "Senior High School - Google Drive." Bit.ly |
Custom URL Shortener, Link Management & Branded Links. Accessed
November 4, 2020. https://bit.ly/3dF9Kdb.
DepEd Region X, EarthSci_Q2_Module9_Earths-Interior-and-its-
Mechanisms_Version3
Jose Tolentino Olivar II, Raymond S. Rodolfo, Hillel B. Cabria. 2016. EXPLORING
LIFE THROUGH SCIENCE. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Maine, Earth Science in. 2011. sites.google.com. February 20.
https://sites.google.com/site/earthscienceinmaine/stress-in-earth-s-crust.

Subject Teacher: ____________________________

Contact Number: ____________________________

Prepared by:
Name: Ellen Zarme A. Cañada & Mary Charisse B. Geraldez
School: Talisay City National High School
Contact No: 09567626875, 09430835788

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 SLK 2 for EARTH SCIENCE
QUARTER 2 WEEK 4

IX. FEEDBACK NOTES

LEARNER’S FEEDBACK
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PARENTS’/GUARDIANS’ FEEDBACK
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 SLK 2 for EARTH SCIENCE
QUARTER 2 WEEK 4

X. ANSWER SHEETS for the ACTIVITIES and ASSESSMENT

Control No: _______________

Name: __________________________________ Grade & Sec.: ______________

Contact No: ______________
School: _________________________ Subject Teacher: ____________________

Activity 1
A. B.
1. 6. 1.
2. 7. 2.
3. 8. 3.
4. 9. 4.
5. 10. 5.

Activity 2
Q1 Q2
a.) Material Property
metal wire
b.)
clay
metal spring
c.)
rubber band

Activity 3
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.

Evaluation
1. 6. 11.
2. 7. 12.
3. 8. 13.
4. 9. 14.
5. 10. 15.

Additional Reading
1.
2.
3.

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