Science 10

Quarter 3 - Module 1
Reproductive and Endocrine Systems

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Science- Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Reproductive and Endocrine Systems
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon

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Development Team of the Module

Author/s : Crystal Jade S. Mongas, PhD

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 Lesson The Male Reproductive
1 System

A. Overview

In this lesson, you will learn about the male reproductive system. The male reproductive
system consists of several parts which play a role in the process of human reproduction that
are located on the internal and external part of the body and within the pelvis.

Objectives
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify the parts that make up the male reproductive system;
2. describe the parts of the male reproductive system; and
3. give the functions of these parts.

Pre-assessment
Directions: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is not a part of the male reproductive system?
A. oviduct B. scrotum
C. testis D. vas deferens
2. What part of the male reproductive system is responsible in producing sperm cells?
A. penis B. prostate gland C. scrotum D. testis
3. The male reproductive system performs the following functions except
A. production of hormones B. production of sperm cells
C. secretion of male sex hormones D. transfer of sperm cells

Prior Knowledge
Every day you meet different forms of life. You may have caught an insect, chased a
cat, played with a dog, or perhaps watched your mother peel a shrimp or crack a crab for
lunch. Have you ever wondered if the insect, cat, dog, shrimp, and crab were male or
female? Or could it also be neither or both? Answering these questions will lead you to
knowing the sex of an organism. In higher forms of organisms, just like humans, the sex is
distinct which could either be male or female.

1
b. Presentation
You have learned that cells make up a tissue, then tissues make up an organ, and
organs make up a system. Let us now understand the organ system to know specifically
how the individual cells of the male reproductive system work. The reproductive system of
humans does not fully become active until an individual reaches puberty. The male
reproductive system performs the following functions:

1. secretion of the male sex hormones

2. production of sperm cells
3. transfer of sperm cells

Figure 1.1 Parts of the Male Reproductive System

Source: Science 10 Learner’s Material

The male reproductive system includes the structures seen in Figure 1.2. The male
gonads are the testes (singular: testis) hanging in the scrotum. Sperm production requires
a slightly lower temperature than the human body that is why the scrotum hangs loosely
outside the body cavity. However, when the testis fails to descend, it leads to sterility
because of the inhibiting effect of normal body temperature on sperm development.

Concept Development

Scrotum
The scrotum consists of skin. In cold temperatures, the scrotum becomes
firm and wrinkled, reducing the overall size of the scrotum.

Testes
The testes are organs within the scrotum each about 4-5 cm long and are
composed of cone-shaped lobules that contain seminiferous tubules, in which sperm
cells develop.

2
Epididymis
Epididymis is a tightly coiled series of thread-like tubules that form a comma-
shaped structure on the posterior side of the testes. The sperm cells continue to mature
along this tube.

Vas deferens
The vas deferens is a long muscular tube traveling from the epididymis where the
sperm moves to this tube up to the ampulla of the ductus deferens. The wall of this tube
is composed of smooth muscles. The vas deferens emerges from the epididymis and
ascends along the posterior side of the testes to become associated with the blood
vessels and nerves that supply the testes.

Ejaculatory Duct
The ejaculatory duct connects into the prostate gland and ends by joining the
urethra within the prostate gland.

Urethra
The urethra is a pathway for both urine and male reproductive fluids, but these
do not exit the urethra at the same time. Thus, there is no mixing. The male urethra
connects from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis. While seminal fluid
passes through the urethra, a reflex causes the urinary sphincter muscles to contract
tightly to keep urine from passing the urinary bladder through the urethra.

Penis
The penis is only an accessory organ for reproduction and not the reproductive
organ itself as most people think of. It is the organ for copulation, and it functions in the
transfer of sperm cells from the male to the vagina of the female. It is composed of erectile
tissues and the engorgement of the erectile tissue with blood causes the penis to enlarge
and become firm in a process called erection.

The following table summarizes the important structures of the male

reproductive system:

Part Function
Testis produces sperm cells
Scrotum a sac that holds the testis
Penis places sperm into the vagina during mating
Vas Deferens carries sperm from the testes to the urethra
Urethra carries sperm out of the body
Gland provides liquid in which sperm can swim

a. seminal vesicle secretes one of the components of the semen

b. prostate gland secretes a milky fluid that is discharged into the urethra
as part of the semen

c. Cowper’s gland or a mucous secreting gland located at the base of the

Bulbourethral gland penis

3
 The Formation of Sperm Cells

Each testis is partitioned into as many as 300 wedge-shaped

lobes. Each contains two to three highly coiled tubes, the seminiferous
tubules, and this is where sperms develop. Although a testis is only
about 5 cm long, 125 meters of tubes are packed in it. When sperm cells
move out of the testis, they enter a long, coiled duct, the epididymis.
They are not fully developed at this time, but secretions from the duct walls help
them mature. When they are about to leave the body, they pass through a thick-
walled tube called the vas deferens, and then to the ejaculatory ducts, and finally,
to the urethra where they are ejected. When a male is sexually aroused, sperm
cells begin their journey through the vas deferens and then exit through the
urethra. During this time, they collect fluid along the way.
The following glands contribute fluid to the traveling sperm cells: (a) the
seminal vesicles secrete a thick fluid that contains nutrients, (b) the prostate gland
secretes a thick, milky alkaline fluid to counteract the acidic vagina and the
urethra, and it activates the sperms, and (c) the bulbourethral gland or Cowper’s
gland produces the lubricating effect. Altogether the sperm and the fluids make up
the semen. During a male’s arousal, spongy, erectile tissues in the penis are filled
with blood, causing the penis to become hard, erect, and enlarged. The semen is
expelled during ejaculation passing through the urethral opening when sexual
arousal reaches its peak.
As previously mentioned, the urethra is a common passageway for urine
and semen. However, the nervous system prevents urine from mixing with the
semen during ejaculation. Finally, the penis is an external sex organ that allows
the transfer of the semen into the vagina of the female.

Figure 1.3 The human sperm and its parts

Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse

4
Testosterone: The Male Sex Hormone

Testosterone is the main male sex hormone secreted by the testis. This hormone is
responsible for the normal development of the organs of the male reproductive system. It
also brings about the changes experienced during puberty.
The changes that appear at 10 to 14 years of age eventually distinguish the male
secondary characteristics. Secondary male characteristics among males include growth of
facial, underarm, chest, pubic and body hair, enlargement of the voice box, deepening of the
voice, development of the male musculature and increased secretion of sweat and oil.
Moreover, testosterone is responsible for a male’s muscular strength. That is why some
athletes take steroids that contain testosterone or other similar compounds. However, taking
steroids have been proven to produce harmful effects and it may even result to mental
problems.

Suggested Websites:
For a more enriched learning about the male reproductive system, you may
watch the following videos:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N66sAZH1VA8&t=109s
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sYj_CcIsvw
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XQcnO4iX_U
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djqqao2Uebo
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAy1-RrOKG4

Activities
ACTIVITY 1.1
LABEL ME!

In this activity, you will identify the parts that make up the male reproductive system.

Directions: Label the parts correctly. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

5
 ACTIVITY 1.2
TELL ME THE TRUTH!

In this activity, you will describe the parts of the male reproductive system and their
functions.

Directions: Decide whether the description of each part of the male reproductive system is
true or not. Choose A if the statement is true; otherwise choose B if it is not. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
A. True B. False

1. In cold temperatures, the scrotum becomes firm and wrinkled, thus reducing
the overall size of the scrotum.
2. The sperm cells develop in the testis.
3. The urethra is a pathway for both urine and male reproductive fluids.
4. The penis is only an accessory organ for reproduction and not the
reproductive organ itself.
5. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone secreted by the testis.
6. The prostate gland secretes a milky fluid that is discharged into the urethra
as part of the semen.
7. The vas deferens emerges from the epididymis and ascends along the
posterior side of the testes to become associated with the blood vessels
and nerves that supply the testes.
8. When sperm cells move out of the testis, they enter a long, coiled duct
called the penis.
9. The reproductive system prevents urine from mixing with the semen during
ejaculation.
10. The testis is an external sex organ that allows the transfer of the semen into
the vagina of the female.

Assessments

I am sure that you truly enjoyed learning these new ideas. Now, let us try to
remember the concepts that you have learned today. Ready, set, go!

Direction: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper. (5 points each)
1. How does the male reproductive system function?
2. What are the parts of the male reproductive system?
3. What is the function of each part?

c. Application

Performance Tasks
Directions: Choose only ONE TASK among the following activities.

A. Collect clippings or articles regarding the effect of alcohol and smoking to the
male reproductive system. Summarize your work and make an E-portfolio.
B. Do a research on a sexually transmitted disease among males. Read about the
name of the disease and its causes. Make a multimedia presentation of your

6
 output.
C. Make a poster with a slogan about the ways on how to take good care of the
male reproductive system.
D. Make a digital art about the ways on how to take care of the male reproductive
system.
E. Make a poem on your personal experience on how to take care of the male
reproductive system.

RUBRIC FOR SELF-CHECK

(To be used by the teacher in rating the output)

Accuracy of the Content 30 %

Organization and Coherence of Idea 20 %
Clarity of the Message 20 %
Creativity 20 %
Completeness 10 %
TOTAL 100 %

d. Generalization
The male reproductive system functions to secrete male hormones, produce sperm
cells and transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract. This is made up of parts
which consist of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra,
seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland or bulbourethral gland. Testosterone is
the main male sex hormone secreted by the testis. This hormone is responsible for the
normal development of the organs of the male reproductive system and brings about the
changes experienced during puberty.

e. Post-assessment
Directions: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The male reproductive system performs the following functions except
A. production of hormones B. production of sperm cells
C. secretion of male sex hormones D. transfer of sperm cells
2. Which of the following is not a part of the male reproductive system?
A. oviduct B. scrotum
C. testis D. vas deferens
3. What part of the male reproductive system is responsible in producing sperm cells?
A. penis B. prostate gland
C. scrotum D. testis

7
 Lesson The Female
2 Reproductive System

a. Overview

In this lesson, you will learn about the female reproductive system. The female
reproductive system consists of parts which enables the perpetuation of life on Earth. Higher
forms like humans reproduce only through sexual means known as the sexual reproduction
whereby the sperm cell and the egg cell nuclei are brought together which unite through
fertilization.

Objectives
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify the parts that make up the female reproductive system;
2. describe the parts of the female reproductive system; and
3. give the functions of these parts.

Pre-assessment
Direction: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is a function of the female reproductive system?
A. production of female sex hormones B. production of egg cells
C. protection and nourishment of embryo D. release of sperm cells
2. What part of the female reproductive system receives the penis during intercourse?
A. ovary B. oviduct C. uterus D. vagina
3. What will happen when there is a successful implantation?
A. A female is considered pregnant. B. Dysmenorrhea happens
C. It will result to hormonal imbalance D. Menstruation occurs

Prior Knowledge
In the previous lesson, you have learned that the male reproductive system consists
of important structures such as the testes, penis, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens,
urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and Cowper’s glands. The male reproductive
system is responsible for secreting the male sex hormone, the production of sperm cells
and as well as the transfer of sperm cells.

8
b. Presentation
Most organ systems of the body show a little difference for the male and female
organs except in the case of the reproductive system. There is a difference between the
male and the female reproductive systems, although they also share several similarities.
The male and female reproductive organs are developed from the same embryological
structures, and some hormones are the same for them both although they produce different
responses. The female reproductive system has the following functions:
1. production of female sex cells
2. production of female sex hormones
3. reception of sperm cells from the male
4. nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new
individual

Figure 2.1 The parts of the female reproductive system

Source: Science 10 Learner’s Material

Figure 2.1 shows the parts of the female reproductive system. The female reproductive
system performs female sexual and child-bearing functions. It consists of a pair of gonads
or the ovaries, fallopian tube or oviduct, the uterus, the vagina, and the external genitalia or
the vulva. Each organ performs related functions such as to produce eggs, to produce
hormones, to receive the sperm cells that will fertilize the eggs, and to provide for the
development of the embryo.

Concept Development
The Ovaries
There are two ovaries each comparable to the size of an almond nut in every
female. It is suspended in the pelvic cavity by a ligament. The ligament extends from each
ovary to the lateral body wall, and the ovarian ligament. The ovary contains an ovarian
follicle, which contains an oocyte or the female germ cell. When follicles mature, they
expand and rupture to release the egg. This process is called ovulation. After ovulation, the
remaining cells of the ruptured follicle transform into a glandular structure known as the
corpus luteum.

9
Fallopian Tubes
The fallopian tubes extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus. The long and
thin processes called fimbriae surround the opening of each uterine tube. Fertilization
usually occurs in the part of the uterine tube near the ovary.

Uterus
The uterus is as big as a medium-sized pear. Internally, the uterine cavity continues
through the cervix as the cervical canal, which opens into the vagina. The larger rounded
part is directed superiorly. The part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine
tubes is called the fundus. The main part is called the body, and the narrower part is the
cervix, directed inferiorly.

Vagina
The vagina is the female organ for copulation, and it functions to receive the penis
during intercourse. It also allows menstrual flow and childbirth. This extends from the uterus
to the outside of the body. In young females, the vaginal opening is covered by a thin
mucous membrane called the hymen. The hymen can completely close the vaginal opening,
in which case it must be removed to allow menstrual flow. This can be torn at some earlier
time in a young female’s life during a variety of activities which may include strenuous
exercise. The condition of the hymen is therefore not a reliable indicator of virginity.

External Genitalia

Figure 2.2 The female external genitalia

Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse

Figure 2.2 shows the female external genitalia. The female external genitalia
contain the vestibule and its surrounding structures. Vestibule is the space into which the
vagina and urethra open. A pair of thin, longitudinal skin folds called the labia minora
borders the vestibule. A small erectile structure called the clitoris is in the anterior margin of
the vestibule. The two labium minus unite over the clitoris to form a fold of skin called the
prepuce skin.

10
 The following table summarizes the important structures of the female
reproductive system:

Part Function
Ovary produces egg cells
Fallopian Tube or The passageway of eggs from the ovary to the uterus
Oviduct and the same place where the egg is fertilized
Uterus develops the fertilized egg
Vagina receives the penis of the male during mating

A woman’s ovaries contain follicles that nurture eggs and

produce sex hormones. Oviducts convey eggs to the uterus where a fertilized
egg develops. The uterus opens into the vagina, which receives the penis during
intercourse and serves as the birth canal. The pair of ovaries, lying on the right
and left depressions of the upper pelvic cavity, produces the mature egg cell.
This mature egg cell is swept by the tiny finger-like projections of the oviducts or
fallopian tubes. The egg moves along this tube with the help of the tiny hair or
cilia that line the fallopian tubes. These tubes extend until the uterus. The uterus, an
inverted pear-shaped muscular organ, is where the embryo attaches, specifically on its inner
wall, the endometrium.
A female is considered pregnant when successful implantation happens. The cervix,
an important reproductive part during birthing, is the neck of the uterus leading to the vaginal
canal. It dilates or opens before the delivery of a female. The vagina, on the other hand, is a
long, elastic, muscular canal where menstrual blood and tissues are expelled from the body.
The walls of the vagina provide lubrication and it receives the penis during copulation. This
organ also expands during intercourse and childbirth.
Furthermore, the breast or mammary glands are the principal accessory structures of
the female reproductive system. The breasts are essentially mixing factories that absorb
water, sugar, and other substances from the blood and mix them together to produce milk.
Each breast is composed of 25 or more lobes of glands, each lobe with its duct leading to
the nipple. The nipple is an erectile structure having 25 or more small openings and
surrounded by a darkened area called the areola.

Suggested Websites:
For a more enriched learning about the female reproductive system, you may
visit the following websites:

 www.britanica.com/EBchecked/topic/498625/human-reproductive-system
 www.sexualityandu.ca/birth_control_methods_contraception/hormonal_methods
 www.doh.gov.ph/content/national_hivsti_prevention_program.html
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lM2-8se6pp8
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N66sAZH1VA8
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8fgm-zEYjQ

11
Activities

ACTIVITY 2.1
CHECK THE LABEL

In this activity, you will identify the parts that make up the female reproductive system.

Directions: Label the parts correctly. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

ACTIVITY 2.2
YOU COMPLETE ME

In this activity, you will give the parts and functions of the female reproductive system.

Directions: Complete the following table. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

Part Function

1.

2.

3.

4.

12
Assessments

I am sure that you truly enjoyed learning new insights. Now, let us try to remember
the concepts that you have learned today. Ready, set, go!

Direction: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper. (5 points each)
1. How does the female reproductive system function?
2. What are the parts of the female reproductive system?
3. What is the function of each part?

c. Application

Performance Tasks
Directions: Choose only ONE TASK from the following activities.

A. Research about the ways on how to take care for the female
reproductive system. List down the programs and take note of the
family planning methods that are available and how it will be
administered to the community. If possible, try to familiarize yourself
with the devices available in the health center.
B. Do a research on a female sexually transmitted disease. Read about the name
of the disease and its causes. Make a multimedia presentation of your output.
C. Make a poster with a slogan about the ways on how to take proper care of the
female reproductive system.

RUBRIC FOR SELF-CHECK

(To be used by the teacher in rating the output)

Accuracy of Content 30 %
Originality of Work 20 %
Clarity of the Message 20 %
Creativity 20 %
Completeness 10 %
TOTAL 100 %

d. Generalization
The female reproductive system functions to produce female sex hormones, produce
egg cells, receive the male sex organ for the transfer of sperms, and protect and nourish the
developing embryo. This consists of parts which include the ovaries, fallopian tube or
oviduct, uterus, and vagina. When successful implantation happens, a female is considered
pregnant.

13
e. Post-assessment
Directions: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What part of the female reproductive system receives the penis during intercourse?
A. ovary B. oviduct C. uterus D. vagina
2. What will happen when there is a successful implantation?
A. A female is considered pregnant. B. Dysmenorrhea happens
C. It will result to hormonal imbalance D. Menstruation occurs
3. Which of the following is a function of the female reproductive system?
A. production of female sex hormones B. production of egg cells
C. protection and nourishment of embryo D. release of sperm cells

14
 Lesson
The Endocrine System
3

a. Overview

When you have experienced emergencies, changes in your body are brought about by
hormones which provide you body with extra energy bringing great strength and speed
during a crisis. These hormones are chemical regulators secreted by the endocrine system.

Objectives
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. describe the endocrine system;
2. identify the glands and their functions in the body; and
3. explain the role of hormones in the female and male reproductive system.

Pre-assessment
Directions: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The following are the functions of the endocrine system EXCEPT for ____.
A. mental development B. physical development
C. sexual development D. spiritual development
2. Which of the following is not a part of the major glands in the body?
A. pituitary B. parathyroid C. thyroid D. thalamus
3. The production of eggs and sperm in females and males is stimulated by which of
the following hormones?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone B. Inhibin
B. Oxytocin D. Prolactin

Prior Knowledge
In the previous lesson, you have learned that the female reproductive system
performs female sexual and childbearing functions. It consists of the ovaries, fallopian
tubes, the uterus, the vagina, and the external genitalia or the vulva. These organs
perform related functions to produce eggs, to produce hormones, to receive the sperm
cells that will fertilize the egg and to provide nourishment for the development of the
embryo.

15
b. Presentation

As you go through this lesson, you will be able to understand the role of hormones in
the body. In addition, you should be able to identify the major endocrine glands in the body
and their key functions.
Many endocrine glands make up your endocrine system. A gland is a group of cells
or an organ that produces a secretion for use anywhere in the body. One function of this
system is to regulate reproduction and other closely associated phenomena. This system
also helps you to cope with the changes in the environment. In addition, the endocrine
system is responsible for many reactions such as influencing how your heart beats, how your
bones and tissues develop, and even your capacity to have a baby. It plays an essential role
in the occurrence of disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, and/or
sexual dysfunction. Your endocrine glands also secrete chemicals, called hormones, into the
bloodstream which carries them throughout the body. When a hormone in the blood reaches
the target organ, it produces a significant effect. Moreover, the endocrine system sends
signals all over the body, much like the nervous system. However, unlike the instant
responses activated by the nervous system, the effects can take a few hours or even weeks.

Figure 3.1 The parts of the endocrine system

Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse

Concept Development

Functions of the Hormones

Hormones help regulate body processes such as growth, development,
metabolism, and response to stimuli. They are like chemical messengers that transport a
signal from one cell to another. Since they circulate all throughout the body, they can
affect many body parts even those situated distance away from the cells that secrete
them. Some processes in the body are coordinated by hormones which regulate and
balance the working of organs, tissues, and cells. Both men and women produce
hormones in the same areas with one exception, the reproductive glands. Extra male
hormones are produced in the testes while female hormones are produced in the ovaries.

16
In terms of their body effects, they can also vary. Some hormones have short-term effects
while other hormones have influence even in the long term such as those that control our
growth and the changes at the onset of puberty.
During puberty, there are many hormonal changes that happen in your body. One
moment you are laughing, and then suddenly, you feel like crying. Sudden mood swings
are relatively caused by the increasing number of hormones in the body at this stage. It is
therefore important to maintain a positive outlook in life and remember that these changes
are only temporary and will stabilize with time.
Another significant fact about hormones is that they act in very small amounts. If
the organ and hormones do not produce the regulated amount of chemicals to your body, it
may result to an abnormality. This condition is called hormonal imbalance. An increase or
decrease in the hormonal amount may have a significant effect to the body.

Table I. Major Glands in the body, with their functions, locations, and the hormones
that they release.

Gland Location Hormones Released Function

Oxytocin, Vasopressin,
Growth Hormone, the master gland,
Adrenocorticotropic stimulates growth;
at the base of Hormone (ACTH), controls the functions of
Pituitary the brain Prolactin, Luteinizing other glands
Hormone,
Follicle Stimulating
Hormone
(FSH)
regulates body
below the metabolism; causes
Thyroid Thyroxin, Calcitonin
voice box storage of calcium in the
bones
controls the calcium
Parathyroid in the neck Parathyromone levels in your body;
normalizes bone growth
enables the body
Thymus in front of the Thymosin to produce certain
heart
antibodies
prepares the body for
on top of the action; controls the
Adrenal kidneys Adrenaline heart rate and
breathing in times of
emergency
between the regulates blood sugar
Pancreas Insulin, Glucagon
kidneys levels
Gonads
Testes lower Androgen, control maturation and
(Male) abdomen Testosterone male characteristics

Ovaries lower abdomen Estrogen, Progesterone influence female

(Female) traits; support
reproductive function

17
 Hormonal Regulation of the Reproductive System

The regulation of the reproductive system is a process that requires the action of
hormones from the pituitary gland, the adrenal cortex, and the gonads. The hypothalamus
produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the production and
release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the
anterior pituitary gland. These hormones regulate the gonads during puberty thus called
gonadotropins. FSH stimulates gamete production and LSH stimulates production of
hormones by the gonads in both males and females.

Regulation of the Male Reproductive System

The FSH or follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the maturation of sperm cells in
males. FSH production is inhibited by the hormone inhibin which is released by the testes.
LH stimulates production of the sex hormones or the androgens by the cells of the testes.
The most widely known androgen in males is testosterone. This hormone promotes the
production of sperm cells and male characteristics.

Regulation of the Female Reproductive System

The FSH or follicle stimulating hormone also stimulates the development of egg
cells or ova in females which develop in structures called follicles. Follicle cells produce
the hormone inhibin, which inhibits FSH production. LH or luteinizing hormone plays a role
in the development of ova, ovulation and stimulation of estradiol and progesterone
production by the ovaries. Moreover, the anterior portion of the pituitary gland produces
the hormone prolactin in females which stimulates the production of milk by the mammary
glands following childbirth. The posterior pituitary releases the hormone oxytocin, which
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.

Figure 3.2 The pituitary and pineal glands

Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse

Figure 3.2 shows the pituitary and pineal glands. The pituitary gland is called the
master gland because it regulates many body processes. The body needs certain
hormones in different types of situations. In other words, your endocrine glands do not

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release hormones continuously. Some signals within your body tell each gland when to
secrete hormones. There are also signals that tell the gland to stop.

Activities
ACTIVITY 3.1
THE GLANDS

In this activity, you will summarize the functions of the endocrine glands by
completing the following table.

Directions: Complete the table correctly. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

Gland Location Hormone(s) Hormonal

secreted Function(s)
1. Pituitary
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Thymus
5. Adrenal
6. Pancreas

ACTIVITY 3.2
HORMONE REGULATION

In this activity, you will explain the role of hormones in the female and male
reproductive system.

Directions: Complete the concept map by choosing the correct idea from the box. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

LH Ovary Progesterone
Testosterone Estrogen Testes

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Assessments
I am sure that you truly enjoyed learning new ideas. Now, let us try to remember the
concepts that you have learned today. Ready, set, go!

Direction: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper. (5 points each)
1. How does the endocrine system help your body function?
2. What is a gland? What is its function?
3. What are hormones? Explain their role in the male and female
reproductive system.

c. Application
Performance Tasks

Direction: Choose only ONE TASK from the following choices:

A. Research about different medical conditions related with hormonal imbalance.

Record your data and make a multimedia presentation.
B. Make a canvas mural with a slogan regarding the effect of a particular hormone in
the body if not properly regulated.
C. Make a poster on the effect of a particular hormone in the body if not properly
regulated.
D. Compose a song with lyrics focusing on the effects of a particular hormone in the
body if not properly regulated.
E. Produce a newscast on the effect of a particular hormone in the body if not properly
regulated.
F. Write an essay about how health conditions can affect your life if you ever have
dysfunctions because of hormonal imbalance.

RUBRIC FOR SELF-CHECK

(To be used by the teacher in rating the output)

Accuracy of Content 30 %
Organization and Coherence of Idea 20 %
Clarity of the Message 20 %
Creativity 20 %
Completeness 10 %
TOTAL 100 %

d. Generalization
The reproductive system is controlled by hormones which include the gonadotroprins
follicle-stimulating-hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) that are produced by the
pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the maturation of sperm cells in males and is inhibited by the
hormone inhibin, while LH stimulates the production of estrogens and progesterone. FSH
stimulates egg maturation in females, while LH stimulates the production of estrogens and
progesterone. The pituitary gland in females produces prolactin, which stimulates milk

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production after childbirth, and oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contraction during
childbirth.

e. Post-assessment
Directions: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer.
1. The major glands in the body are the following EXCEPT for ________.
A. pituitary B. parathyroid
C. thalamus D. thyroid
2. The production of eggs and sperm in females and males is stimulated by which of
the following hormones?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone B. Inhibin
C. Oxytocin D. Prolactin
3. The following are the functions of the endocrine system EXCEPT for ____.
A. mental development B. physical development
C. sexual development D. spiritual development

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Answer Key

Lesson 1
Pre-Assessment Activity 1.1
1. A 1. Urinary Bladder 5. Male Glands
2. D 2. Penis 6. Vas Deferens
3. A 3. Urethra 7. Scrotum
4. Testis

Activity 1.2 Post-Assessment

1. A 6. A 1. A
2. A 7. A 2. A
3. A 8. B 3. D
4. A 9. B
5. A 10. B

Lesson 2
Pre-Assessment Activity 2.1
1. D 1. Oviduct 4. cervix
2. D 2. Endometrium 5. uterus
3. A 3. ovaries

Activity 2.2 Post-Assessment

1. Ovary- produces egg cells 1. D
2. Fallopian Tube or Oviduct- the passageway of eggs 2. A
3. Uterus- develops the fertilized eggs from the ovary 3. D
to the uterus and the same place where the egg is fertilized
4. Vagina- receives the penis of the male during mating

Lesson 3

Pre-Assessment Activity 3.1

1. D Refer to Table 1 on Lesson 3
2. D
3. A

Activity 3.2 Post-Assessment

1. LH 1. C
2. Testes 2. A
3. Testosterone 3. D
4. Estrogen
5. Progesterone

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References

Campbell, Neil. 1996. Biology 4th ed. California: Benjamin Cummings Publishing.

Capco, Carmelita. 2003. Phoenix Science Series Biology. Quezon Avenue, Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Capco, Carmelita and Gilbert C. Yang. 2010. Phoenix Science Series Biology.
Quezon Avenue, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Companies, Inc, Mader. 2001. Biology 7th ed. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.

Reece, Jane B. et al. 2012. Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections. Jurong,
Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.

Religioso, Teresita F. 2015. You and the Natural World Science. Quezon Ave,
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

Science 10 Learners’ Module. Philippines: Department of Education.

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