MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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WINTER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer

Subject Name: Thermal Engineering Subject Code: 22337

Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures drawn
by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q.N. Scheme
1. Attempt any Five of the following. 10
a) Define Gray Body.
Gray body :- A grey body is defined as a body with constant emissivity over all
wavelengths and temperatures. It absorbs a definite percentage of incident energy
irrespective of their wavelengths.

b) Represent Isochoric Process on P-V and T-S chart. 1 Marks

for each

c) State Function of :-
i) Economizer

ii) Fusible plug

(i) Economizer:- Function of economizers in steam power plants is to capture the 1 Marks
waste heat from boiler flue gases and transfer it to the boiler feed water. This raises

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the temperature of the boiler feed water, lowering the needed energy input, in turn
increase in boiler efficiency.
(ii) Fusible plug-The function of the fusible plug is to put-off the fire in the furnace of 1 Marks
the boiler when the water level falls below an unsafe level and thus avoids the
explosion which may take place due to overhearing of the tubes and the shell.

d) List Four Applications of nozzle ½ Marks

1) In flow measurement to measure discharge for each
2) Steam and gas turbine (any
3) Jet engines four )
4) Rocket motors
5) In flow measurement
6) In water sprinklers
7) In injectors for removing air from condensers.

e) What is the necessity of compounding of steam turbine? Any 2

● The compounding of steam turbine means the methods to reduce the speed points
of rotor shaft.
● To increase the thermal efficiency in power plants, high pressure and high
temp. steam is used. 01 mark
● If the entire pressure drop (from boiler pressure to condenser pressure)is each
carried out one stage only.
● Then the velocity of steam entering into the turbine will be extremely high.
● This will make the rotor to run at a very high speed, which is not useful from
practical point of view.
Hence it becomes necessary to reduce the rotor speed of turbine by gearing or no. of
stages.
f) State Dalton's law of partial pressure.
It states that’ “The pressure exerted by mixture of air and steam is equal to sum of 1 Mark
partial
pressures, which each constitute would exert, if it occupies the same volume”.
In condenser total pressure is the sum of partial pressure of steam and air.
Mathematically,
Pc= Pa + Ps 1 Mark
Where;
Pc = Pressure in condenser containing mixture of air and steam
Pa = Partial pressure of air
Ps = Partial pressure of steam

g) State Fourier’s law of heat conduction 1 Marks

The law state that for homogeneous material the rate of heat transfer in steady state
in any
direction is directly proportional to temperature gradient in that direction.
Q/A α dt/dx
Q/A = -k dt/dx 1 Marks
Where, Q/A is rate of heat transfer
dt/dx is temperature gradient

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k conductivity of medium

2. Attempt any Three of the following. 12

a) State Extensive property and Intensive property with two example of each .
(i) Extensive Property:
It is defined as the property which depends upon the mass of the system. 2 Marks
Or for Each
Extensive properties are those whose values are dependent of the mass possessed by Def.
the
system, such as volume, enthalpy, and entropy. 2 marks
Ex. Total volume, Area, Enthalpy, Entropy etc. for
(ii)Intensive Property: Example
It is defined as the property which is does not depend upon the mass of the system. of each
Or
Intensive properties are those whose values are independent of the mass possessed
by the
system.
Ex. Pressure, Temperature, Density, Specific volume, specific Enthalpy, etc.

b)

2 Marks
for Final
Temp.

2 Marks
for
Change
in
Internal
Energy

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c) State the Main Features of Indian Boiler Regulation (IBR) Any
Four
1. A boiler cannot be put to use unless it has been registered with the Chief Inspector Features
of Boilers.
1 Mark
2. The maximum working pressure of the boiler has to be determined by Boiler for each
Inspector who will issue certificate for this. Owner cannot exceed this pressure limit in
any case.
3. In case of accident, it should be reported by owner within 24 hours with full details.
4. The rules, regulations and bye-laws governing the upkeep and maintenance of
boilers, procedure of registration, inspection and certification of maximum pressure,
safety conditions etc. are subject to a revision by a Central Board under control of
Govt. of India.
5. The boiler house plan, chimney design (Max height 30.48 m from floor) should be
approved by boiler inspector.
6. Owner should apply for registration in prescribed format, inspector should fix date
of inspection within 30 days, conduct inspection/examination of boiler, Issue the
certificate of registration not exceeding 12 months period.
7. Following inspections are carried out by Boiler Inspector at various stages/ levels
/need- Inspection for registration, Hydraulic test, steam test, annual inspection,
Inspection under steam, Internal inspection, Accident inspection, Casual inspection
8. Violation of law is liable to prosecution and punishment with fine.
d) Explain the working of Cochran boiler with neat sketch

The Cochran boiler is vertical, multi-tube boiler generally used for small capacity
steam generation. Cochran boilers are made in different sizes of evaporative
capacities ranging starting from 150 to 3000 kg/hr. and working pressure up to 15
bar.
2 Marks
Working: for
working
● First, the coal is fed to grate via a fire hole for a burn.
● The ash formed in burning is collected in ash-pit below the grate and it
removes manually.
● The hot gases from the grate pass through the combustion chamber to
horizontal fire tubes and transfer the heat to water by convection.
● Exhaust gases out from fire tubes pass through smokebox and exhaust to
the atmosphere via a chimney.
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● There is a door in the smokebox for cleaning the fire tunes and smokebox.
The Cochran boiler has a working pressure of 6.5 bar and a steam capacity
of 3500 kg/hr.

2 Marks
for fig.

3. Attempt any Three of the following. 12

a) Define and state significance of Mach number. Define
• It is the ratio of velocity of fluid to the sonic velocity of compressible fluid 02
Marks
M=V/a
Where,
M= Mach number
V=Velocity of fluid
a=Sonic velocity
Significance of Mach number: 02
If Marks
• M<1 subsonic nozzle

• M>1 supersonic nozzle

• M=1 subsonic and supersonic nozzle

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b) Working of Impulse Turbine:

02
Marks

Fig.

02
Fig. Pressure velocity variation in Impulse turbine Marks
Working of Impulse Turbine:
● The impulse turbine consists of one set of Nozzle followed by one set of
moving blades as shown in above figure.

● In Impulse turbine power is developed by impulsive force of high velocity

steam jet on moving blade

● Steam from boiler enters in nozzle ring of impulse turbine where, high
velocity jet is obtained by expansion of steam in nozzle ring.

● Moving blades changes direction of steam jet thus the momentum of jet
which rotates the shaft.

● High velocity steam jet then passed through moving blade ring with no
pressure drop but gradual reduction in velocity.

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c)

02
Marks

02
Marks

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d)

02
Marks

02
Marks

4. Attempt any Three of the following. 12

a) Differentiate between natural draught and forced draught cooling tower.

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Natural Draught cooling tower Forced draught cooling Any four

point 01
tower mark
1. Circulation of air is provided by pressure 1.for circulation of air forced
each
difference of air inside cooling tower draught fan provided.
2.cooling capacity is less 2.cooling capacity is more

3.Operating cost is less 3. Operating cost is more

4. Maintenance Cost is less 4.Maintenance cost is more

5.Space Requirement is more 5.Space requirement is less

6. It is generally hyperbolic in shape 6.It is rectangular in shape.

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b)

02
Marks

02
Marks

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c)

01 Mark

01 Mark

02
Marks

d) i)Fourier’s law: 01 Mark

“ Heat Transfer Rate per unit area is proportional to normal temperature
gradient.”

ii)Thermal Conductivity:
Thermal conductivity of material is define as, “the amount of energy conduct through 01 Mark
a body of unit area and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature
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between the face causing heat flow is unit temperature difference.” K=Thermal
conductivity.

iii) Newton’s Law of cooling: 01 Mark

“The rate of cooling of a body is directly proportional to the difference in

temperature of the body (T) and surrounding (To), provided difference in
temperature should not be exceed by 30 0c.”
iv) Radiation :
01 Mark
“It is process of heat transfer between two bodies without any carrying
medium through different kind of electro-magnetic wave.”

e) Draw Neat sketch of surface condenser and label it. 03

marks
for
sketch
and

01 mark
for
labelling

5. Attempt any Two of the following. 12

a) Regenerative feed heating 02
The process of draining steam from turbine at certain points during its expansion and using this Marks
steam for heating feed water supplied to boiler is known as regenerative feed heating. For Fig.
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02
Marks
Fig.

Fig. Regenerative feed heating

Advantages: 02
1. It increases the thermal efficiency of plant. Marks
2. The temperature stresses in the boiler are reduced due to decreased range of working Advanta
temperature.
ges

b) Given data:

02
Marks

LA= 2 mm = 0.002 m
LB= 5 cm =0.05 m
LC=2 mm =0.002 m
KA = KC = 50 W/m0k
KB = 0.1 W/m0k
T1= 40 0C = 40 + 273 = 313 0k
T4= -10 0C = -10 +273 = 263 0k
( )
= 01 Mark
for
formula

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= . . .
03
. Marks
= For cal.
.

= 99.984 𝑊
𝑚

c) Temperature and Entropy diagram: 04 Mark

for dia.

A T-S diagram is the type of diagram most frequently used to analyze energy transfer
system cycles. This is because the work done by or on the system and the heat added to
or removed from the system can be visualized on the T-S diagram. By the definition of 02 Mark
entropy, the heat transferred to or from a system equals the area under the T-S curve of
the process. Figure is the T-S diagram for pure water. A T-S diagram can be constructed
for any pure substance. In the liquid-vapor region in figure, water and steam exits
together.
6. Attempt any Two of the following. 12
a) (i) Heat Engine:
Heat Source
1.5
QA
Marks
E W= QA-QR

QR

Heat Sink

Fig. Heat Engine

In heat engine, heat is extract from the high thermal reservoir or heat source same part
of heat is converted into work and remaining heat rejected to thermal reservoir or heat
sink. 1.5
The performance of heat engine is measured in terms of efficiency. Marks
So,
𝑛 =𝑄 −
𝑛 = 1−

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The efficiency of heat engine is always less than 1. It means that heat engine is not
100% efficient.

(ii) Prove that, (C.O.P.) Heat pump = 1 + (C.O.P.) refrigeration. 03

(C.O.P.) Heat pump = Marks

(C.O.P.) Refrigeration =
(C.O.P.) Heat pump + 1 = +1
=
=
=
(C.O.P.) Heat pump + 1 = (C.O.P.)Refrigeration
b) (i) The main sources of air leakage in condenser are given below: 03
1) There is leakage of air from atmosphere at the joint of the parts which are Marks

internally under a pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

2) Air is also accompanied with steam from the boiler into which it enters dissolved
in feed water.
3) In jet condensers, a little quantity of air accompanies the injection water.
(ii) Absolute pressure in condenser = 𝑃 −𝑃 03
= 759 − 700 Marks
= 59 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 = 760 − 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟
= 760 − 59
= 701 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔
= 𝑋 1.01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟
= 0.92345 bar

c) Type of Heat Exchanger for following applications: 03

i. Dairy Plant (Milk Chilling Plant): Plate Type Heat Exchanger Marks
Because,
1. It is made up of aluminum alloy which provides higher rate of heat transfer.
2. Due to larger surface area, it has more heat transfer as compare to other heat
exchanger
which is useful for dairy plant.
3. It is lighter in weight.
ii. Condenser of Refrigeration System (Household system): Counter Flow tube type
heat Exchanger
Because,
1. High performance due to large surface area. 03
2. Compact and light in weight.
3. In tubes generally turbulent flow is develop which reduces scale deposition. Marks
4. Less installation and maintenance cost.
-----THE END------

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