Textbook of

for Residents and Technicians

Radiology Sixth Edition Sixth
Edition Sixth Edition

Textbook of
provides an in-depth knowledge of latest imaging technology like interventional radiology, PAC system,

for Residents and Technicians

elastography, radiofrequency ablation, tomosynthesis, fusion imaging, besides giving basic principles and clinical
applications of CT, MRI, ultrasound, colour Doppler and digital radiography, basic anatomy, physiology, and

Textbook of
radiological physics. It attempts to serve as an essential guide for radiological procedures, darkroom procedures
and positioning, basic and surface anatomy, and radiological protection. It also provides detailed knowledge on
nuclear medicine in its simplest and practical form to the residents, radiographers and radiologists.
Keeping in view the importance of the latest imaging technology, the text has been revised and essential
chapters like “Artificial Intelligence”, “Bone Age Estimation”, “Artifacts” (ultrasound, MRI, color Doppler), “Dual
Source CT”, have been incorporated in concise form. It initiates the reader to imbibe good radiological practices.

Satish K Bhargava MBBS, MD (Radiodiagnosis), MD (Radiotherapy), DMRD, FUSI, FCCP, FICRI, FIAMS, FAMS, FIMSA is currently Director, KB
Healthcare Diagnostic Centre, Greater Noida. He has served as Head, Department of Radiology and Imaging, Rama Medical
College Hospital and Research Centre, Hapur, UP; University College of Medical Sciences (Delhi University), Delhi; and Sharda
University, Greater Noida, UP. He was Head, Department of Radiology, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University of Delhi,
and Consultant Radiologist, WUS Health Centre, North Campus, University of Delhi. He was deputed by Government of India to
Homs (Syria) and also as an advisor to set up Department of Radiology, BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal, in which he is still serving as Visiting
Professor. Radiology

Radiology
He is author of 14 books including Clinical Sonography, Colour Doppler Imaging, Diagnostic Radiology & Imaging, Textbook of
Radiology and Imaging; has contributed many chapters in textbooks of paediatrics, orthopaedics, obstetrics & gynaecology;
for the benefit of technologists and ultrasonologists; and has to his credit more than 325 research papers published in various
national and international journals. He has been on the editorial boards of a number of national and international journals.

for Residents and Technicians

He has been awarded Sir JC Bose Memorial Oration Award, Distinguished Medical Teachers Award, Dr BC Roy Award, Brig SK
Majumdar Oration Award, Swami Vivekanand Oration Award, Prithvinath Bhargava Memorial Oration Award, Panna Lal Oration
Award, GEMS International Award, IMA AMS Dr Satya Pal Aggarwal Annual Award 2010 and CL Sahani Award 2012 by Indian
Medical Association, and awarded DMA Vishisht Chikitsak Award 2015 and DNB Excellent Teachers Award 2014 by National
Board of Examinations, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. He has also served as Chairman, Board of Research
Studies, University of Delhi.
Prof Bhargava was instrumental in innovating and starting vocational training course at UCMS, like 10 + 2, X-ray Technician
Certificate course as part of CBSE syllabus under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and Ministry of HRD, Government of India,
BSc (Medical Technology), MSc (Medical Imaging Technology), MSc (Radiography) courses under University of Delhi and
Diploma in Radiography through National Open School (autonomous under Ministry of HRD, Government of India). He has
served as Secretary, Indian College of Radiology and Imaging (ICRI) (1993-98), and Chairman, ICRI (1998-2002) President-Elect
(2004) and then President, Indian Radiological and Imaging Association (2005).

Sumeet Bhargava MBBS, DNB is currently Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, MS Medical College, Hapur Road,
Meerut, UP. He passed his MBBS from LLRM Medical College, Meerut, and Diplomate National Board (DNB), Radiodiagnosis,
National Board of Examinations, Delhi. He was trained at Dewan Chand Satya Pal Aggarwal Imaging Centre, New Delhi; Rajeev
Gandhi Superspeciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi; All India Institute of Medical Scieneces; and UCMS (Delhi University) and GTB
Hospital, Delhi. He has to his credit 42 research papers published in national and international journals, besides contributing many
chapters in books. He is a life member of Indian Radiological and Imaging Association, IMA College of General Practitioners, ICRI
and National Academy of Medical Sciences, India. He has been awarded Dr N Ramdas Best Research Paper Award of ICRI in
2009; Fellowship of the College of General Practitioners in 2010, German Remedies Travelling Fellowship in Radiodiagnosis and
Imaging of ICRI in 2011, and Fellowship of ICRI 2011. He was Treasurer, ICRI, 2015-2016.
Dedicated to Education

Bhargava
Bhargava
ISBN: 978-93-5466-389-5
Satish K Bhargava | Sumeet Bhargava
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 Sixth Edition

Textbook of
Radiology
for Residents and Technicians
 Sixth Edition

Textbook of
Radiology
for Residents and Technicians
Satish K Bhargava
MBBS, MD (Radiodiagonsis), MD (Radiotherapy)
DMRD, FICRI, FIAMS, FCCP, FUSI, FIMSA, FAMS
Ex-Head, Department of Radiology and Imaging
JN Medical College, AMU, Aligarh
Ex-Professor and Head, Department of Radiology and Imaging
University College of Medical Sciences (Delhi University), and
GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi
Ex-Head, Department of Radiology and Imaging
School of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSR)
Sharda University, Greater Noida
Head, Department of Radiology and Imaging
Rama Medical College Hospital & Research Centre
Delhi-Hapur Road, Hapur (UP)

Sumeet Bhargava
MBBS, DNB (Radiodiagnosis), MNAMS, FCGP, FICRI, FCCP
Associate Professor
Department of Radiology and Imaging
MS Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
Hapur-Road, Meerut

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 Disclaimer
Science and technology are constantly changing
fields. New research and experience broaden the
scope of information and knowledge. The authors
have tried their best in giving information available
to them while preparing the material for this book.
Although, all efforts have been made to ensure
optimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quite
possible some errors might have been left uncorrected.
The publisher, the printer and the authors will not be
held responsible for any inadvertent errors, omissions
or inaccuracies.

Approved by CBSE
First Edition Sponsored by World Health Organization

ISBN: 978-93-5466-389-5
Copyright © Authors & Publisher
Sixth Edition: 2023
First Edition: 1992
Reprint: 1997, 1999
Second Edition: 2001
Reprint: 2003, 2004
Third Edition: 2007
Reprint: 2008, 2010
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for

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Printed at
 to
My granddaughter
Myesha Bhargava
 List of Contributors
Prof Satish K Bhargava Dr Ashok Saxena
Professor and Head Professor and Head
Department of Radiology and Imaging Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care
Rama Medical College Hospital & Research Centre University College of Medical Sciences and associated
Delhi-Hapur Road, Hapur, UP GTB Hospital, Delhi

Dr Shuchi Bhatt Dr Atin Kumar

Professor and Head Professor
Department of Radiology and Imaging Department of Radiodiagnosis
University College of Medical Sciences and associated GTB JPN Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Ansari
Hospital, Delhi Nagar, New Delhi

Dr Sumeet Bhargava Mr Amit Sahu

Associate Professor Consultant Radiologist
Department of Radiology and Imaging Max Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi
MS Medical College Hospital & Research Centre
Delhi-Hapur Road, Meerut, UP Dr Ashutosh Mukherjee
Senior Resident
Prof P Gupta Department of Radiotherapy
Ex-Head, Department of Physiology Maulana Azad Medical College and associated
School of Medical Science and Research and LNJP Hospital, New Delhi
Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, UP
Lt. Col Aman Deep Singh
Dr Nidhi Bhargava Military Hospital, Cardiothoracic Center
Ex-Senior Resident Golebar Maidan, Pune
Department of Radiology and Imaging, University College of
Medical Sciences and associated GTB Hospital, Delhi Ms Usha
Radiology Technologist
Dr Amit Bhargava Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Head, Deartment of Oncology (PGIMER), Chandigarh
Batra Hospital, Delhi
Dr Poonam Narang
Dr Gopesh Mehrotra Director Professor of Radiodiagnosis
Professor Maulana Azad Medical College and associated GB Pant
Department of Radiology and Imaging Hospital, New Delhi
University College of Medical Sciences and
associated GTB Hospital, Delhi Dr Anupama Tandon
Professor
Dr Vinita Rathi University College of Medical Sciences and associated GTB
Director Professor Hospital, Delhi
Department of Radiology and Imaging
University College of Medical Sciences and associated GTB Ms Bushra Khan
Hospital, Delhi Assistant Professor
School of Allied Sciences, Sharda University
Mr Niranjan Baghel Greater Noida, UP
Radiology Technologist cum faculty
Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging Ms Princy Sharma
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and associated Safdarjung Product Sales and Application Specialist
Hospital, New Delhi Medical Division (Fuzi Film), Gurgaon
 viii Textbook of Radiology for Residents and Technicians

Mr Dinesh K Baghel Mr Dharam Singh

Medical Physicist and Chief RSO Radiology Incharge, SMSR
Department of Radiotherapy Sharda University
Asian Institute of Medical Sciences, Faridabad Greater Noida, UP

Dr Arun Kumar Rathi Dr Jani Ami Kaushik

Professor, Department of Radiotherapy Musculoskeletal Imaging fellow
Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Max Superspecialty Hospital
LNJP Hospital, New Delhi Saket, New Delhi

Dr Madhur Gupta
Ms Sarbari Saha
Ex-Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Assistant Professor-Grade 1
Chandigarh Tripura Institute of Paramedical Sciences
Tripura
Dr Shalini Singh
Radiologist, Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Mr Parshuram Mavi Teela
Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Nfrrebrogade 44 Technologist, Lal Bahadur Shastri Hospital
Aarhus C 8000, Denmark Khichirpur, New Delhi
 Contents ix

Preface to the Sixth Edition

D ue to the enormous demand by the residents, postgraduate students of MD and DNB courses, and
technologists from India and abroad, and keeping in view the recent advancements in the field of radiology
and imaging, the book has been completely updated with addition of a few chapters like “Artificial Intelligence”,
“Artifacts”, “Bone Age Estimation”, etc. Additions have been made in some chapters with more illustrations so
that the readers get benefitted.
We are sure the book in the present form will be very useful to students of MD and DNB courses, students of
diploma, BSc, MSc, residents and technologists and also physiotherapy students.
We are also thankful to all the contributors for their wholehearted support and help at every stage as and
when required.

Satish K Bhargava
Sumeet Bhargava
 Preface to the First Edition

T he medical science has made tremendous progress during the last decade and it has been observed that diagnosis
by X-rays and other imaging modalities plays a vital role in modem era. To provide better interpretation, a
good quality radiograph is essential. Hence, a more exhaustive training is required in all aspects right from basic
anatomy to radiation protection and planning of the department. The present book is aimed to fulfil this need.
This book covers a broad spectrum of subjects including basic anatomy, physiology, positioning, dark room
procedures, radiation protection, planning of the department and radiotherapy. The radiographers will find the
book very useful for its comprehensive and authoritative information.
I acknowledge my gratitude to all my colleagues Dr MM Saha, Dr VK Bhargava, Dr KK Bishnoi, Dr I Sahai, Dr
A Hasija, Dr Pratibha Gupta, Dr N Bhattacharya, Dr KTaneja, Dr VK Shiv and Dr Gopesh Mehrotra, who gave
timely support and stood solidly in our joint endeavour in bringing out this book, which was inspired by Mr MS
Dayal, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India and Dr KK Jain, DDG (Medical),
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India. I am grateful to Prof KN Sharma, Principal, UCMS & GTB
Hospital, who was always a great source of inspiration in completion of this book. I am thankful to Ms Sarita for
her secretarial assistance and Mr Kewal Sharma, Incharge, Audiovisual Section, for assistance in making quality
photographs. Thanks are also due to Mr Satish Jain and Mr VK Jain of CBS Publishers and Mr Sunil Dhir of Super
Computers who took special interest in bringing out the book. I am specially thankful to them and his team for
their help at all stages of technical preparation. Lastly, I am thankful to WHO to provide financial grant for its
publication.

New Delhi Satish K Bhargava

Sumeet Bhargava
 Contents
List of Contributors vii
Preface to the Sixth Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition x

1. Basic Anatomy 1–20

The Skeleton, Structure of Bone, Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Ankle Region and Foot
P. Gupta, Amit Sahu and Sumeet Bhargava

2. Surface Anatomy 21–47

Superior Extremity, Inferior Extremity, Thorax, Typical Rib, Abdomen, Head and Neck
Madhur Gupta

3. Systemic Anatomy and Physiology 48–96

Circulatory System—Blood, Plasma, Blood Cells, Thrombosis and Fibrinolysis, Blood Vessels, Heart, Nerves, Blood Pressure,
Blood Volume, Pulmonary Circulation, Respiratory System—Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Control of Respiration, Digestive System—
Stomach, Small Intestine, Excretory System—Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Reproductive System—Male and Female, Endocrine
Glands, Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis), Adrenals, Thyroid Gland, Pancreas, Nervous System—Central Nervous System, Brain, Midbrain,
Cerebellum, Pons, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Sensory System—Skin, Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue
P. Gupta

4. Basic Physics 97–114

Measurement, Current and Resistance, Ohm’s Law of Electrical Circuit, Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor, Electric Power,
Ammeter and Voltmeter, Lenz’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, Characteristics of X-ray Beam, Light, Invisible Spectrum, Outline
of Atomic Structure, Energy Levels, Radioactivity
Satish K Bhargava

5. Generation and Properties of X-rays 115–146

Production of X-rays, Bremsstrahlung Radiation, Characteristic Radiation, X-ray Tube, Cathode, Anode, Glass Envelope and Housing,
Basic Circuit of X-ray Generator, Tube Rating Charts, Types of Tube, Inverse Square Law
Satish K Bhargava, Poonam Narang, and Niranjan Baghel and Parshuram Mavi Teele

6. Interaction of X-Ray with Matter 147–154

Interaction Process, Coherent Scattering, Photoelectric Absorption, Influence of Characteristic X-rays, Application to Diagnostic
Radiology, Compton Scattering, Image Produced by Contrast Media, Application of Absorption Edge in Radiology, Important
Influence of K Edge
Satish K Bhargava and Niranjan Baghel

7. Attenuation 155–156
Attenuation Coefficients, Factors Affecting Attenuation, Application in Diagnostic Radiology
Satish K Bhargava and Sumeet Bhargava

8. Filters 157–159
Inherent Filtration, Added Filtration, Wedge Filter, Heavy Metal Filters
Sumeet Bhargava and Satish K Bhargava
xii Textbook of Radiology for Residents and Technicians

9. X-Ray Beam Restrictors 160–161

X-ray Collimators
Satish K Bhargava and Sumeet Bhargava

10. General Radiography 162–174

Image Unsharpness, Speed of Film, Safe Light, Grids, Bucky Factor, Density of Film
Satish K Bhargava and Shalini Singh

11. Digital Radiography (DR) 175–181

Components of a Digital Radiographic System, Digital Fluoroscopy System, X-ray Generator and X-ray Tube, Image Intensifier,
Television Scan Modes, Digital Image Processor, Analog-to-digital Converter, Digital Substraction Techniques (DSA), Digital Image
Processing
Satish K Bhargava and Gopesh Mehrotra

12. Recent Advances: Computed Radiography and Digital Radiography 182–190

Limitation of Film Screen Radiography, History of Computed Radiography, Computed Radiography System, New Applications of
DR System, Newer Applications in CR System, Indirect Digital Detector
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava, Dharam Singh, Usha and Princy Sharma

13. Dark Room Procedures 191–209

Dark Room, Film Construction, Types of Films, Green Sensitive Films, Grain Technology, Cassette, Intensifying Screens,
Luminescence, Manual Processing, Automatic Processing, Essentials of Automatic Processor
Sumeet Bhargava and Satish K Bhargava

14. Radiation Hazards and Protection 210–220

Radiation Hazards, Radiation Protection, Diagnostic X-ray Installations, Zero Gravity Lead Apron, Zero Lead Apron
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava, Amit Sahu and Dinesh K Baghel

15. Radiation Dosimetry 221–224

Importance of Biological Dosimetry, Computed Tomography, Fluoroscopy, Indirect Dose Measurement Method, Direct Dose
Measurement Method, Mammography
Sumeet Bhargava, Bushra Khan, Dinesh K Baghel and Niranjan Baghel

16. The Hospital, the Patient, and the Radiographer 225–232

Clinical Responsibility, Negligence, Ethical Responsibility, Legal Responsibilities, Procedure in the Event of an Accident, Radiographer
and the Hospital, Safety of the Patient, Transporting the Patient in a Wheel Chair, Hygiene in the X-ray Department, Preparation of
the Patient, Radiation Safety, Radiography of Children, Gonad Dose, Protective Measures
Satish K Bhargava, Sumeet Bhargava and Gopesh Mehrotra

17. Planning of Radiology Department 233–241

Planning of Diagnostic X-ray Department, Rating of Diagnostic X-ray Generators and X-ray Tubes, Planning of Radiation Therapy
Department, Guidelines for Starting a Diagnostic X-ray Installation
Satish K Bhargava

18. Regional Radiography 242–291

Radiography of Abdomen, Radiography of Chest, Sternum, Heart and Aorta, Urinary Tract, Urinary Bladder, Biliary Tract, Skull
Projections, Radiography of Upper Limb, Hand, Scaphoid, Carpal Tunnel, Forearm, Shaft of Humerus, Humerus – Intertubercular
Sulcus, Shoulder, Sternoclavicular Joints, Lower Limb, Foot, Calcaneum, Ankle Joint, Leg, Knee Joint, Intercondylar Space, Shaft of
Femur, Hip Joint, Pelvis, Neck of Femur, Sacroiliac Joints, Cervical Spine, Atlanto-occipital Joints, Cervicothoracic Vertebra,
Thoracic Spine, Lumbar Spine, Lumbar Vertebrae, Lumbosacral Junction, Sacrum, Coccyx
Satish K Bhargava, Shuchi Bhatt and Niranjan Baghel
 Contents xiii

19. Special Diagnostic and Imaging Procedures 292–359

Urinary System, IVU, Female Genital Tract, Male Genital Organs, Digestive System, Biliary Tract, Dacryocystography, Orbital
Venography, Sialography, Nasopharyngography, Laryngography, Bronchography, Arthrography, Central Nervous System, Diagnostic
Visceral and Peripheral Angiography, Percutaneous Splenoportography, Coeliac and Superior Mesenteric Arterioportography,
Venous System, Interventional Catheterisation, Percutaneous Balloon Angioplasty, Lymphatic System, Xeroradiography, Tomography,
Mammography, Contrast Media, CT Contrast Agents, Oral CT Contrast Agents
Satish K Bhargava and Poonam Narang

20. Digital Tomosynthesis 360–363

Principle of Digital Tomosynthesis, Equipment, Image Processing, Clinical Applications
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava, Anupama Tandon and Niranjan Baghel

21. Artifacts 364–395

Types of Artifacts, Origin of Artifacts, Physics-based Artifacts, Beam Hardening Artifacts, Scanner-based Artifacts, Ring Artifacts,
Helical and Multisection CT Artifacts, Collimation, Acquisition Artifacts, Post-processing Artifacts, Display Artifacts, Corduroy
Artifact, CR Screen Artifacts, CR Ghost Images, CR Reader Artifacts, Chemical Shift Artifacts
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava, Jani Ami Kaushik and Amit Sahu

22. Anaesthesia in Diagnostic Radiology 396–402

General Anaesthesia in the X-ray Department, Preparation, Facilities, Anaesthesia Supplies and Equipment, Anaesthesia in the
Radiology Suite, Basic Life Support (BLS) for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Ashok Saxena and Satish K Bhargava

23. Ultrasound Principles, Instrumentation, Artifacts and Biological Safety 403–419

Interactions between Ultrasound and Matter, Types of Reflectors, Quarter-Wave Matching, Imaging Principles, Resolution, Ultrasound
Instrumentation, Piezoelectricity (Pressure Electricity), Types of Real Time Transducers, Special Purpose Scanners, 3D-US Scanning,
Artifacts, Biological Effects and Safety Mechanisms
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava, Ms Usha, Amit Sahu and Jani Ami Kaushik

24. Doppler Ultrasound: Principles and Applications 420–432

Scattering of US by Blood, Characteristics of Blood Flow, Doppler Techniques in Use, Continuous Wave Doppler, Pulsed Doppler,
Duplex Scanner, Doppler Colour Flow Imaging, Adnexal Masses, IUGR, Cardiac Doppler, Tissue Harmonic Imaging, High Intensity
Focussed Ultrasound (HIFU)
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava and Atin Kumar

25. Computed Tomography (CT) 433–470

Physical Principle, CT Generations, Electron Beam CT (EBCT), Reconstruction Technique, CT Numbers, CT Dose Index, Spiral CT,
Collimators, CT Anatomy, Dual Energy CT, (Sarbari Saha’s) Portable CT Scanner, Real Time CT Fluoroscopy, Cone Beam Computed
Tomography, 4D Computed Tomography (4D-CT)
Satish K Bhargava, Sarbari Saha, Sumeet Bhargava, Shuchi Bhatt and Amit Sahu

26. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 471–536

Physical Principle, Fundamentals of MRI, Spin Echo (SE), Multislice Imaging, MRI System, Single-Voxel Spectroscopy (SVS), Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (MRSI), Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, Breast, Heart, Myocardium, Right Ventricle, Esophagus,
Liver and Biliary System, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, Spleen, Adrenal Gland, Kidneys, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina, Ovaries, Male Pelvis,
Urinary Bladder, Female Urethrae, Scrotum and Testes
Satish K Bhargava and Amit Sahu

27. Elastography 537–541

Vibrational Doppler Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), Intravascular Ultrasound Elastography (IUE), Palpography,
Shear Wave Elastography
Sumeet Bhargava, Satish K Bhargava and Shuchi Bhatt
xiv Textbook of Radiology for Residents and Technicians

28. Interventional Radiology 542–556

Common Procedures, Fluoroscopy Equipment, Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA), Seldinger Technique, Guide Catheters,
Guidewires, Dilatation Balloon Catheters, Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty, Stents, Embolotherapy, Arthrography
Lt. Col. Aman Deep Singh, Amit Sahu and Jani Ami Kaushik

29. Radiofrequency Ablation 557–564

Indications, RFA Electrodes, Approach to Destroying Inoperable Primary or Metastatic Tumours in the Liver
Nidhi Bhargava, Amit Bhargava and Sumeet Bhargava

30. Radionuclide Imaging 565–594

Principles, Basic Physics of Radioactivity, Types of Radiation, Cyclotron, Radionuclide Generators, Radiation Detector, Well
Counter, Collimators, Radionuclide Scanning, Imaging Devices, Radiopharmaceuticals, Radioactive Iodine, Radioactive Waste
Disposal, Radiation Monitoring, Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine, Emission Computed Tomography, Single Photon Emission
Computed Tomography (SPECT), SPECT Collimator, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Annihilation Coincidence Detection
(ACD), BBB Scintigraphy
Satish K Bhargava and Sumeet Bhargava

31. Fusion Imaging 595–600

Methods of Simultaneous Display of Images of Two Modalities, Image Averaging, Intensity Modulation, Frequency Encoding, PET-
CT, FDG-PET, Molecular Imaging
Satish K Bhargava, Sumeet Bhargava, Dinesh K Baghel and Niranjan Baghel

32. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) 601–603

PACS Technology, Digital Image Acquisition, Hospital Information System (HIS), Radiology Information System (RIS)
Satish K Bhargava and Sumeet Bhargava

33. Paediatric Radiography 604–617

Development of Paediatric Radiology, Risks of Paediatric Radiology, Radiologic Equipment, Approaching Patients Requiring
Special Care, Common Paediatric Examinations
Vinita Rathi

34. Emergency Radiography 618–624

Radiographies Positioning in Emergency Settings
Gopesh Mehrotra

35. Radiotherapy 625–665

Dose Measurement, Absorbed Dose, Potency of Radiation, Dosimetric Instruments, Thermoluminescence Dosimetry, Geiger-
Mueller Counter, Brachytherapy, Teletherapy, Gamma Radiations, Radiosurgery, Treatment Planning, Radiobiology, Cancer of
Lung, Tumours of Eye, Wilm’s Tumour, Skin Cancer, Lymphomas, Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Arun Kumar Rathi and Ashutosh Mukherjee

36. Artificial Intelligence 666–668

History, Applications in Radiology, Current use of AI in Radiology
Jani Ami Kaushik and Amit Sahu

37. Bon Age Eshinations 669–670

Amit Sahu, Jani Ami Kaushik and Sumeet Bhargava

Index 671–682