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1. A student investigates the reaction between ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(l) and methanol,
CH3OH(l), in the presence of an acid catalyst. The equation is shown below.

CH3COOH(l) + CH3OH(l) ⇌ CH3COOCH3(l) + H2O(l)

The student carries out an experiment to determine the value of K c for this reaction.

The student mixes 9.6 g of CH3OH with 12.0 g of CH3COOH and adds the acid catalyst.

When the mixture reaches equilibrium, 0.030 mol of CH3COOH remains.

Calculate K c for this equilibrium.

K c = ......................................................... [4]

2. Methanol, CH3OH, can be made industrially by the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen,
as shown in equilibrium 1.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔH = −91 kJ mol−1 Equilibrium 1

At 298 K, the free energy change, ΔG, for the production of methanol in equilibrium 1 is −2.48 ×
104 J mol−1.

ΔG is linked to K p by the relationship: ΔG = −RT lnK p.

R = gas constant
T = temperature in K.

Calculate K p for equilibrium 1 at 298 K.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

K p = .......................... units ...................... [3]

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3(a). The equilibrium constant K p and temperature T (in K) are linked by the mathematical relationship
shown in equation 5.1 (R = Gas constant in J mol−1 K−1 and ΔH is enthalpy change in J mol−1).

Equation 5.1

The table shows the values of K p at different temperatures for an equilibrium.

Complete the table by adding the missing values of and ln K p.

Temperature, T / K 400 500 600 700 800

Kp 3.00 × 1058 5.86 × 1045 1.83 × 1037 1.46 × 1031 1.14 × 1026

2.50 × 10−3
...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

ln K p 135
...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

[2]

(b). State and explain how increasing the temperature affects the position of this equilibrium and
whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

[1]

(c).
Plot a graph of ln K p against using the axes provided on the opposite page.

Use your graph and equation 5.1 to determine ΔH, in kJ mol−1, for this equilibrium.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

ΔH = ........................................... kJ mol−1 [4]

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(d).
Explain how ΔS could be calculated from a graph of ln K p against .

[2]

4. What is the partial pressure of O2 (in Pa) in a gas mixture containing 21% O2 by volume and with
a total pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa?

partial pressure of O2 = ...................................................... Pa [1]

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5. Succinic acid (CH2COOH)2 is esterified by ethanol, C2H5OH, in the presence of an acid catalyst to
form an equilibrium mixture.
Succinic acid is esterified by ethanol, C2H5OH, in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an
equilibrium mixture.

The equilibrium constant, Kc, for this equilibrium can be calculated using the amounts, in moles, of
the components in the equilibrium mixture, using expression 5.1.

Expression 5.1

A student carries out an experiment to determine the value of Kc for this equilibrium.

The student mixes together 0.0500 mol of succinic acid and 0.150 mol of ethanol, with a
•
small amount of an acid catalyst.
• The mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium.
The student determines that 0.0200 mol of succinic acid are present in the equilibrium
•
mixture.

i. Which technique could be used to determine the equilibrium amount of succinic acid?

[1]

ii. Write the equation for the equilibrium reaction that takes place.

[1]

iii. Draw the skeletal formula of the ester present in the equilibrium mixture.

[1]

iv. Kc is the equilibrium constant in terms of equilibrium concentrations.

Why can expression 5.1 be used to calculate Kc for this equilibrium?

[1]
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v. Calculate the value of Kc for this reaction.

Show your working.

Kc = [3]

6(a). Nitrogen monoxide, NO, and oxygen, O2, react to form nitrogen dioxide, NO2, in the reversible
reaction shown in equilibrium 18.1.

2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) Equilibrium 18.1

Write an expression for Kc for this equilibrium and state the units.

Kc =

Units = ........................ [2]

(b). A chemist mixes together nitrogen and oxygen and pressurises the gases so that their total gas
volume is 4.0 dm3.

• The mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium at constant temperature and volume.

• The equilibrium mixture contains 0.40 mol NO and 0.80 mol O2.
• Under these conditions, the numerical value of Kc is 45.

Calculate the amount, in mol, of NO2 in the equilibrium mixture.

amount of NO2 = ................................................... mol [4]

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(c). The values of Kp for equilibrium 18.1 at 298 K and 1000 K are shown below.

2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) Equilibrium 18.1

Temperature / K Kp / atm−1
298 Kp = 2.19 × 1012
1000 Kp = 2.03 × 10−1

i. Predict, with a reason, whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

[1]

ii. The chemist increases the pressure of the equilibrium mixture at the same temperature.

State, and explain in terms of Kp, how you would expect the equilibrium position to
change.

[3]

7. A chemist investigates the equilibrium reaction between sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and sulfur
trioxide, shown below.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

• The chemist mixes together SO2 and O2 with a catalyst.

• The chemist compresses the gas mixture to a volume of 400 cm3.
• The mixture is heated to a constant temperature and is allowed to reach equilibrium
without changing the total gas volume.

The equilibrium mixture contains 0.0540 mol SO2 and 0.0270 mol O2.

At the temperature used, the numerical value for Kc is 3.045 × 104 dm3 mol−1.
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i. Write the expression for Kc and the units of Kc for this equilibrium.

ii. Determine the amount, in mol, of SO3 in the equilibrium mixture at this temperature.

Give your final answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Show all your working.

equilibrium amount of SO3 mo

8. Iron can be extracted from its ore Fe3O4 using carbon.

Several equilibria are involved including equilibrium 18.1, shown below.

∆H = +676.4 kJ mol−1
equilibrium 18.1 Fe3O4(s) + 4C(s) ⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4CO(g)
∆S = +703.1 J K−1 mol−1

i. Why is equilibrium 18.1 a heterogeneous equilibrium?

[1]

ii. Write the expression for Kp for equilibrium 18.1.

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iii. The forward reaction in equilibrium 18.1 is only feasible at high temperatures.
o Show that the forward reaction is not feasible at 25 °C.
o Calculate the minimum temperature, in K, for the forward reaction to be feasible.

minimum temperature =

iv. Another equilibrium involved in the extraction of iron from Fe3O4 is shown below.

Fe3O4(s) + 4CO(g) ⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4CO2(g) ∆H = −13.5 kJ mol−1

Enthalpy changes of formation, ∆f H, for Fe3O4(s) and CO2(g) are shown in the table.

Compound ∆f H / kJ mol−1
Fe3O4(s) −1118.5
CO2(g) −393.5

Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆f H, for CO(g).

∆f H, for CO(g) = kJ mol−1 [3]

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9. Peroxycarboxylic acids are organic compounds with the COOOH functional group.

Peroxyethanoic acid, CH3COOOH, is used as a disinfectant.

i. Suggest the structure for CH3COOOH.

The COOOH functional group must be clearly displayed.

ii. Peroxyethanoic acid can be prepared by reacting hydrogen peroxide with ethanoic acid.
This is a heterogeneous equilibrium.

H2O2(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COOOH(aq) + H2O(l) Kc = 0.37 dm3 mol−1

A 250 cm3 equilibrium mixture contains concentrations of 0.500 mol dm−3 H2O2(aq) and 0.500 mol
dm−3 CH3COOH(aq).

Calculate the amount, in mol, of peroxyethanoic acid in the equilibrium mixture.

amount = mol [3]

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10(a). Iodine, I2, is a grey-black solid that is not very soluble in water.
Equilibrium 1 is set up with the equilibrium position well to the left.

I2(s) ⇌ I2(aq) Equilibrium 1

Solid iodine is much more soluble in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, KI(aq), than in
water.
Equilibrium 2 is set up.

I2(aq) + I−(aq) ⇌ I3−(aq) Equilibrium 2

A student dissolves I2 in KI(aq).

The resulting 200 cm3 equilibrium mixture contains:

4.00 × 10−5 mol I2(aq)

9.404 × 10−2 mol I−(aq)
1.96 × 10−3 mol I3−(aq).

Calculate Kc for equilibrium 2.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Kc = ........................................................... units
...........................................................[4]
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(b). The student adds an excess of aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), to the equilibrium mixture.

Predict what would be observed.

Explain the observations in terms of both equilibrium 1 and equilibrium 2 and any species
formed.

[4]

1 A chemist investigated methods to improve the synthesis of sulfur trioxide from sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
1.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

The chemist:

• mixed together 1.00 mol SO2 and 0.500 mol O2 with a catalyst at room temperature
• compressed the gas mixture to a volume of 250 cm3
• allowed the mixture to reach equilibrium at constant temperature and without changing the total
gas volume.

At equilibrium, 82.0% of the SO2 had been converted into SO3.

i. Determine the concentrations of SO2, O2 and SO3 present at

equilibrium and calculate Kc for this reaction.

Kc = ............................................ units ............................................ [6]

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ii. Explain what would happen to the pressure as the system was allowed to reach equilibrium.

[1]

iii. The value of Kc for this equilibrium decreases with increasing temperature.

Predict the sign of the enthalpy change for the forward reaction. State the effect on the equilibrium
yield of SO3 of increasing the temperature at constant pressure.

ΔH:
......................................................................................................................
...................................
Effect on SO3 yield:
......................................................................................................................
..... [1]
iv. The chemist repeated the experiment at the same temperature with 1.00 mol SO2 and an excess
of O2.
The gas mixture was still compressed to a volume of 250 cm3.

State and explain, in terms of Kc, how the equilibrium yield of SO3 would be different from the yield
in the first experiment.

[3]

12(a). Ethyne gas, C2H2, is manufactured in large quantities for a variety of uses.

Much of this ethyne is manufactured from methane as shown in the equation below.

Write an expression for Kc for this equilibrium.

[1]
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(b). A research chemist investigates how to improve the synthesis of ethyne from methane at a high
temperature.

• The chemist adds CH4 to a 4.00 dm3 container.

• The chemist heats the container and allows equilibrium to be reached at constant
temperature. The total gas volume does not change.
• The equilibrium mixture contains 9.36 × 10−2 mol CH4 and 0.168 mol C2H2.

i. Calculate the amount, in mol, of H2 in the equilibrium mixture.

amount of H2 = ........................................................... mol [1]

ii. Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, at this temperature, including units.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Kc = ............................................ units ............................................[3]

iii. Calculate the amount, in mol, of CH4 that the chemist originally added to the container.

amount of CH4 = ........................................................... mol [1]

(c). The chemist repeats the experiment three times.

In each experiment the chemist makes one change but uses the same initial amount of CH4.

Complete the table to show the predicted effect of each change compared with the original
experiment.

Only use the words greater, smaller or same.

Equilibrium amount
Change Kc Initial rate
of C2H2(g) / mol
The container is
heated at constant
pressure
A smaller container is
used
A catalyst is added to
CH4 at the start

[3]
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13(a). A research chemist investigates how the value of Kc changes with temperature.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔH = −92 kJ mol−1

• The chemist mixes 0.800 mol of N2(g) and 2.400 mol of H2(g) and leaves the mixture to
reach equilibrium at 300 °C.
• The total volume of the equilibrium mixture is 5.00 dm3.
• At equilibrium, 0.360 mol of NH3(g) has formed.

Calculate the value of Kc under these conditions.

Show all your working.

Kc = ............................................ units ............................................ [6]

(b). Ammonia, NH3, is manufactured by the chemical industry from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔH = −92 kJ mol−1

• An iron catalyst is used which provides several benefits for sustainability.

• The chemical industry uses operational conditions that are different from the conditions
predicted to give a maximum equilibrium yield.

The chemist adds more nitrogen to the equilibrium mixture in (b).

The temperature is kept at 300 K and the volume at 5.00 dm3.

The chemist predicts that the addition of nitrogen will increase the proportion of H2(g) that reacts.
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i. Explain whether the chemist's prediction is correct.

[3]

ii. Suggest why the chemist is more concerned with increasing the proportion of H2 that
reacts rather than the proportion of N2 that reacts.

[1]

14(a). Ammonia is a gas with covalently-bonded molecules consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms.

Ammonia can be made from the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber process.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔH = −92 kJ mol−1 Equation 1

What effect will increasing the temperature have on the composition of the equilibrium mixture
and on the value of the equilibrium constant?

Explain your answer.

[2]
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(b). A chemist mixes together 0.450 mol N2 with 0.450 mol H2 in a sealed container.

The mixture is heated and allowed to reach equilibrium.

At equilibrium, the mixture contains 0.400 mol N2 and the total pressure is 500 kPa.

Calculate Kp.

Show all your working.

Include units in your answer.

Kp = .......................................... units .......................................... [5]

END OF QUESTION PAPER