PWPSI Self Study V1 2021 TB

The Principles of Working in the
Private Security Industry

Self-Study Course Book
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Introduction
The Principles of Working in the Private Security Industry self-study coursebook and workbook
has been written to support the delivery of 5 self-study learning outcomes from ‘Unit 1:
Principles of Working in the Private Security Industry’. Your training provider will discuss
with you the delivery method required to complete the 6 remaining learning outcomes
to complete the knowledge for unit 1.
You must complete a minimum of 8 hours to read the content and demonstrate your
understanding of each learning outcome in the workbook provided. The workbook must
be returned to your training provider before you attend any further face-to-face training.
The learning outcomes are listed below with a recommendation of how many hours you
are to allocate to each piece of learning.
Learning Recommended
Content
outcome hours of self-study
Know the main characteristics and purposes
1 2
of the private security industry
Understand legislation as it applies
2 2
to a security operative
Understand the importance of safe working
4 2
practices
5 Understand fire procedures in the workplace 1
Understand good practice for post-incident
11 1
management
Important note: this course book is only to be used by delegates who have purchased or
have been given an individual copy (to keep) of the Highfield book as part of their course.
2 PWPSI Self-Study : V1 April 2021

Important note: this document is only to be used by delegates who have purchased or have been given an individual copy (to keep) of the Highfield book as part of their course.
Contents
Intoduction Learning outcome 5: Fire procedures
Contents in the workplace
Fire safety measures
Principles of working Elements needed for a fire to exist
in the private security industry Classifications of fire
Fire-fighting equipment
Learning outcome 1: The main characteristics Actions on discovering a fire
and purposes of the private security industry Fire wardens/marshals
The key purposes of the private security industry
The aims and functions of the Security Learning outcome 11: Good practice for post
Industry (SIA) incident management
Licensable roles under the Private Security Act Accessing help and support
Approved Contractor Scheme Post-incident support
Standards of behaviour Reflecting on and learning from conflict
Community safety initiatives Improving practice
How assignment instructions support the
security operative role Appendix 1: Definitions – Working within
Benefits of using CCTV the private security industry
Limitations of CCTV
Notes
Learning outcome 2: Awareness of the law
in the private security industry Throughout this publication there are references
Civil and criminal law to country specific content. These references are
Trespassers highlighted by the use of the following icons:
The Private Security Industry Act
Equality and diversity in the workplace
Scotland
The Data Protection Act 2018
Northern Ireland
Learning outcome 4: The importance
of safe working practices
Health and safety in the workplace
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Duty of care
Health and safety responsibilities
Workplace hazards and risks
Minimising risks to personal safety and security
Lone working
Safety signs and signals
Reporting health and safety accidents
and incidents
Keeping personal information safe

Principles of working in the private security industry
Learning outcome 1: The main characteristics and purposes of the private security industry
The key purposes of the private security A ‘security operative’ is the general term
industry used throughout this book to describe any
Security is a state or feeling of being safe person paid or used to provide any kind
and secure. The UK’s private security of manned security to a client or premises.
industry provides manned and technical This term includes door supervisors,
protection in an effort to prevent and uniformed security officers (including key
detect crimes and other unauthorised holders), store detectives, CCTV operators,
The SIA has 3 main activities and raise standards within the cash and valuables in transit operatives
aims: industry. and close protection operatives.
1. The compulsory As well as protecting premises, people and The professionalism within the private
licensing of their property, security operatives also help security industry, alongside the licencing
individuals to prevent and detect crime, prevent or regime of the security industry authority,
undertaking reduce loss, waste and damage, as well as are both aimed at raising standards within
designated activities monitoring and responding to safety risks. the sector.
within the private
Security can be provided to clients in 3
security industry
main ways: The aims and functions of the Security
2. To recognise quality
service by managing
• manned security – where one or more Industry Authority (SIA)
security operatives work on a site, The organisation responsible for regulating
the voluntary
providing both a deterrent against the private security industry is the Security
Approved Contractor
crime and an immediate response Industry Authority (SIA). The SIA is a
Scheme (ACS)
to incidents as they occur non-departmental public body reporting
3. Introduction of
business licensing
• physical security – physical deterrents to the Home Secretary, under the terms
of the Private Security Industry Act 2001.
such as locks, alarms, barriers and grilles
for all regulated Its mission is to protect the public by
to help reduce crime
security regulating the industry effectively through
companies • systems – electronic and other technical individual and company licensing, to
systems used to monitor premises for remove and reduce criminality, to raise
crime and other dangers, such as standards, to recognise quality of service
intruder alarms, fire detection systems and to monitor the industry generally.
and closed-circuit television (CCTV)
systems
The SIA’s main functions are to:

• protect the public and regulate the
security industry through licensing
• raise standards (through the
Approved Contractor Scheme)
• introduce business licensing for
all regulated security businesses
• monitor the activities and
effectiveness of those working
in the industry
• set and approve standards of
conduct, training and supervision
within the industry
• keep under review the private
security industry and the operation
of the legislative framework
• increase customer confidence

Licensable roles under the Private

Security Act
Door supervisors – those who carry out
security duties in or at licensed premises (for Vehicle immobilisers are only licensed
example pubs and nightclubs), preventing by the SIA in Northern Ireland. These
crime and disorder and keeping staff and are security operatives who either
customers safe. remove or relocate vehicles, restrict the
Security officers (guarding) – those who movement of vehicles using a device
guard premises against unauthorised access or release vehicles after demanding
or occupation, outbreaks of disorder, theft or collecting a charge.
or damage. They may also guard one or
more individuals against assault or injuries
that occur as the result of the unlawful Other as yet non-regulated sectors of the
conduct of others. This protection is given private security industry include private
by providing a physical presence or by investigation, event security, electronic
carrying out a form of patrol or surveillance security and fire systems.
to deter crime.
Security officers (key holding) – key
holding is where a security officer keeps
custody of, or controls access to, any key
or similar device for operating (whether
mechanically, electronically or otherwise)
any lock.
Cash and valuables in transit operatives
– those who guard property against
destruction or theft while using secure
transportation of the property in specially
manufactured vehicles.
CCTV operators – those who carry out
guarding activities using closed circuit
television equipment to either monitor
the activities of members of the public in
a public or private place or to identify a
particular person. This includes the use of
CCTV to record images to be viewed on
non-CCTV equipment.
Close protection operatives – those who
guard one or more individuals against
assaults or injuries that might be suffered as
a consequence of the unlawful conduct of
others.

Individual licensing
SIA licensing currently covers door But what qualities should security
supervision, security guarding, key holding, operatives possess?
CCTV operations, cash and valuables in
transit operations and close protection.
Security operatives should be:
Licensing ensures that security operatives
are ‘fit and proper’ persons who are properly • professional
trained and qualified to do their jobs. The • polite
SIA also sets and approves standards of
Furthermore, security
operatives must conduct, training and supervision within • sensitive
always conduct the industry. • honest
themselves in strict Anyone wishing to work as a security • reliable
accordance with
the SIA’s standards
operative must have an SIA licence before
they start work. To work without a licence
• responsible
of Behaviour for is a criminal offence, carrying fines of up to • courteous
their particular role £5,000 or up to a 6-month prison sentence. • fair
within the industry,
as well as their own
It is also a criminal offence for an employer • dedicated
organisation’s values
to use an unlicensed security operative.
To get a licence, you need to apply to the
• alert
and standards. For
further information
SIA itself. Your identity will be verified, you • observant
about the SIA, please
will be required to undergo the specified • helpful
visit: www.sia.
training, your criminal record will be
checked and you will be required to pay a
• approachable
homeoffice.gov.uk
licence fee. Your licence will last for 3 years, • smart in appearance
after which time you will need to renew it. • tactful
• self-disciplined
Approved Contractor Scheme • cooperative
The SIA’s Approved Contractor Scheme • patient
(ACS) introduced a set of operational and
performance standards for private security
• loyal
companies. • positive
Companies that can prove that they can • good communicators
meet these standards can be awarded • effective problem solvers
Approved Contractor status, which
provides their customers and clients with • team players
independent proof of the company’s • handle sensitive situations
commitment to quality. Above all security operatives should
have integrity and be prepared to take
responsibility for their actions.
Standards of behaviour
It is very important that all security
operatives conduct themselves
professionally at all times. Clients and
members of the public expect security
staff to act in a certain way.

Community safety initiatives Crime reduction initiatives try to do this by:

Working with the various private and • improving the physical security
community crime reduction initiatives in of vulnerable areas
the area can go a long way towards helping
security operatives keep their premises and
• improving the environment itself
clients safe. • removing the means and opportunities
to commit crime
This is done by helping to reduce the
opportunities for crimes to take place. • using extra lighting to improve visibility
For example, local authorities now use in an area
Safer Community Partnerships to help • using warning signs
reduce crime and the fear of crime in their
areas. They work together with the police,
• controlling access to certain areas
at specific times
the other emergency services and other
relevant public and private organisations • using CCTV
to try to reduce crime, public disorder, • using radio communications between
reoffending, anti-social behaviour, various organisations and companies
substance misuse and vandalism.
• making use of local and national
Working with national and local crime Pubwatch and Shopwatch initiatives
reduction initiatives like these can help
security operatives to raise levels of security
• using the yellow and red warning cards
in conjunction with the local Pubwatch
for themselves, the public and for their own
policy
clients and customers, as well as helping
to reduce crime, disorder and anti-social
behaviour in the area generally. Sharing How assignment instructions support
information with these other initiatives and the security operative role
groups can also help to improve a security
The documents used to describe what the
operative’s knowledge of what is happening
client requires of the security company are
in the area in which they are working.
known as assignment instructions (A.I.s).
They are primarily used for security sites
and retail but are not commonly used in
licenced premises.
Assignment instructions will state when
certain duties, such as a patrol, must be
carried out.
They also state the emergency procedures,
emergency contact numbers and the
numbers of other key individuals that you
may need to contact, e.g. maintenance
contractors.
Assignment instructions are confidential
and should never be discussed with
individuals outside of the security team
and your management.

Benefits of using CCTV All businesses must register their systems

CCTV has become one of the most essential with the Information Commissioner’s Office
pieces of technology used to monitor sites/ (ICO). The ICO regulate the use of CCTV
premises. systems and storage of all personal data via
the Data Protection Act 2018.
Ideally, CCTV cameras should be
monitored at all times while the business is At each entry point to the premises, there
functioning. The CCTV operator can then must be signage stating that CCTV is in
direct security operatives to points of high operation, as well as stating the name and
risk while monitoring their safety. This number of the responsible person. Only
is a cost-effective method of deploying approved and trained persons can view live
security resources while keeping staffing footage.
to a minimum level. Storage of the footage must be secure and
Many customers and staff find CCTV the images must only be retained for the
reassuring as the presence of CCTV is time period stated on the approval. This is
known to be a deterrent to some criminals. usually 28 days, but approved time periods
If used correctly, the footage can be used as may vary.
evidence in court. CCTV must not be used where people are
CCTV can also be used to assist in likely to be in a state of undress, e.g. the
investigations, for example for accidents or toilet cubicle.
thefts. This can prevent malicious claims
against companies, for example if someone Limitations of using CCTV
attempts to push a trolley up an unsuitable
escalator despite having clearly seen the The use of CCTV can frighten some people,
signage prohibiting this action. CCTV as they may feel that their privacy is being
cannot, however, be used to spy on people. violated. Some people will even avoid
certain areas because they do not want
their image to be captured.
The cost of CCTV equipment has decreased
significantly over the last 10 years, however
the initial outlay for good and sufficient
equipment can still be cost prohibitive for
some businesses.
Poorly positioned cameras are more likely to
be damaged prior to the occurrence of an
illegal act. A camera cannot prevent crime,
and a damaged/vandalised camera cannot
do anything.
The capability of the CCTV operator, and
their familiarity with blind spots or poor
lighting, is key when looking to gain
footage that is acceptable for use in court
and for maintaining the continuity of
evidence.
Although a CCTV system needs a human
being in order to be fully effective,
sometimes that person may use the
cameras for the unauthorised monitoring
of friends or even just someone they like to
look at. This is misuse of the equipment and
is illegal in many cases.

Learning outcome 2: Awareness of the law in the private security industry
Civil and criminal law

The role of a security operative in the fight
against crime is increasing. Because of
this, and so that you can be effective in the
workplace, it is important for you to gain a
basic working knowledge of the law.
Laws are there to ensure that citizens abide
by certain rules that are made to keep
Criminal offences everyone safe. Laws tell us what people are
include: and are not allowed to do and allow people
• murder to be punished if those laws are breached.
• kidnap (abduction There are 2 main types of law in the UK,
in Scots law) civil law and criminal law.
• rape
• sexual assault CIVIL CRIMINAL
• assault LAW LAW
• drugs offences
• possession of Civil laws help govern our daily Criminal laws, on the other hand,
weapons lives. They usually deal with disputes are there to prevent people from
• theft between people, companies or other committing more serious offences,
organisations. They are there to right usually against people or property,
• burglary wrongs, and proceedings are usually and to punish people when those laws
(housebreaking
started by the person or people who are breached.
in Scotland)
believe they have been wronged in Criminal laws come from either very
• fraud some way. old judicial decisions made in courts
• robbery They deal with things like money (common law) or can be found in Acts
• criminal damage owed, family and matrimonial
disputes, property disputes, breach
of Parliament (statute law).
• arson (wilful of contract, employment law,

Cases are normally brought by the
state, often following an arrest, and
fire-raising in personal injury cases, custody of
Scotland) prosecution is sought through the
children, adoption, libel and slander criminal courts. Guilty verdicts can
• firearms offences (known as defamation in Scotland). result in fines, probation orders and
• child abuse Cases are often remedied by way
of compensation orders for loss or
terms of imprisonment.
• domestic abuse damage.
• driving under the Civil cases are usually dealt with in
influence the county courts, with more serious
Security operatives cases being heard in the High Court.
and other members In Scotland, civil cases are heard by the
of the public have Sheriff Court with more serious cases
powers of arrest being heard at the Court of Session.
for some of these The standard of proof in the civil court
offences as they are is ‘on the balance of probabilities’.
so serious.
The standard of proof
in the criminal courts
is ‘beyond reasonable
doubt’.

Trespassers If they still refuse to go, you should offer

them one more chance to leave peacefully
A trespass is committed by
a person who is improperly
by saying something like, ‘Is there anything R.E.A.C.T.
else I can say to make you leave on
on someone else’s property
explains the
your own?’. This gives them one more
without consent. opportunity to change their mind and best way to
is also a good defensible statement that remove a
One of your duties as a security operative is other people will hear that shows that you
to ensure that only suitable and authorised
trespasser:
did everything possible to encourage the
people are allowed into the premise. During person to leave peaceably, before having
the course of your duties, you may well have to resort to the use of force to remove request them
to ask people to leave the premises and as a the person from the premises. If you are to leave
last resort you may have to physically eject working with another security operative,
them if they refuse to leave when asked. it will also warn them that you are about to explain the
This section explains the powers you have take action and will allow them to prepare reasons for
to deal with these types of situations. themselves to assist with the ejection. the request
If someone you have ejected from a site
Trespass is not normally a criminal offence. appeal for
becomes violent or attempts to force their
It is, however, an act of interference against them to leave,
way back in, then you should call the police
the lawful occupier of any specific premises explaining
to assist.
and can be actionable through the civil what will
courts. happen if
It is also within the law that police officers
they do not
can be called upon to assist with ejecting
A ‘lawful occupier’ is someone who owns, people who are refusing to leave, having confirm
occupies or has control over the property. been asked to by a lawful occupier, their that they
In the case of private buildings like factories, employee or agent. They may use such still refuse
shops, pubs or clubs, it means the owner, force as may be required to effect their to leave
manager or person in charge of the purpose. peacefully
property and includes any members of
staff acting on their behalf, as well as any If you need to eject someone from the take action
authorised customers or visitors. This would premises you are protecting, then it should (eject)
include security operatives, whose job it is be reported to the person in charge
to protect the premise. of your duty immediately.
To safeguard yourself against
Security operatives may ask people any subsequent malicious
to leave a premise if they: As a last resort, you may have to
allegations, it should also
physically eject the trespasser from
• have no right or reason to be there be recorded as an incident.
the site. The law allows you to do
• break criminal laws It is obviously always better
this, provided that:
• break licensing laws to try to use tact and persuasion
• breach specific premise rules to get an unwanted customer no more force is used
to leave the premises, only
or conditions
using force as a last resort.
than is necessary to
• start to display unacceptable behaviour Even then, you must use no remove the trespasser
When asking a member of the public to more force than is necessary from the premises.
leave the premises, you should first ask to remove the person.
them to leave and explain why, telling
them why they are not allowed to be there,
what law they have broken, what rule they
have breached or how their behaviour has
become unacceptable.
If they refuse to leave, you should repeat

the request, informing them that if they
refuse to leave they will either be physically
removed or the police will be called.

The Trespass (Scotland) Act 1865 makes it an offence under Scots Trespass in Licensed Premises
law to trespass. The legislation was amended under the Land Reform in Scotland
(Scotland) Act 2003 which established universal access rights to Under Section 116 of the Licensing
most (but not all) land. These reforms do not apply (hence why (Scotland) Act 2005 it is an offence for
trespass remains an offence) to: any person to refuse to leave licensed
houses and gardens and non-residential buildings and associated premises as follows:
land, land in which crops are growing, land next to a school and
used by the school, sports or playing fields when these are in use • a person on any relevant premises
and where the exercise rights would interfere with such use, land who behaves in a disorderly manner,
developed and in use for recreation and where the exercise of access and refuses or fails to leave the
rights would interfere with such use, golf courses (you can cross a premises on being asked to do so by
golf course provided that you do not interfere with any games of a responsible person or a constable,
golf ), places like airfields, railways, telecommunication sites, military commits an offence
bases and installations, working quarries, construction sites and • a person on any relevant premises
visitor attractions or other places that charge for entry are exempt who, after the end of any period of
and as such unauthorised access would be trespass. licensed hours, refuses or fails to
leave the premises on being asked
to do so by a responsible person or
a constable commits an offence
Where a person refuses or fails to leave
any relevant premises, then the door
supervisor may remove the person
from the premises and if necessary for
that purpose, use reasonable force.
A constable must, if asked by an

authorised person to assist in
exercising a power conferred by
subsection 3 (above) and
if the constable reasonably suspects
the person to be removed of having
refused or failed to leave as requested,
provide the assistance asked for.
A person guilty of an offence under this

section is liable on summary conviction
to a fine not exceeding £1,000.
In relation to trespass, the new

criminal trespass law enacted under
s128 of SOCPA, has made it illegal
to trespass on certain designated
military and nuclear sites in Northern
Ireland. There is a common law
offence of trespass against property
and a criminal law offence of trespass/
harassment against the person,
including assault.

The Private Security Industry Act Equality and diversity in the workplace
The Private Security Industry Act 2001 As a security operative, in order to improve
was brought in specifically to regulate your image and level of professionalism, it
the UK’s private security industry and to is important that you are aware of and act
help raise the standards of the individuals correctly in relation to issues concerning
and companies working within it. One of diversity and equality. Security operatives
its main aims was to increase the public’s provide a service and must provide the
confidence in the sector and to increase same quality of service to everyone. You
public safety. must not discriminate against certain types
The government formed a new corporate of people when carrying out your duties.
body called the Security Industry Authority Discrimination is treating a person less
(SIA) to do this. favourably than another person.
The SIA now licenses security operatives, Prejudice is having a hostile (or sometimes
supervisors, managers, directors and positive) attitude towards someone who
company owners in the areas of door belongs to a certain group, simply because
supervision, manned guarding, key they belong to that group and are therefore
holding, cash and valuables in transit, assumed to have all of the characteristics
CCTV operations and close protection (and ascribed to that group.
vehicle immobilisation in Northern Ireland). Stereotyping is lumping certain groups of
This is to ensure that people employed people together, assuming that they are all
within the industry are ‘fit and proper’ for the same simply because they belong to
their job roles. that group.
The SIA also provides a public register of Prejudices and stereotyping can be harmful
licensed individuals and maintains a list of when they are used to openly discriminate
its approved companies via the Approved against people. As a security operative,
Contractor Scheme (ACS). you are reliant on the public for support
and confidence, so it is important that
The Private Security Industry Act also your conduct is seen to be impartial and
gives the SIA various powers of entry and reasonable at all times.
inspection to ensure compliance, and lists
specific offences and subsequent sentences
for those caught breaching the act.

The Equality Act 2010 These are known as the protected

(Not applicable in Northern Ireland) characteristics. It is illegal for employers,
Previously, discrimination, equality and for example, to discriminate against any
diversity were enforced by numerous of these groups of people in the areas of
separate pieces of legislation. Those laws recruitment, access to training, pay and
were often confusing and some were benefits, promotion opportunities, terms
outdated and ineffective. and conditions, redundancy and dismissal.
The Equality Act received Royal Assent Furthermore, employers now have to make
on 8 April 2010 and its core provisions reasonable adjustments to cater for the
came into force on 1 October 2010. The employment of disabled people.
purpose of the Act is to provide a new
legislative framework to protect the rights
Types of discrimination
of individuals and to advance equality and
opportunity for all. The new Act simplifies Direct discrimination occurs when
9 pieces of legislation, bringing into someone is treated less favourably than
existence a singular statute dealing with another person because of a protected
discrimination. Some of the old laws remain characteristic they have or are thought
the same, while others have been changed to have, or because they associate
or expanded. Some new elements have with someone who has a protected
appeared for the first time. characteristic.
The Equality Act prohibits discrimination Indirect discrimination occurs when a
on the grounds of: policy or practice that applies to everyone
particularly disadvantages people who
share a protected characteristic.
• age People’s rights under this legislation can
• disability be enforced through the county courts,
• gender reassignment resulting in fines and/or compensation
being awarded.
• marriage and civil partnership Discrimination can be hurtful, insulting
• pregnancy and maternity and demeaning to the recipient, and is
• race not acceptable from security professionals.
• religion It is also made clear under the Human
• sex Rights Act that all people have the right
to be free from discrimination.
• sexual orientation
In Northern Ireland, discrimination is illegal under the following laws:
• The Race Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1997

• The Sex Discrimination (Northern Ireland) Order 1976
• The Disability Discrimination (Northern Ireland) Order 2006
As a security operative, you cannot refuse entry or evict anyone on the grounds
of sex, race, colour, disability or physical appearance. Should you refuse entry to
or evict an individual for any of these reasons alone then you will be committing an
offence. The individual who has been discriminated against has the right to make a
formal complaint to the premises management requesting an apology, a commitment
that such discrimination does not reoccur or even compensation. If the issue is
not dealt with to their satisfaction, they may even take legal action against you
and your employer.
13 PWPSI Self-Study
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: V1 April April 2021
The Data Protection Act 2018 The data protection principles

The Data Protection Act 2018 enabled Under the GDPR, the data protection
the General Data Protection Regulation principles set out the main responsibilities
(GDPR). The legislations cover any for organisations. In short, Article 5 (1) of
information related to a person or ‘data the regulation requires that personal data
subject’ that can be used to directly or should be:
indirectly identify them. It can be anything (a) Processed lawfully, fairly and
from a name, a photo and an email in a transparent manner
address to bank details, social media posts,
biometric data and medical information. (b) Collected for specified, explicit and
It will also introduce ‘digital rights’ for legitimate purposes and not further
individuals. processed in a manner that is
incompatible with those purposes
The GDPR manages how personal and
sensitive information can be used, stored (c) Adequate, relevant and limited to what
and passed on. These laws give you rights is necessary in relation to the purposes
as an employee and also require you to treat for which they are processed
individuals’ information responsibly. (d) Accurate and, where necessary,
The regulation ensures that organisations kept up to date
maintain the protection of data. It (e) Kept in a form which permits
makes sure that personal data held by identification of data subjects for
organisations is kept confidential, processed no longer than is necessary for the
lawfully, used only for the purpose it was purposes for which the personal
intended, not kept longer than necessary data are processed
and is accurate. The regulation gives (f) Processed in a manner that ensures
individuals the right to see the data and appropriate security of the personal
information held about them. It also data
promotes greater accountability and
governance by organisations, as evidenced
by the ‘accountability principle’, which Data protection rules often
requires organisations to demonstrate
apply to the use of written
that they comply with the data protection
principles. records and notebooks, as
well as the use of body-worn
cameras.
You can find more information about the

General Data Protection Regulation 2018
here:
https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/
guide-to-the-general-data-protection-
regulation-gdpr/?q=digital

Learning outcome 4: The importance of safe working practices
Health and safety in the workplace Health and safety responsibilities

Every year, thousands of people in the UK Employers must carry out a proper
are forced to take time off work due to risk assessment of any possible risks to
health and safety-related issues. For some, employees and other people visiting
this may only mean a few days off work, but the site. Then they must do what they
for others it could mean long-term injuries reasonably can to either remove or reduce
or even death. those risks. They can do this by providing
The vast majority of incidents can be proper safety equipment, relevant warning
avoided through better health and safety signs, putting safe working practices in
procedures. Health and safety procedures place, providing any relevant training or
in our places of work need to be effective instruction and by supplying staff with
to keep staff, visitors and customers safe. any suitable personal protective clothing
Furthermore, there is specific legislation or equipment (PPE). They must provide
in place to ensure that proper health and safe access and egress as well as providing
safety procedures are enforced anywhere proper first-aid facilities, and ensuring that
where people work or come to be served. there are proper reporting procedures in
place in case of incidents.
Depending on the size of the site and the
The Health and Safety at Work etc. number of people working there, they may
Act 1974 have to also provide a written health and
(Health and Safety at Work (Northern safety policy.
Ireland) Order 1978) covers employers,
employees, the self-employed, suppliers,
people who control premises and visitors/ Employees and the self-employed
customers who come onto the site. Those Employees and the self-employed working
failing to comply with health and safety on the site, be they full-time or part-time,
legislation face a range of penalties, and have a duty to take care of their own health
businesses can be closed for serious and safety, and must make sure that they
breaches. do not do anything that puts someone
else’s health and safety at risk.
Breaches of the legislation can be dealt with
by either the Health and Safety Executive Employees must follow the site’s health
(HSE) or by the local environmental health and safety policy at all times if there is
practitioner (EHP) from the local authority. one in place, they should obey all safety
Breaches can result in: instructions and should use safety and
personal protective equipment properly.
• improvement notices If serious incidents occur, they must follow
• prohibition notices the site’s emergency procedures to help
• criminal proceedings protect themselves, other staff and any
visitors/customers. They must then follow
the site’s reporting procedures to inform the
Duty of care employer of any accidents and/or injuries.
Employers have a moral and legal duty
of care to protect the health, safety and
well-being of their employees and others,
including customers and members of the
public who might be affected by their
business. Employers must do whatever
is reasonably practicable to achieve this.
Serious breaches of health and safety
legislation can result in penalties of up to 2
years’ imprisonment and/or unlimited fines.

Workplace hazards and risks In relation to global (or critical) incidents

such as pandemics, epidemics, acts of
Good health and safety practices in the
workplace are all about reducing hazards terrorism, etc. you must ensure that you There are
and risks. follow all relevant health and safety policies
and organisational procedures. In the
case of a pandemic, you may find that you
are required to work from home where
Definition
Hazard
possible, if this is not possible then you may
be asked to wear additional PPE such as
steps to
Potential source of harm or adverse face masks when in the workplace. You can carrying
health effect on a person or persons. find further information on the .gov website
Typical hazards in the workplace
and the World Health Organization website out a risk
https://www.who.int/ about current global
include: incidents. assessment
• factors that cause slips, trips
(e.g. unsuitable footwear), flooring,
steps, uneven surfaces, spillages Minimising risks to personal safety Step
for example cleaning fluids and security
and contamination, poor lighting Once a hazard or risk has been identified, Identify the
you need to follow the hierarchy of control
to work out the best ways to deal with the
hazards
Risk potential problem. This is done by asking
Likelihood that a person may be yourself:
harmed or suffer adverse health Step
effects if exposed to a hazard. Levels
• can the hazards be eliminated?
of risk may be, high, medium or low • can the hazard be substituted with Identify who may
impact. a reduced risk?
be harmed and
• can the hazard be isolated or enclosed? how
Typical risks in the workplace include: • would the introduction of a safe system
of work reduce the risk? For example,
• accidents due to poor lighting, new procedures and routines. Step
uneven surfaces, steps etc.
• would information, training or
• infection from body fluids supervision reduce this risk? Evaluate the risk
• dealing with aggressive or violent • would PPE help? and introduce
behaviour
Examples of personal protective equipment further controls
• injuries from poor manual handling (PPE) for security operatives include:
• misuse/abuse of machinery • waterproof clothing
• sharp objects (needles/knives) Step
• high-visibility clothing
• diseases • headwear Record the
• hazardous chemicals • gloves (needle/slash resistant) findings and
• noise pollution • rubber gloves and face shields implement them
• moving vehicles (body fluids)
• obstructions • stab-resistant vests
• fire/floods and other emergencies • ear defenders Step
• unsuitable footwear • eye protection
Review and revise
• spillages, for example cleaning chemicals • safety footwear and update if
• global or critical incidents • face masks/coverings (infectious diseases) necessary

Definition LOAD
Risk assessment Look at the load. If it is too heavy,
The The identification of hazards, the can it be lightened or split?
calculation of risk, the reduction If it is unstable, can handles be fitted
of that risk, either completely or or the load be reapportioned?
safe lifting to an acceptable level.
techniques
are: Equipment:
INDIVIDUAL
Consider the capability of the person.
• metal detectors and/or mirrors Are they strong or fit enough? Are
for searching they adequately trained for the task?
Stop and
think • body-worn CCTV
• radios
• mobile phones TASK
Position
the feet
• personal alarms Evaluate the job to be done. Does
• torches the task involve stretching, twisting
• equipment as it applies to the incident or bending? Can machinery be used
or can team handling be used?
Bend the e.g. to help control infections
knees
Safe manual handling
Manual handling is the movement or ENVIRONMENT
Get a firm
support of any load by physical effort, Control the environment where
grip, keep including lifting, moving, carrying, the task takes place.
the back pushing and pulling. Is the floor slippery or uneven?
slightly If you lift or move heavy objects without Can the layout or floor condition
flexed using the recognised procedures, you run be improved?
the risk of sustaining the following injuries:
Raise with
• fractures
the legs • spinal disc injuries Lone working
• trapped nerves Security operatives who work alone can
• friction burns be at particular risk in the workplace.
Keep the They may feel isolated if they only have
load close
• damage to muscles technological means with which to
to the body
• damaged ligaments and tendons communicate with colleagues or call for
• abrasions and cuts assistance, technology can often fail
to work in the manner intended.
• hernias Security officers could particularly
It is important to follow safe routines be susceptible to:
and be systematic before attempting
to lift a load, use • violence
• injury
• ill health
to evaluate the risk. • lack of support/communication
• lack of welfare facilities for rest

Safety signs and signals Security operatives must be aware of the

Safety signs are used to communicate colours and shapes of the 6 different types
health and safety instructions. They must of signs.
be kept clean, in good condition and must
be displayed where they can be easily seen.
PROHIBITION 1
Prohibition signs
mean that you are
prohibited from
doing something.
MANDATORY 2
Mandatory signs
mean that you
must do
something.
SAFE CONDITION 3
Signs & Signals

Safe condition
signs indicate
where to go to
for safety.
WARNING 4
Warning signs
indicate a
specific danger.
FIRE SAFETY 5
Fire safety
signs indicate
firefighting
equipment.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE 6
Hazardous
substances signs
warn you about
dangerous chemicals. Very Toxic Toxic Harmful Irritant
Sensitising Carcinogenic Mutagenic Toxic for reproduction Corrosive

Reporting health and safety accidents Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and

and incidents Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
Following any accident or medical incident (RIDDOR) 2013
it is important to record all of the details For serious accidents, incidents and near
relating to the situation. The information misses at work, the employer or the
contained in the accident or incident book designated ‘responsible person’ is required
can help employers to identify accident by law to notify their local authority, the
trends, so they can then improve practices Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or the
and procedures on the site to prevent Incident Contact Centre. This can now be
further similar incidents. done online.
These records may also be required for The first person on the scene assisting a
insurance and/or investigative purposes. casualty may not be directly responsible for
completing the RIDDOR report, but they
must ensure that their supervisor, manager
Reporting procedures or the health and safety officer within the
Accident and incident reports need to company receives the correct information
include at least the following information: contained within the accident or incident
• day, date and time of incident report. Security operatives need to know
the site’s procedures for reporting medical
• location of incident incidents and must adhere to them.
• how you were alerted to it
• what you saw
• what you were told
• what happened RIDDOR (Reporting of Injuries,
• what action you took Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences
• whether first aid was required Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1997.
• whether the emergency services

were called
• what the result was
• details of any injuries
• details of any witnesses
• any descriptions of property or people
These reports need to be made as soon
as possible after the incident has finished,
while the events are still fresh in your mind.

Keeping personal information safe • not wearing anything identifiable outside

The Data Protection Act/GDPR, covers the workplace
any information related to a person or • demonstrating personal vigilance,
‘data subject’ that can be used to directly e.g. not completing surveys
or indirectly identify them. It can be
anything from a name, a photo and an email
• not discussing work issues outside
the workplace
address to bank details, social media posts,
biometric data and medical information. • not discussing work information
It will also introduce ‘digital rights’ for with colleagues
individuals. As a security operative, it is vital
that you keep all personal information safe.
This can be done by:
• following all organisational procedures
• following assignment instructions
• maintaining confidentiality of information
• using social media in a responsible way;
this includes having the highest levels of
security settings on your accounts
Information
Personal

Learning outcome 5: Fire procedures in the workplace
Fire safety measures Elements needed for a fire to exist

As you saw in the health and safety section, Fire needs 3 elements to start and survive.
both employers and all members of staff They are heat, fuel and oxygen. If any of
have a legal duty to do what they can to these 3 elements are greatly reduced or
help keep everyone safe. removed, then the fire itself will be reduced
Fire safety on the premises or site is or extinguished.
important for both staff and any visitors or
customers. If a fire occurs in the workplace, The fire triangle Fire needs
it could result in the disruption of the
normal business activities and can affect 3 elements:
profitability. More importantly, staff and/
or customers could be injured or even lose
their lives.
3 1
HEAT - a minimum
Good fire safety is, therefore, everyone’s
temperature is
responsibility. Basic fire prevention
needed to start a fire,
measures can go a long way towards
and for it to continue.
helping to prevent the chances of a fire
starting in the first place, for example:
2
• all non-essential electrical appliances 2
should be switched off
1 FUEL - fire needs
• electrical points should not be overloaded something to burn,
• all electrical equipment should be This is known as the fire triangle. All 3 like solid fuel, oil or
inspected regularly and maintained elements need to be present for a fire to gas.
properly start and continue. If any 1 or more of these
elements are taken away, then the triangle
• flammables must be stored safely is broken and the fire will die out. 3
• ashtrays should be emptied regularly OXYGEN - fire needs
• rubbish should be stored away from Classifications of fire oxygen to burn,
the building as it supports the
Fires are divided into types or classifications.
• electric and gas fires must be kept Each class requires a different method of
combustion process.
well away from furniture
extinguishing and so it is important that
Under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) we understand the differences.
Order of 2005, (Fire (Scotland) Act 2005)
employers must nominate a competent
Ordinary combustibles, i.e. paper,
person to carry out a full fire risk assessment
CLASS A wood, textiles, rubber, plastic,
for the site, which must be documented.
fabrics
They must also provide their employees
with any relevant information, instruction Flammable liquids, i.e. petrol, oil,
CLASS B paints and solvents
and training to ensure their safety while
working on the site.
Employees such as security operatives must Flammable gases, i.e. butane,
CLASS C
take responsibility for their own health and propane
safety, and for that of others. They must be
observant, vigilant and also cooperate with Metal fires, i.e. magnesium,
their employers in all matters relating to fire
CLASS D sodium
safety. This includes following any training
and adhering to the fire plan.
CLASS F Cooking oils and fats
Fires involving electricity

Fire-fighting equipment Fire extinguishers should be sited in

Information on fire conspicuous locations on escape routes,
extinguishers Fire extinguishers are generally used to fight
small fires, to prevent them spreading and such as next to exits and in corridors, and
Contents
causing large-scale damage. should be mounted on wall brackets.
gauge
They have a limited capacity, but they can Different types of extinguishers are
Type of
extinguisher be easily carried to the fire and quickly put designed to fight different classes of fire,
to work. so it can be useless or even dangerous to
Method of
operation use the wrong type of extinguisher at the
They are intended to be used by anyone scene of a fire.
Class of fire
suitable for who needs them, so it is important that
use all members of staff learn of their uses, We need to understand, then, how the
locations and methods of operation. different types of extinguishers work
Service maintenance date*
and how they put out fires.
*All extinguishers should be
inspected annually by a competent
person, e.g. an extinguisher
engineer.
Fire extinguishers
Interfering
Actions on discovering
a fire Cooling Smothering with chemical
reaction
It is important that all
security operatives take
the correct actions on
discovering a fire. You
will need to:
• follow the
organisation’s policies
and procedures
• sound the alarm and

inform emergency
services
• follow the acronym Water Foam CO2 Wet Fire Powder

of FIRE: chemical blanket
• Find – you discover
a fire
• Inform – raise the

fire alarm Only attempt to fight Do not attempt to To operate an
• Restrict – restrict a fire if: fight a fire if: extinguisher:
access to the area • the alarm has been • it is bigger than • select the correct
of the fire raised a wastepaper bin extinguisher
• Evacuate – evacuate • the emergency (rule of thumb)
• check the contents
the building or services have • you need more than gauge
extinguish (extinguish been contacted 1 extinguisher
• pull the pin to break
the fire if safe to do
so).
• the fire is not • the room is filling the seal
• control panel: Important

spreading and has with smoke
• holding the extinguisher
been confined
• you do not have a clear upright and squeeze the
to ensure full
understanding of the
• you have a clear escape route trigger
extent of the area of
escape route not
threatened by fire
• gas cylinders or • test the range and content
the incident, to pass chemicals are involved (away from the fire)
on correct message • you have selected the • your efforts are not • extinguish the fire using
to emergency services correct extinguisher reducing the size of the correct technique for
e.g. with regard to the fire that type of extinguisher
materials or chemicals
stored in the affected • you do not have and the nature of the
fire
area
the correct
extinguisher

Other firefighting equipment Flooding systems

Apart from fire extinguishers, there are Flooding systems are designed to be used
several other types of equipment used to in unoccupied rooms where there are high
put fires out or to reduce their effects. value contents or areas where a fire may
cause major disruption to the activities
of the organisation. Examples might be
Fire blankets archives, electrical equipment or switchgear.
Fire blankets can be On detection of the fire, a fire extinguishing
used to extinguish fires medium (most commonly CO2) will be
by smothering them. They discharged into the room to replace the air
are often found in kitchens and extinguish the fire by smothering.
as they are very useful for
extinguishing fat fires
in pans.
Sprinklers
Some fire alarm systems are
connected to sprinklers which spray water
on to the fire from outlets in the ceiling,
holding back the fire until the arrival of the
fire brigade.
Hose reels
Hose reels are long lengths
of rubber hose on large
drums positioned Fire doors and fire exits
strategically around the Internal fire doors are used to help prevent
site. The hoses are or reduce the spread of smoke and flames
permanently connected to from one room to another. They should be
the mains water supply and closed at all times, unless they can be
are started by opening a closed electronically if the fire alarm
valve before use. They can activates.
be quite heavy to unreel when They should not be obstructed. Fire exits
needed but are very effective are vital as a means of escape in the event
when used as they provide a of a fire. They should be clearly marked,
limitless supply of water. must be unlocked when anyone is in the
building, and should not be obstructed
Dry and wet risers on the inside or the outside.
Some buildings, particularly multi-storey
ones, have riser systems built in. These Fire alarm control panels
systems consist of long water pipes running These are the warning and controlling units
along the outside of the building and across within a fire alarm system. Once a possible
the ceilings on each floor, allowing water to fire emergency is detected within the
be dispensed via sprinklers to each floor in building or somewhere on the site, usually
the event of a fire. as the result of a signal from a smoke or
Wet riser systems have water in the pipes heat detector, the control panel alerts those
all the time, whereas dry riser systems need monitoring it via various lights and audible
to be activated manually to send the water alarms.
into the pipes.

By understanding the layout of the control Fire evacuation procedures

Risk assessments will panel, security operatives can work out One of the most important roles for security
prescribe the site’s own what type of an emergency it is, exactly operatives in the event of a fire will be
specific procedures for where it is occurring and over what extent ensuring that the site is evacuated quickly
the action to be taken of an area. and safely.
in the event of a fire. A decision can then be made as to what Hopefully, both staff and visitors/customers
Typical actions would appropriate action to take, be it to inform will know to leave the building when
include: a supervisor and then search the area they hear the fire alarm sounding. As a
• raising the alarm - concerned, or to call the fire brigade
immediately, and provide information
security operative, you must be available
yelling fire to warn to encourage people to leave via the
others about the incident itself and any secondary safest exit, and to assist anyone who does
dangers there might be. not seem to know what to do. Particular
• operating the Some of the more sophisticated systems care needs to be taken to look after any
nearest manual
actually call the fire brigade, sound the fire vulnerable people like children, the elderly
call point (if fitted)
alarm, unlock doors, cut off electricity and or those with physical or mental difficulties.
set off sprinkler systems automatically. It is also important to try to avoid causing
unnecessary panic.
If you are required to monitor a fire alarm
control system as part of your role as Security operatives need to take control
a security operative, then you need to of fire incidents in an assertive but calm
properly understand how it works and what manner. You need to show decisiveness,
actions you personally need to take in an leadership and use clear, effective
• calling the fire emergency. communication skills so that others
understand how serious the situation is.
service (999)
• evacuating the area Security operatives also need to know
where the fire assembly points are and
• restricting access what needs to be done once the building
and isolating the fire or site has been evacuated.
• reporting to the Evacuation procedures need to be
assembly point practised.
Remember the 5 P’s:
PLANNING and
PREPARATION
• only attempting to PREVENTS

fight fire if it is safe
to do so and you
have been trained
POOR
PERFORMANCE
As a security operative, if you act promptly

and correctly in times of emergency, you
can help save time in the evacuation,
keep yourself and others safe, assist the
emergency services, prevent injuries and
save lives.
24 PWPSISelf-Study
PWPSI Self-Study : V1 2021
: V1 April April 2021
Fire wardens/marshals The actions to be taken by fire wardens/

Fire wardens (sometimes called fire marshals in the event of a fire are detailed
marshals) are members of staff that are in the evacuation plan. Those duties will
nominated to take responsibility for a usually include:
particular area with regards to fire safety. • sounding the alarm/calling the fire service
The numbers of nominated wardens/
marshals will vary depending on the size
• checking the allocated area to ensure
that everybody has left
of the site and the numbers of people
involved. • taking control of the evacuation and
ensuring that anybody with evacuation
Under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) difficulties is aided
Order of 2005, (Fire (Scotland) Act 2005)
they are there to assist the designated • proceeding to the assembly area and
person responsible for fire safety generally. reporting to the fire officer in charge
The following list, although not

exhaustive, details some of the specific
roles usually given to fire wardens/
marshals:
• assisting with fire risk assessments
• checking that all exit doors and Taking or
escape routes are unlocked and
unobstructed
assisting with
the roll call.
• ensuring that all fire extinguishers

are in the correct position with seals
in place
• checking that all safety signs are
clearly visible and in the correct
place
• making sure that all alarm call
points are unobstructed and
working correctly
• checking that all fire doors are
closed and functioning properly
• ensuring that corridors and
walkways are kept clear
• ensuring that assembly points are
clearly marked and easily accessible
• reporting any equipment faults

Learning outcome 11: Good practice for post incident management
Accessing help and support Typical effects

Because of their varying degrees of Anyone could show any or even all of
experience and exposure to conflict, people the following short-term or long-term
cope with assaults and incidents in different symptoms following exposure to
ways. workplace violence:
Incidents where you are abused, threatened • sickness
or even assaulted in the workplace can have • insomnia
various different impacts on everyone and
so you need to be aware of what is available • behavioural changes
out there to help you if you need assistance • becoming withdrawn
or support following a traumatic incident. • anxiety
It is important, therefore, that businesses
and organisations are able to help staff
• intolerance
after an incident of workplace violence, • hypersensitivity
particularly in relation to: • fear
• providing immediate and ongoing • depression
support
• loss of confidence
• helping all members of staff to learn • stress
from the incident
• updating policies and procedures • post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
to improve safety
• sharing good practice
Responses to incidents
Typical symptoms are how the brain
and body react to abnormal situations or
incidents. The severity of the symptoms
will usually depend on the severity of the
incident, although something that might
not affect you could well affect one of
your colleagues and vice versa.
Certainly, in the time directly following an
incident, anyone could start to feel shock,
anger, embarrassment and disbelief
that this has actually happened to
them at all.
Post-incident support
It is vital that if a member of staff starts to show any signs that they
may be suffering from any of these symptoms, support must be given
immediately to reduce the changes of long term effects. Support can be
provided by:
• colleagues • citizens advice
• management • trade unions
• counsellors • trade publications such
• helplines (such as victim support:
(www.victimsupport.org.uk/)
as the Samaritans)
• the internet
Professional medical help may be even required for serious problems.

Reflecting on and learning from conflict

Dealing with people, particularly within the
private security industry, is a large ongoing
learning curve. You never stop learning,
and there is always room for improvement
in everything you do. This is especially
true when it comes to how you deal with
conflict, anger, aggression and violence.
There are 6 basic steps

to take following an incident.
STEP 1 - Reflect on what happened

Consider: What happened? What went wrong?
Why did it happen? What could we have done better?
STEP 2 - Recognise trends and any poor practice

Consider: Does this problem occur regularly? Can we reduce or stop these types of
At any particular place or time? incidents?
Is there something we are doing wrong?
STEP 3 - Share good practice

Consider: Did we do something well? Is extra training required?
Does everyone know how to do it? Does it need to be a policy?
STEP 4 - Learn from what happened

Consider: How do we make sure this doesn’t happen again?
Can we improve something for next time?
STEP 5 - Update policies, practices and procedures

Consider: Are our policies, practices and procedures up to date?
Can anything be added or improved?
STEP 6 - Monitor progress

Consider: How can we record future incidents better? When and how do we re-evaluate our
How can we monitor the effectiveness of future performance?
any changes made?
The proper debriefing of these types of chances of them happening in the first
incidents can help you to improve how place, or even stop them from happening
you deal with similar problems in the at all. And if they do occur, you should
future. Organisations can use data that be able to provide an agreed, common
has been collected for licensing hearings positive response each time, automatically
and they may even be able to reduce the improving your own safety, as well as the

safety of customers, colleagues, other members of

staff and the public. All members of the security
team, particularly those involved in the original
incident,
should take part in this process so that they can
help to make the changes required to deal with
future conflict situations more effectively.
Improving practice
Like all industries, the security industry needs to
continue to evolve and progress. As a security
operative you have the responsibility to ensure that
you continually contribute to improving practices
within the industry.
Improved practices help to:
• promote a professional service
• increase safety for staff
• promote teamwork
• increase safety for customers
• identifies procedures or methods to
better deal with situations effectively

Appendix 1
Definitions - Working within the private security industry
Private Security Industry ACS:

the SIA’s approved contractor scheme.
Arrest:
Direct discrimination:
when someone is treated less favourably
than another person because of a
protected characteristic they have or are
the taking or restraint of a person from his thought to have, or because they associate
liberty in order that he shall be forthcoming with someone who has a protected
to answer an alleged crime or offence. characteristic.
Assignment instructions (A.I.s): EHP:

documents that are used to describe what environmental health practitioner from
the client requires of the security company. the local authority.
Primarily used for security sites and retail
sites. Assignment instructions are not Emergency:
commonly used in licenced premises. any unplanned incident that is so serious
that it must be dealt with immediately.
Breach of peace:
any disorder or disruption to the peace in Evidence:
public or in private that results in violence, information that may be presented to a
threat of violence or provokes violence from court to decide on the probability of some
another. point in question and particularly as to
how it may determine a person’s guilt or
CCTV: innocence.
A basic closed-circuit television (CCTV)
system is a fixed communication link Fire alarms:
between a camera and a monitor. use heat or smoke detectors and alarms to
inform the security team or others that a
Civil laws: fire may have started in a certain part of the
rules that help govern our daily lives. site.
Communication: False alarm:

the imparting or exchange of information, a false report of an emergency, causing
ideas or feelings between human beings by unnecessary panic and/or bringing
speech, body language, gestures, resources (such as the security/emergency
behaviour, writing or other means. services) to a place where they are not
needed.
Confidential information:
information that must be kept securely Fight or flight:
so that unauthorised people do not have the basic natural animal instinct in us all to
access to it. help us to survive potentially dangerous
situations.
Criminal laws:
prevent people from committing more Fire alarm control panels:
serious offences, usually against people or the warning and controlling units within
property, and punish people when those a fire alarm system.
laws are breached.
Fire wardens/marshals:
Customer care: members of staff nominated to take
how we deliver our services and how we responsibility for a particular area with
provide security to our customers on a regard to fire safety.
day-to-day basis.

Appendix 1

First aid: Marauding terrorist attack:
the initial or immediate assistance given to Fast-moving, violent incidents where
someone who has been injured or taken ill, assailants move through a location aiming
prior to the arrival of an ambulance, doctor to find, kill or injure as many people as
or other suitably qualified person. possible. Attacks can be carried out using
a variety of weapons, including firearms,
Hazard: knives and blunt objects.
something with the potential to cause
harm. PACE:
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.
Hostile reconnaissance:
how terrorists gain information on potential PPE:
targets. personal protective equipment.
HSE: Physical security:

the Health and Safety Executive. physical deterrents such as locks, alarms,
barriers, grilles to help reduce crime.
ICO:
the Information Commissioner’s Office. Prejudice:
a hostile attitude towards someone who
Indictable offences: belongs to a certain group, simply because
offences that can be tried in the Crown they belong to that group and are therefore
Court. assumed to have all of the characteristics
ascribed to that group.
Indirect discrimination:
when a policy or practice which applies to RIDDOR:
everyone particularly disadvantages people Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
who share a protected characteristic. Dangerous Occurrences Regulations.
Intruder alarms: Risk:

detectors, strategically placed on a site, the likelihood of harm occurring.
detect either movement, light, heat
or vibration which indicates that an Risk assessment:
unauthorised person has entered the area. the identification of hazards, the calculation
of risk and the reduction of that risk, either
Invacuation: completely or to an acceptable level.
the controlled process of moving people
to somewhere safe inside a building when Safety signs and signals:
there is danger outside or in another part used to communicate health and safety
of the building. instructions.
Lawful occupier: Sec.3 Criminal Law Act:

someone who owns, occupies or has control using such force as is reasonable in the
over the property. circumstances in the prevention of crime,
or in effecting (or assisting in) the lawful
Manned security: arrest of offenders, suspected offenders or
where one or more security operatives persons unlawfully at large.
work on a site providing both a deterrent
against crime and an immediate response Security:
to incidents as they occur. a state or feeling of being safe and secure.

Appendix 1

Security operative:
the general term used throughout this
book to describe any person providing
any kind of manned security to a client
or premises.
Self-defence:
if any person has an honestly held belief
that he or another is in imminent danger,
then he may use such force as is reasonable
and necessary to avert that danger.
Sexual predators:
persons who commit sexual crimes, very
often targeting vulnerable children
and young adults.
SIA:
the Security Industry Authority.
Stereotyping:
lumping certain groups of people together,
assuming that they are all the same simply
because they belong to that group.
Systems:
electronic and other technical systems
to monitor premises for crime and other
dangers, such as intruder alarms, fire
detection systems and closed-circuit
television (CCTV) systems.
Terrorism:
the use of violence, threats and intimidation
in the pursuit of political aims.
Trespass:
committed by a person who is improperly
on someone else’s property without
consent.
VAAW:
vehicle as a weapon.
Vulnerable person:
anyone who may be at risk from harm.
Workplace violence:
any incident in which a person is abused,
threatened or assaulted in circumstances
relating to their work.

Notes

Notes

Notes

Notes

Published by
© 2021 Highfield Products Limited
Highfield Place, Shaw Wood Business Park, Shaw Wood Way,
Wheatley Hills, Doncaster, DN2 5TB, UK
01302 363277
[email protected]
www.highfield.co.uk

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The Principles of Working in the

Private Security Industry

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

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The SIA’s main functions are to:

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Licensable roles under the Private

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Community safety initiatives Crime reduction initiatives try to do this by:

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Benefits of using CCTV All businesses must register their systems

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Civil and criminal law

• arson (wilful of contract, employment law,

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Trespassers If they still refuse to go, you should offer

If they refuse to leave, you should repeat

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A constable must, if asked by an

A person guilty of an offence under this

In relation to trespass, the new

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The Equality Act 2010 These are known as the protected

In Northern Ireland, discrimination is illegal under the following laws:

• The Race Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1997

The Data Protection Act 2018 The data protection principles

You can find more information about the

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Health and safety in the workplace Health and safety responsibilities

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Workplace hazards and risks In relation to global (or critical) incidents

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Safety signs and signals Security operatives must be aware of the

Signs & Signals

Sensitising Carcinogenic Mutagenic Toxic for reproduction Corrosive

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Reporting health and safety accidents Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and

• whether the emergency services

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Keeping personal information safe • not wearing anything identifiable outside

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Fire safety measures Elements needed for a fire to exist

Fires involving electricity

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Fire-fighting equipment Fire extinguishers should be sited in

• sound the alarm and

• follow the acronym Water Foam CO2 Wet Fire Powder

• Inform – raise the

• control panel: Important

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Other firefighting equipment Flooding systems

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By understanding the layout of the control Fire evacuation procedures

Remember the 5 P’s: