CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

Reproductive system is a system that functions to multiply. Consists of the testes,

ovaries and other parts of the genitals. Knowledge of the Anatomy and Physiology of the
reproductive system in humans is the most basic science for every reproductive health actor,
especially women. In this paper, two things will be discussed, namely the anatomy and
physiology of the reproductive system which explains the anatomy of all male reproduction
and the anatomy of all female reproduction.

Reproduction or breeding is part of ilmufisiologi. Physiological reproduction is not

vital to an individual's life and even though a human's reproductive cycle stops, he can still
survive, for example when he reaches a monopouse and the endropouse will not die. In
general, new production can take place after the human reaches puberty or adult sex, and this
is regulated by endocrine glands and hormones produced in the human body. Reproduction is
also part of the bodily processes that are responsible for the continuity of a generation.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What is the anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system?

2. How does sperm formation in men?

3. What is the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system?

4. How is ovum formation in women?

5. How does menstruation occur in women?

6. How does fertilization occur in women?

7. How does pregnancy occur in women?

8. How does menopause occur in women?

9. What are the diseases of the reproductive system?

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C. Purpose of the Problem

1. Students know the anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system

2. Students know the formation of sperm

3. Students know the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system in women

4. Students know ovum formation in men

5. Students know the occurrence of menstruation in women

6. Students know the occurrence of fertilization in women

7. Students know the occurrence of pregnancy in women

8. Students know the occurrence of menopause in women

9. Students know the diseases of the reproductive system

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system

Anatomy of the male reproductive system

The outer structure of the male reproductive system consists of: penis, scrotum (testicles sac)
and testicles (testicles). (Prawirohartono slamet. 1999)

Picture.1 Male reproductive system

1. Penis

The penis consists of covenous (erectile) tissue and is passed through the urethra. There is a
surface called glans. The penis functions as penetration. Penetration in women allows the
deposition of semen near the uterine cervix. Two larger cavities called the corpus cavernosus,
located next to the third cavity called the corpus spongiosum, surround the urethra. If the
cavity is filled with blood, the penis becomes bigger, erect legs. (Prawirohartono slamet.
1999)

The penis consists of:

a. Root (Stick to stomach wall)

b. Body (is the middle part of the penis)

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c. Glans penis (tip of the penis that is shaped like a cone)

2. Scrotum

The scrotum is basically a skin sac in particular which protects the testis and
epididymis from physical injury and is the temperature of the testis. Spermatozoa are very
sensitive to temperature because the testes and epididymis are outside the body cavity, the
temperature inside the testis is usually lower than the temperature inside the abdomen.
(Prawirohartono slamet 1999)

3. Testicles

The testicles are oval shaped as big as olives and are located inside the scortum.
Usually the left testis is somewhat lower than the right testis.

The testes are a pair of oval-shaped structures, rather flattened with a length of about 4 cm
and a diameter of about 2.5 cm. The testes are in the scrotum with the epididymis, which is
an extra abdominal sac just below the penis. The wall in the cavity that separates the testis
from the epididymis is called the tunica vaginalis. (Pearce Evelyn, 2008)

a. Duct Ductull

1. Epididymis

It is a comma-shaped structure that holds the posterolateral border of the testis. The
epididymis consists of the head which is located above the testicular valve, the body and the
epididymal tail are partially covered by thevisceral layer, this layer in the mediastinum
becomes the parietal layer. (Pearce Evelyn. 2008)

The epididymal canal is surrounded by connective tissue, spermatozoa through the

ductulieferentis are part of the epidermal head (kepla). The efferent duct is about 20 cm long,
turns and forms small cones and empties into the epididymal duct where spermatozoa are
stored, entering the vas deferens. (Prawirohartono slamet 1999)

The function of the epididymis is as a conduit for the testes, regulates sperm before being
ejaculated, and produces semen.

2. Duct Deferens

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 It is a continuation from the epididymis to the inguinal canal, then this duct goes into
the abdominal cavity and continues to the bladder, behind the bladder finally joins the
seminal vesica ducts and then forms ejaculators and empties into the prostate. The length of
the ductus is 50-60 cm. (Pearce Evelyn. 2008)

3. Urethra

Urethra functions 2 functions:

a. Part of the urinary system that drains urine from the bladder.

b. Part of the reproductive system that circulates semen.

The structure in the male reproductive organs consists of: vas deferens, urethra, prostate
gland and seminal vesicles. (Pearce Evelyn. 2008)

1. Vas deferens

Vas deferens is a direct continuation of the epididymis. 45 cm in length starting from

the lower end of the epididymis, rising along the posterior aspect of the testis in the form of
free rolls, then leaving the back of the testis, this duct runs through the spermatic cord to the
abdomen. (Pearce Evelyn. 2008)

2. Urethra

Urethra functions 2 functions:

a. Part of the urinary system that drains urine from the bladder.

b. Part of the reproductive system that circulates semen.

3. Prostate gland

Prostate gland, is a gland that consists of 30-50 glands which are divided into 4 lobes,
namely:

a. Posterior lobe

b. Lateral lobe

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 c. Anterior lobe

d. Medial lobe

Prostate Function:

Add alkaline fluid to the seminal fluid which is useful for protecting spermatozoa
against the acidic properties of the urethra and vagina. Under this gland there is a urethral
bulbo gland which has a length of 2-5 cm. Hanpir functions the same as the prostate gland.
(Pearce Evelyn. 2008)

4. Seminal vesicles

The prostate and seminal vesicles produce fluid which is a food source for sperm.
This liquid is the biggest part of cement. Other liquids that form semen come from the vas
deferensdan from the mucous glands in the head of the penis. (Pearce Evelyn. 2008)

The seminal function of Vesika:

Secretes alkaline liquids that contain nutrients that make up the majority of semen

a. Physiology of the male reproductive system

1. Hormones in men

a) FSH

Stimulates spermatogenesis.

b) LH

Stimulates leydig interstitial cells to produce testosterone

c) Testosterone

Responsible for physical changes in men, especially their secondary sex organs. The effects
of testosterone in men:

Before birth:

a. Masculination of the external genital and reproductive tract

b. Encourage decreased testes to the scortum

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Reproductive effect:

a. Growth and maturation of reproductive organs

b. Important in spermatogenesis

c. Growth of secondary sex signs

B. Sperm Formation in Men

Spermatogenesis (sperm) is the development of spermatogonia into spermatozoa.

Lasts 64 days. Spermatogonia develops into primary spermatozite. Primary spermatozite
becomes secondary spermatozide. Secondary spermatozides develop into spermatids. The
final stage of spermatogenesis is the maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa. The size of
spermatozoa is 60 microns. Spermatozoa consist of head, body and tail. (Pearce Evelyn.
2008)

C. Anatomy and Physiology of the Women's Reproductive System

Picture.2 Female reproduction

1. Anatomy of the female reproductive system consisting of:

a. Tundun (Mons veneris)

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 The prominent part includes the symphysis which consists of tissue and fat, this area
begins to grow hair (pubis hair) at puberty. Fat-coated part, located above the symphysis
pubis.( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

b. Labia Mayora

It is a continuation of Mons Veneris, oval shaped. These two lips meet at the bottom
and form the perineum. The outer labia mayora is covered in hair, which is a continuation of
mons veneris hair. Inner labia mayora without hair, is a continuation of the membrane
containing sebaceous glands (fat). The size of the labia majora in adult women is 7-8 cm
long, 2-3 cm wide, 1-1.5 cm thick. in children and nullipara both labia majora are very close
together. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

c. Labia Minora

Small lips which are the inner folds of large lips (labia majora), without hair. Each
labia minora consists of a thin, moist reddish tissue. The upper part of the labia minora will
unite to form the prepuce and clenidic frenulum, while the part. On this small lips around the
lower vaginal orifice will unite to form a fourchette.( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

d. Clitoris

Is an important part of the external reproductive organs that are erectile. The clitoridic
glans contain many blood vessels and sensory nerve fibers so that they are very sensitive.
Analogous to the penis in men consists of glans, corpus and 2 crura, with an average length
not exceeding 2 cm. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

e. Vestibulum (porch)

Is a cavity that is between the small lips (labia minora). In the vestibule there are 6
holes, namely the external urethra orifice, vaginal introitus, 2 bartholini gland estuaries, and 2
paraurethral gland estuaries. Bartholini's gland functions to secrete mucoid fluid when sexual
stimulation occurs. Bartholini's gland also prevents the entry of neisseria gonorhoeae bacteria
and pathogenic bacteria. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

f. Himen (hymen)

Consists of collagen and elastic connective tissue. This thin layer that covers most of
the intercourse, hollow in the middle so that menstrual discharge can flow out. The shape of

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the hymen of each woman is different, some are shaped like a crescent moon, consistency is
stiff and some is soft, the holes are at the tip of a finger, and there is one finger that can be
traversed. During the first coitus, a tear can occur, usually in the posterior part. (
Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

g. Perineum (kerampang)

Located between the vulva and anus, the length is approximately 4 cm. Limited by the
muscles of the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle. The muscles function to
maintain the work of the anal sphincter. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

D. Ovum Formation in Women

Picture.3 Oogenesis cycle

Stages of oogenesis in the ovary, oogenesis begins with the presence of mitosis and miosis.
Mitosis is the process of cell division which results in two identical gametes (daughter cells).
Meanwhile, meiosis is cell division which produces four gametes, each of which has a
chromosome number half of its parent cell. Oogenesis or tel stem cells will mature and
bermitosis into primary oocytes. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

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E. The Process of Menstruation in Women

The menstrual process undergoes 4 phases:

1. Menstrual phase

If the egg is not fertilized, then after a certain age certain corpus lenteum which is producing
the hormone estrogen and progesterone stop its activity, due to levels of these hormones in
the blood experience a sudden reduction. This event occurred 5 days early menstruation. A
sudden drop in estrogen and progesterone levels results in the release of the ovum and a
thickened endoterium rupture. Tearing and destruction of the endoterium causes the uterine
lining to thin. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

2. Provocation phase

The fall in progesterone allows the pituitary to secrete FSH stimulating volicles in the ovaries
to produce the hormone estrogen. This estrogen will inhibit the pituitary producing FSH but
stimulate the pituitary to produce LH. In addition to this estrogen also stimulates the
thickening of the uterine endometerium. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

3. Ovulation phase

The cessation of FSH production by the pituitary due to the influence of high estrogen
levels, allows the pituitary to produce the hormone LH. The LH hormone stimulates ovum
maturation and leaves the follicle. This event is called ovulsion. Follicles left behind by the
egg will shrink and turn into carpus luteum (yellow body). This body functions to produce
progesterone. This phase occurs around the 14th day of menstruation which ranges from 24-
35 days (28 days). ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

4. Post ovulation phase

This phase is between the ovulation phase and the next menstruation. So it lasts from
day 15 to 28. The hormones that play a role in this phase are the hormones progesterone and
estrogen produced by the corpus luteum. If there is no fertilization of the corpus luteum it
will turn into a corpus albikans (white body) that is capable of producing estrogen and
progesteronrenadah. As a result, levels of these two hormones in the area decrease. This
situation causes the pituitary to actively produce FSH and subsequently LH. This menstrual

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phase continues with the next phase, so that the menstrual cycle occurs. ( Prawirohardjo
Sarwono. 2012)

F. Pregnancy Cycle

In the hormonal phase that works are:

1. Estrogen and progesterone until the first trimester of pregnancy this hormone is
produced by the corpus luteum. Gradually the function of the corpus luteum is replaced by
the placenta. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

2. Prolactin, a hormone that stimulates the work of the mammary glands, so that when
needed it is ready to function. This hormone also functions to regulate maternal metabolism
can be reduced and circulated to the fetus. This hormone is produced by the placenta. (
Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

a. Embryo growth

If in the fallopian tube fertilization occurs and the zygote is produced, then the zygote
formed will move toward the uterus to attach to the uterine wall. In the uterus the zygote will
develop into an embryo and then become a fetus. In order to grow and develop the fetus
needs food. The food comes from the mother's body by intermediary placenta. (
Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

Embryos that develop in the uterus are wrapped by various membranes. The membrane
functions to:

a) Protects the embryo against drought and shock

b) Helps erectile breathing and other functions during life in the womb

This embryo-covering membrane consists of amnion, chorion, vitheline sac, and

allantois. The vitelinus sac (egg yolk bag), which lies between the amnion and placenta, is the
first site of appearance of blood cells and blood vessels. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

Amnion is a membrane that limits the amniotic space where there are embryos. The
amnion wall produces amniotic sap which is useful for keeping the embryo wet and shock
resistant. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

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Chorion is a membrane that is outside the amnion. The coroin and allantois will grow out in a
shape and will connect with the uterine wall. Inside there are blood vessels that are related to
the parent's blood circulation with placental relaxation. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

Alantois is in the umbilical cord. The epithelial tissue disappears and the blood
vessels settle which functions to connect the embryo and placental circulation. The placenta
and embryo are connected by the umbilical cord. Inside there are two arteries and a vein that
are associated with blood vessels in the placenta. Transport of food juices and oxygen takes
place from the parent blood vessels through the placenta to the umbilical cord next to the
embryonic blood vessels. Meanwhile, residual substances (waste) and CO2 take place from
the blood vessels of the embryo to the center and then to the placenta and finally re-flow to
the maternal blood vessels. ( Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

G. Birth Cycle

After growing in the womb for about 40 weeks, the baby in the womb is perfect and
ready to be born. The hormones that play a role in this birth process are:

1. Hormone relaxation, affects the stretching of muscles in the pubic sinfisis

2. The hormone estrogen, plays a role in overcoming the influence of the hormone
proesterester which inhibits uterine wall contractions

3. The hormone protaglaudin, plays a role in overcoming the influence of the hormone
progesterone. This hormone is produced by all cells

4. The hormone oxytocin, affects the contraction of the urethral wall.( Prawirohardjo
Sarwono. 2012)

H. Menopose Cycle

At menopause or climaterium in a woman's life occurs approximately age 45-50

years. But also earlier or later. Menstruation stops are usually accompanied by certain
symptoms such as vasomotor changes with a lot of sweat, hot face. Breast tissue often
shrinks, but if there is a tendency to become fat, the tissue can be replaced with fat. Changes
to the senil occur in the ovary, which is to be small and hormones are not made anymore. (
Prawirohardjo Sarwono. 2012)

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I. Diseases of the Reproductive System

1. Gonorhea

a. Cause: neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, transmitted through sexual contact

b. As a result: inflammation of the reproductive organs that causes infertility, eyes, joints and
the lining of the brain in infants.

c. Signs and symptoms: there is pus at the end of the urethra and feels hot (burning) when
urinating.

2. Syphilis

a. Cause: Treponema pallidum bacteria transmitted through sexual contact

b. As a result: damage to the reproductive organs, at an advanced stage, syphilis attacks the
liver, nervous system and brain

3. Genital Herpes

a. Cause: herpes simplex virus serotype 2 is transmitted through sexual contact

b. As a result: disorders of the reproductive organs, skin and cause uterine cancer

4. Leucorrhoea (fluor albus)

a. Cause: parasites such as the fungus Candida albicans, protozoa trichomonas vaginalis,
bacteria and viruses. Can dida albicans likes an environment that contains sugar and warm,
often found in pregnant women and people with diabetes mellitus.

b. As a result: disorders of the female reproductive organs

5. Aids (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

a. Cause: HIV virus (human immunodedeficiency virus)

b. As a result: loss of immunity against disease due to this virus attacks white blood cells

c. Spread: contact with body fluids with AIDS sufferers. People infected with the HIV virus
will suffer from AIDS after 6 months or more depending on endurance. ( Prawirohardjo
Sarwono. 2012)

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION

Anatomy of the female reproductive system is divided into 2 parts, namely: External
organs functioning copulation, consisting of: Vulva, mons pubis, labia mayora, labia minora,
clitoris, vertibulum, introitus / orificium prineum vagina. The internal organs function for
ovulation, vertilization of the ovum, blastocyst transplants, implantation, fetal growth, and
birth consisting of: the uterus, uterine cervix, uterine corpus, uterine ligament supporting the
uterus. The way the reproductive organs are very amazing. Testicular seed cells in the male
organs, as well as ovarian germ cells in women, appear early in the life of the fetus. Events,
how these reproductive cells move to the area that has been determined, namely the ovaries
and testes, is a secret great and beautiful.

B. SUGGESTIONS

In making this paper the authors realize there are still many shortcomings of
knowledge and lack of writing. This happens because the writing is still in the learning phase
so it is expected that criticism and suggestions from mothers to be able to guide and assist
further learning.

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 REFERENCES

Prawirohartono slamet, 1999 Biology Science-2b Jakarta Bumi Aksara.

Pearce Evelyn, 2008 Anatomy and Physiology for Jakarta Paramedics PT.Gramedia.

Prawirohardjo Sarwono, 2012 Midwifery Jakarta PT. Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo.

Prawirohardjo Sarwono, 2012 Jakarta Content Science PT. Bina Pustaka Sarwono
Prawirohardjo.

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