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    Water Hardness Removal Methods

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    Kiran Shrestha
    This document discusses four methods for removing permanent water hardness: 1) ion exchange using a resin bed to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or potassium ions, 2) reverse osmosis using a semipermeable membrane to block dissolved minerals, 3) lime-soda ash softening using a chemical reaction to form precipitates from calcium, magnesium, lime, and soda ash, and 4) distillation which boils water and collects condensed vapor to separate minerals.

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    Water Hardness Removal Methods

    Uploaded by

    Kiran Shrestha
    21 views1 page
    This document discusses four methods for removing permanent water hardness: 1) ion exchange using a resin bed to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or potassium ions, 2) reverse osmosis using a semipermeable membrane to block dissolved minerals, 3) lime-soda ash softening using a chemical reaction to form precipitates from calcium, magnesium, lime, and soda ash, and 4) distillation which boils water and collects condensed vapor to separate minerals.

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    This document discusses four methods for removing permanent water hardness: 1) ion exchange using a resin bed to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or potassium ions, 2) reverse osmosis using a semipermeable membrane to block dissolved minerals, 3) lime-soda ash softening using a chemical reaction to form precipitates from calcium, magnesium, lime, and soda ash, and 4) distillation which boils water and collects condensed vapor to separate minerals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views1 page

    Water Hardness Removal Methods

    Uploaded by

    Kiran Shrestha
    This document discusses four methods for removing permanent water hardness: 1) ion exchange using a resin bed to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or potassium ions, 2) reverse osmosis using a semipermeable membrane to block dissolved minerals, 3) lime-soda ash softening using a chemical reaction to form precipitates from calcium, magnesium, lime, and soda ash, and 4) distillation which boils water and collects condensed vapor to separate minerals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 1

    6/10/23, 8:01 PM Water Hardness Removal Methods

    1. Ion Exchange: Ion exchange is one of the most effective methods for removing permanent
    hardness. It involves the use of a water softener unit that contains a resin bed with
    exchangeable sodium or potassium ions. The hard water passes through the resin bed, and the
    calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged with sodium or potassium ions, effectively
    softening the water. Periodically, the resin bed needs to be regenerated using a brine solution
    to restore its capacity.
    2. Reverse Osmosis (RO): Reverse osmosis is a filtration process that can effectively remove
    permanent hardness along with other impurities. It works by forcing water through a
    semipermeable membrane that blocks the passage of dissolved minerals, including calcium and
    magnesium ions. RO systems are commonly used for drinking water treatment and can provide
    both softened and purified water.
    3. Lime-Soda Ash Softening: Lime (calcium hydroxide) and soda ash (sodium carbonate) can be
    added to water to remove permanent hardness through a chemical reaction. This process is
    typically used in large-scale or municipal water treatment plants. The lime and soda ash react
    with the calcium and magnesium ions, forming insoluble precipitates that can be removed
    through settling or filtration.
    4. Distillation: Distillation is a water treatment method that involves boiling water and collecting
    the condensed vapor. The process separates the water from its dissolved minerals, including the
    calcium and magnesium ions responsible for permanent hardness. However, distillation is not
    commonly used for household water treatment due to its energy-intensive nature

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