CCTV Basic Course

Closed Circuit Television
(CCTV) Basic Course -101
SEVERIN L. SORENSEN, CPP

President & CEO
Sikyur.com
ECM #36223
PO Box 96503
Washington, DC 20090-6503
(202) 258-7600 Tel
(240) 597-8877 Fax
[email protected]
www.sikyur.com
Its not the

technology that
CCTV
Basics
101
reduces crime
Its knowing how to use
the technology that
reduces crime!
© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.
Closed Circuit Television's

(CCTV) Popular Climate
CCTV is increasingly requested by:

law enforcement, security, management,
schools, transportation
CCTV
Basics Early research shows that CCTV can work
101
if integrated with other systems however
research is weak and limited
Not all view the popularity of CCTV as
good as CCTV is the frequent hostile
target of inspection by privacy advocates
1
Roles of Electronic Security
System Components Purpose H
ow?
Deter Discourge easy access Fences, walls

Reinforce boundaries Barriers, gates, locks
Physical constraints
Detect Provide early warning Intrusion detection sensors

of unauthorized entry
Delay Impede easy access Fences, barriers

CCTV to key assets Audio visual alerts
Basics Delay devices
101
Assess Delay intruder for assessment Direct visual identification
Provide positive confirmation CCTV, central control
of valid alarm Lighting, sound
Respond Take appropriate action Communications

Guards
Safe places
Police, etc.
Adapted from presentation by Martin L. Vitch, CPP, at the Physical Security

Technology & Applications Conference, Minneapolis, MN, June 3-5, 1996.
CCTV Basics 101

What is CCTV?
CCTV System Basics
z Cameras
z Lenses
z Housings
z Recorders (analog and digital)
CCTV
z Peripherals (multiplexers, matrix switchers, etc.)
Basics z Extended applications (browsers and remote
101 surveillance)
z Monitoring
CCTV Application Technical Approaches
CCTV Site Survey and Design Basics
CCTV and the law
CCTV futures – what’s next?
Where to find more information
What is CCTV?
CCTV was first used in the 1950s and has
since become an essential element in any
professional security system.
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a
television system which operates on a
‘closed loop’ basis. Unlike broadcast
CCTV television, which is available to anyone with
Basics
101
a suitable receiver, CCTV pictures are only
available to those directly connected to the
loop.
With today’s network security, ‘Network
Video’ is an expansion of CCTV beyond
analog circuitry to data networks using a
common interface such as TCP/IP.
2
CCTV System Basics
1 Technical Note -- In most
installations, the loop is a
physical link – a cable which
carries the picture from the
camera to the viewer. With very
few exceptions, the pictures
are transmitted as a composite
video signal at 75ohms, 1 volt
peak-to-peak, generally RG59
or RG6.
CCTV 2 Where high resolution (>400TV
Basics
lines) is required, some camera
101
equipment offers a Y/C facility
where the luminance signal (Y)
and the chrominance (C) is
divided.
Over long distances, for
example in Town Center
systems or transportation
systems, fiber optic
Courtesy: Panasonic Panaspec, CCTV Theory transmission is popular. Where
this option is too expensive,
ISDN and DSL offers a cost-
effective alternative for event-
driven surveillance systems.
CCTV System Basics
CCTV
Basics
101
Courtesy: Panasonic Panaspec, CCTV Theory
Network Video
CCTV
Basics
101
3
Example of CCTV Systems
Integration
3rd Party Central
Station Monitoring,
with Proactive Guard
Tours, Reactive Event
Monitoring,
and Intensive
Monitoring
Event driven
CCTV notifications, alerts,
Basics pages, emails, and
101 phone calls
Internet and LAN

Biometric systems integration: based Remote
facial recognition, iris scan, hand Monitoring of Cameras
geometry, fingerprint, etc.
Connect 1 to Digital Video High speed, Pre-to-Post alarm/event

4,000+ cameras, Recorder (DVR) multi-platform monitoring (e.g., -15 seconds
alarms, dry- with Triplex to video, audio, and to +30 seconds after event)
record, view, and 2-way
contacts, and data call outs and alarm
manage events Audio
other devices transmission management
from any source for up to 30 days device
CCTV System
Components
Camera selection – how do you

decide?
CCTV
Basics
101
Sample cut sheet of available cameras on the web
Acrobat Document
4
Camera
The camera is the ‘eye’ of a CCTV system and at its core

lies CCD (charge coupled device) technology.
The CCD is comprised of about 500,000 light sensitive
cells called picture elements (pixels) which convert the
light falling onto its surface into an electrical signal. The
performance of the camera, and ultimately the
surveillance system, is more dependent upon the quality
CCTV of the CCD than any of the other camera components.
Basics Currently, the popular formats are:
101
Sony Guide to CCTV: Issue 3

Sony Corporation, UK.
Camera
CCTV
Basics
101

Sony Corporation, UK.
Camera Resolution
The higher the resolution the
sharper the picture. The
best resolution available at
present for CCD cameras is
approaching 750 horizontal
lines (TV lines) (3-CCD) and
500 vertical lines.
Resolution is not necessarily
CCTV the key decision point. Low
Basics
resolution CCTV, which is
usually lower cost, is often
101 perfectly adequate and the
final choice depends on the
combination of camera
features and build quality
together with site conditions
and available funds.
As a general rule, a high Sony Corporation, UK.
resolution is preferable in
low light levels and when
identification of points of fine
detail are required.
5
Camera Quality
CCTV
Basics
101
Lenses
Demonstration of a Manual and

Electronic Lens Calculator
CCTV
Basics
101
Lenses – Focal Range (F)
The lower the ‘F’ number

of the lens used the
better the result. For
example:
z Camera one quotes 0.8
lux full video with an
F1.0 lens
z Camera two quotes 0.8
CCTV lux full video with an
Basics F1.2 lens
101
Camera two is the more
sensitive camera as it
quotes 1 lux with a
slower F1.2 lens.
With the faster F1.0 lens,
it would probably give a
full video signal at only
0.6lux.
6
Lenses - Aperture Range / Iris
The aperture is the clear opening in the centre of the lens that
allows light to pass to the pick-up device.
The aperture size is described in relation to the focal length (F).
Thus the aperture is specified by an F number.
If the lens has a focal length of 50mm and if the diameter of the
clear opening of the lens is 25mm, then the lens is said to have
an aperture of F:2 50mm divided by 25mm = 2). A 50mm lens
with an aperture of F:2 has the same light gathering ability as a
150mm F:2 lens but the glass components will be more complex
CCTV in order to achieve the telephoto effect.
Basics Most CCTV lenses have a built-in mechanism called an iris. This
101 allows the aperture to be changed to accommodate varying light
levels. The largest aperture setting is often used to define the
maximum light gathering capability of the lens, the lens speed. A
lens with a maximum aperture of F:1.6 is referred to as an F:1.6
lens and is said to be ‘faster’ than, say, an F:4.2 or F:8 lens.
The iris setting of the lens is numbered from the largest F stop
down to the smallest F stop. CCTV systems are rarely installed in
situations where light levels are constant, so lenses with
automatic iris adjustment are important components of most
systems.
Light
The human eye and the camera lens operate on completely different lines. Although
the human eye adjusts automatically to various light conditions, the camera is
inherently less flexible.
CCTV is more receptive to certain color combinations than others. The best results are
usually obtained by matching the spectral response of the camera to the light
illuminating the scene.
Changing weather conditions producing glare, reflection, or moisture can dramatically
impact the camera’s capability to view camera scenes correctly.
Differences of foreground light and background lighting levels can significantly impact
video capture quality.
The amount of light reflected from an object determines how ‘bright’ it appears. Here
are some examples:
CCTV
Basics
101
Light
When lighting is
insufficient there are
several options
z Improve lighting with
traditional security
lighting
z Improve lighting with
Infra-Red Illumination
CCTV z Use low-light camera,
Basics or auto changing
101 day-night camera
z Improve lighting
through camera
wide-dynamic range
z Improve lighting
through camera
back-light
compensation
7
Housings
Housings come
in many styles
and types:
z Fixed
z PTZ
CCTV
Basics z Unitized
101
z Pressurized
z Vandal resistant
z Bullet resistant
z Concealed
Recorders (analog and digital)
Vs.
Analog video is to Digital Video what the horse and buggy is to

CCTV the modern automobile. Both will get you to your destination.
Basics But the time taken to get there often determines whether you will
101 take the trip at all. Here are some key differences between the
recording technologies:
z Multi-tasking
z Speed of Information Retrieval
z User Interaction
z Signal Degradation
z Smart Monitoring
The greater challenge is deciding which of the 450+
Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) to standardize on.
There are over 450 DVR

manufacturers and nearly as many
transmission device providers …
CCTV
Basics
101
There is no “one-size-fits-all” solution.
8
Peripherals (multiplexers,
matrix switchers, etc.)
CCTV
Basics
101
Switching systems
Principle and features of different
types of switchers
Multiplexers, quads, & matrix
switchers
CCTV
Basics Monitors
101
Different types and important
features of monitors
Adjustments, precautions and
trouble shooting
Transmission Systems
Video transmission including
coaxial cable, Fiber Optics.
Telephone networks
CCTV
Basics Different methods for
101
transmission of control signal
Power transmission systems
Adjustments, precautions and
trouble shooting
9
What is the value of remote
monitoring?
Cost of security guard
uniform: $48
Cost of a security
console: $20,000
Cost of CCTV
Surveillance System:
$150,000
CCTV
Basics Cost of 24-7 Manned
101 On-Site Monitoring:
$600,000
Cost of the Newspaper
defeating monitoring High crime opportunity profile site with on-site contract
system: $.50 security (guards), local video monitoring, and 3rd party remote
video monitoring (SPARTA). Situation, SPARTA Security
Value of Watching the Operation Center (SOC) watch officers detect on-site contract
Watchers -- Priceless guard performing personal activities during working time.
SPARTA sends incident report and notification procedure to
property manager and security company; no further problems of
similar nature observed at this site. There is value in watching
the watchers.
Remote Monitoring Reporting
CCTV
Basics
101
Video Monitoring Types

1. Scheduled / Proactive patrols
and hotspot monitoring
z Scheduled tours
z Maintenance checks
z Opening and Closings
z Investigations
2. Event oriented / “Dark
Screen” monitoring
z Alarm (emergency) response
z Event (non-emergency)
CCTV z Maintenance and system
Basics condition monitoring
101 3. Intelligent surveillance and
automated monitoring
z Automated activity, behavior,
and object tracking by
computer
z Recognized events, trouble,
malfunctions, are redirected to
“manned” monitoring center
z Automated web based reports
10
CCTV applications (browsers
and remote surveillance trends)
VPON
VP 300
Camera
Server with 2
CCTV way audio
Basics over LAN
101 (10fps)
VP 500
Camera
Server with
built-in video
storage
(30fps)
Supports
H.263
Manufacturer Reported Transmission Rate:
TeleSite QuickSilver PSTN line - up to 20 fps

On ISDN line - up to 25 fps
CCTV
Basics
101
TeleSite’s DV202S transmitter is a solution for medium to

large facilities where economy and enhanced control is
required. Supporting up to 48 cameras and alarms, the
DV202S controls domes using RS232, RS422, and RS485
protocols or relay control. Optional on-site pre and post
alarm recording, and simultaneous audio/video contribute
to the power of the DV202S.
11
Motion Media
CCTV
Basics
101
Axis Communications
CCTV
Basics
101
Other IP Transmission
Devices
CCTV
Basics
101
12
Traditional central station monitoring
services have been added to several
systems (e.g., cVideo)
CCTV
Basics
101
Integral Technologies RemoteView
CCTV
Basics
101
Integral Technologies OASIS

•Oasis is a
software package
which integrates
numerous
security systems,
including CCTV,
access control,
alarms,
CCTV intercoms,
Basics
101
pagers and
others into a
common
graphical user
interface. No
other software
package supports
the variety of
products -- more
than 75 systems
DEMO from 30
manufacturers.
13
Boeing Autometric VSOC / NICE
CCTV
Basics
101
The collar
CCTV Pre-event store

Telcom
Basics Cloud
101
Local PMS 400
Automatic
recording
Audio link
PMS 500
PSTN to Local Police
Source: Andy Bromley,©Farsight,

Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.
LTD.
Central Station Monitoring
CCTV
Basics
101
Sample of Central Monitoring Station, Farsight, LTD.

14
Technical Approach to
CCTV Specification
Lessons Learned
CCTV Application Technical

Approach Pointers
Examine use of CCTV within your
industry
Examine your need to identify
activity, behavior, individuals, etc.
CCTV Examine your BUDGET – often the
Basics
101
starting point
Examine your situational and
requirements
Examine barriers, obstacles, and
environmental constraints to
implementation
Examine CCTV Use In

Various Industries
Video Performance Requirements
(Security Need)
Low High
Monitor Record Recognize Report Respond
JP
High FFS
Cost CA
FFC LEF
Manned
LE
Guards CR
CR M CT
CCTV O AV
CS
Basics BK
S
FF
101 LEF
MB
TR
CT
C
HM TS CRE MS
P CR
Profile AV CR A
C
Clients CV RL TF
FFA SC
Willing-
ness To Unmanned
CO HM RB
S PK CM
Pay Monitoring AU RT HS
(Risk or WH DC
SF
past Low HM AV UT EM
A
history) Cost BB N LEA WT RS RP EX
15
Define CCTV System Requirements
CCTV
Basics
101
Obtaining more detail in an image is achieved at the cost
of each camera covering a smaller area. As higher
performance is therefore more expensive and difficult to
achieve it should be specified only when necessary.
CCTV Operational Requirements Manual,
UK Home Office, Development and Practice Report 7, 2003.
Conduct a CCTV Site Survey and

Don’t Forget the Basics
Do you really need CCTV?
Set out your problem
Set out possible solutions
List pros and cons for each possible
CCTV solution
Basics
101 So, OK, you have decided you need a
CCTV system
Set down a list of objectives for the system
Who will design the basic system layout?
The types of specification
Operational and equipment specifications
Microsoft Word
Document
Consider seven identified key

aspects of successful CCTV
implementation
Specification and the pre-bidding process

Project management
CCTV
Building a project team
Basics
101
Engagement of stakeholders
Third parties
Identification of costs and resources
Design and technology
National evaluation of CCTV: early findings on scheme implementation – effective practice guide,
UK Home Office, Development and Practice Report 7, 2003.
16
Reasonable CCTV strategies
needs to be . . .
Appropriate Always On (24x7)
Sustainable Redundant
Cost effective backup systems
Adaptable Secure
CCTV
Basics Compensate for Reliable
101 vulnerability to Efficient
defeat Robust tools with
Simple interactivity open data
Evaluate and accessibility,
improve methods Scalable system
and technologies architecture
State-of-the-art
security
technologies
3 mega pixel Camera 360 (6 fused image) Camera

CCTV
Basics
101
Extreme weather, wireless PTZ Hybrid Hi-Res/IR Camera

Fusion Cameras (high-resolution and
thermal)
Intelligent Cameras with embedded
software
Enhanced CMOS cameras with
CCTV
Basics higher color rendition and low-light
101
capacity
360 mirror cameras with intelligent
software
Smaller, lighter, wireless cameras
17
Futures: Biometric - Iris
Iris-based biometric devices
analyze the features found in
the colored ring of tissue that
surrounds the pupil.
Iris scanning, is less intrusive
than retinal eye-related
biometrics and uses a fairly
conventional camera element
CCTV and requires no close contact
Basics between the user and the
101 reader.
In addition, Iris scanning has the
potential for higher than
average template-matching
performance. Iris biometrics
work with glasses in place and
is one of the few devices that
can work well in identification
mode.
Futures – Biometric - Face

Popular face
recognition solutions
(e.g., Visionics and
Viisage) analyze
facial characteristics
with geometric point
algorithms. It requires
a digital camera to
CCTV develop a facial
Basics image of the user for
101 authentication and
compares the image
to a database.
Real-time reliability of
systems not much
beyond 70%
accuracy in real-
world settings during
last US gov. tests.
Futures – Biometric - Thermal
CCTV
Basics
101
18
CCTV and the Law
CCTV and the law (a forecast)

Video cameras may be used in public spaces, and
proprietary places by the owner
Using audio with video is growing in popularity and
can be performed by monitoring companies,
however check local laws for notice requirements
and other regulations
Privacy law will continue to play an important part of
CCTV security
Basics Privacy advocates are expected to become more
101 aggressive in their methods and tactics
Within the alarm industry, video verification will
increase in importance
Industry driven, or government mandated
certification and/or standardization of video
monitoring is likely to occur.
More Information on
CCTV
19
More information on CCTV
CCTV Labs http://focus.cctvlabs.com/
Security http://www.secmag.com
Security Management
http://www.securitymanagement.com
Security Distributing & Marketing (SD&M)
http://www.sdmmag.com
Access Control http://www.securitysolutions.com
CCTV
Basics Security Sales & Integration Magazine
101 http://www.securitysales.com
Security Technology & Design (ST&D)
http://www.st-and-d.com
Security Dealer http://www.secdealer.com
Security Systems News
http://www.securitysystemsnews.com
Security Products http://www.secprodonline.com
Loss Prevention http://www.losspreventionmagazine.com
Where to find more information

on CCTV specification, integration, and
monitoring
SEVERIN L. SORENSEN, CPP

President & CEO
Sikyur.com
ECM #36223
PO Box 96503
CCTV
Basics
Washington, DC 20090-6503
101
(202) 258-7600 Tel
(240) 597-8877 Fax
[email protected]
www.sikyur.com
20

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Closed Circuit Television

(CCTV) Basic Course -101

SEVERIN L. SORENSEN, CPP

Its not the

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Closed Circuit Television's

 CCTV is increasingly requested by:

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Deter Discourge easy access Fences, walls

Detect Provide early warning Intrusion detection sensors

Delay Impede easy access Fences, barriers

Respond Take appropriate action Communications

Adapted from presentation by Martin L. Vitch, CPP, at the Physical Security

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

CCTV Basics 101

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

CCTV System Basics

Courtesy: Panasonic Panaspec, CCTV Theory

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Internet and LAN

Connect 1 to Digital Video High speed, Pre-to-Post alarm/event

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Camera selection – how do you

Sample cut sheet of available cameras on the web

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

 The camera is the ‘eye’ of a CCTV system and at its core

Sony Guide to CCTV: Issue 3

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Sony Guide to CCTV: Issue 3

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

 Demonstration of a Manual and

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Lenses – Focal Range (F)

 The lower the ‘F’ number

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Recorders (analog and digital)

 Analog video is to Digital Video what the horse and buggy is to

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

There are over 450 DVR

There is no “one-size-fits-all” solution.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Remote Monitoring Reporting

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Video Monitoring Types

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

© Copyright 1999-2007, Severin L. Sorensen, CPP, Sikyur.com.

Manufacturer Reported Transmission Rate:

TeleSite QuickSilver PSTN line - up to 20 fps

CCTV is increasingly requested by:

The camera is the ‘eye’ of a CCTV system and at its core

Demonstration of a Manual and

The lower the ‘F’ number

Analog video is to Digital Video what the horse and buggy is to