SYNOPSIS Black Book

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM”

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC,ATPADI
IN THE PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSOF
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
ENROLLMENT
NAME OF STUDENT SEAT NO.
NO.
2112090029 Mr. Sushant Uttam Raut
2112090016 Mr. Yash Anil Mainkar
2112090018 Mr. Yash Tukaram Bansode
2112090019 Mr.Vivkanand Rohidas Jagdhane
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Miss. SankpalA.V.
SHRIRAMBAHUUDDESHIYASEVABHAVISANSTHA
SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC,ATPADI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(2023-2024)
SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that,
ENROLLMENT
NAME OF STUDENT SEAT NO.
NO.
Of Class TY (Electrical Engineering) as per the curriculum laid down by Maharashtra state
board of Technical education ,Mumbai have successfully complete entitled
“IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM”
Under our guidance in satisfactory manner as a part of academic syllabus during the
academic year 2023-2024
Date:
Place:Atpadi
Prof.SankpalA.V. Prof.SankpalA.V. Prof.Kulkarni O.G

(Guide) (H (Principle)
OD)
External Examiner Sign

Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Guide & HOD (ELECTRICAL)

Prof.Sankpal A.V. For the continuous support of my project for his patience, motivation,
enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of project and
writing of this project report. I could not have imagined having a better adviser and mentor
for my project.
I am equally indebted to guide Prof.Sankpal A.V. for extending necessary help,

providing facilities and time to time valuable guidance. I also take this opportunity to convey
my sincere thanks to all my teachers and faculties of Electrical department. I would like to
thanks our respected principal Prof.Kulkarni O.G. For his kind blessings, inspiration and the
necessary support whenever needed.
Last but not the least; I would like thank my family for supporting me spiritually throughout
my life.
ENROLLMENT
NAME OF STUDENT SEAT NO. SIGNATURE
NO.

ABSTRACT
Here this document presents design and implementation of a mobile embedded system to
measure load currents, over voltage, transformer oil level and oil temperature. This is implemented
by using on-line measuring system using Internet of Things (IOT), with single chip NODE-MCU
microcontroller and sensors. It is installed at the distribution transformer site. The output values of
sensors are processed and recorded in the system memory. System programmed with some
predefined instructions to check abnormal conditions. If there is any abnormality on the system,
details are automatically updated in the internet through serial communication. This Internet of
Things (IOT) will help the utilities to optimally utilize transformers and identify problems before any
catastrophic failure occurs. Thus online-measuring system is used to collect and analyze temperature
data over time. So Transformer Health Measuring will help to identify or recognize unexpected
situations before any serious failure which leads to a greater reliability and significant cost savings.
INDEX
Sr. No. Chapters Page No.

1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
3 CHAPATER 3 SCOPE OF PROJECT
3.1 Embedded System

3.1.1 Application Areas
3.1.2 Consumer appliances
3.2 Overview of Embedded System Architecture
4 CHAPTER 4METHODOLOGY
Working
Block Diagram
5 CHAPTER 5 DETAILS OF DESIGNS, WORKING AND

PROCESSES
Software specification
5.5 Arduino Integrated Development Environment
5.4 Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)
5.2 Arduino Uno Board Hardware

specifications
5.1 Microcontroller
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI 2023 -2024
LIST OF FIGURE
Sr. No. Name Of Diagram Page No.
1 Block Diagram 9
2 Proposed System 10
3 Thing Speak cloud server 10

Arduino Uno
4 11
5 Power supply 12
6 Temperature sensor 13
7 Ultrasonic sensor 14
8 Relay 14
9 LED display 15
10 Buzzer 17
IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 8

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This project is about design and implementation of a mobile embedded system to monitor
and record key parameters of a distribution transformer like load currents, oil level and ambient
temperature and fire over IoT. The idea of on-line monitoring system integrates a Internet of
Things “IoT”, with a standalone NodeMCU Microcontroller and different sensors. It is installed
at the distribution transformer site and the above parameters are recorded using the analog to
digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The obtained parameters are processed and
recorded in the system memory. If any abnormality or an emergency situation occurs the system
sends notification to the mobile phones blynk application containing information about the
abnormality according to some predefined instructions programmed in the microcontroller. This
IoT system will help the transformers to operate smoothly and identify problems before any
catastrophic failure.
In power systems, distribution transformer is electrical equipment which distributes power to
the low –voltage users directly, and its operation condition is an important component of the
entire distribution network operation. Operation of distribution transformer under rated
condition( as per specification in their nameplate) guarantees their long life .However their life
is significantly reduced if they are subjected to overloading, resulting in unexpected failures and
loss of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting system reliability. Overloading and
ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of failure in distribution transformers.
The monitoring devices or systems which are presently used for monitoring distribution
transformers have some problems and deficiencies. Few of them are mentioned below.
1) Ordinary transformer measurement system generally detects a single transformer

parameter, such as power, current, voltage. While some ways could detect multi- parameter, the
time of acquisition and operation parameters is too long, and testing s peed is not fast
enough.
2) Detection system itself is not reliable. The main performance is the device itself
instability, poor anti jamming capability, low measurement accuracy of the data, or even
state monitoring system should is no effect.

3) Timely detection data will not be sent to monitoring centres in time, which cannot
judge distribution transformers three-phase equilibrium
4) A monitoring system can only monitor the operation state or guard.
5) Against steal the power, and is not able to monitor all useful data of distribution
transformers to reduce costs.
Many monitoring systems use power carrier communication to send data, but the power
carrier communication has some disadvantages: serious frequency interference, with the increase
in distance the signal attenuation serious, load changes brought about large electrical noise. So if
use power carrier communication to send data, the real-time data transmission, reliability cannot
be guaranteed. According to the above requirements, we need a distribution transformer real-
time monitoring system to detect all operating parameters operation, and send to the monitoring
centre in time. It leads to online monitoring of key operational parameters of distribution
transformers which can provide useful information about the health of transformers which will
help the utilities to optimally use their transformers and keep the asset in operation for a longer
period.
This will help to identify problems before any serious failure which leads to a
significant cost savings and greater reliability. Widespread use of mobile networks and IoT
devices such IoT modems and their decreasing costs have made them an attractive option not
only for voice media but for other wide are network application.

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNICA , ATPADI 2023-2024
CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In most power companies, for online monitoring of power transformers, use
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, but for online monitoring of
power transformer, the extending the SCADA system is an expensive proposition. Power
transformers are currently monitored manually, where a person visits a transformer site, for
maintenance and taking records purpose. But main drawbacks of these systems are, it can not
provide information about overloads (Voltage & Current) and overheating of transformer oil
& windings. Due to these , the transformer life is reduced.
1) Abdul Rahman Al-ali et al.This paper presents design and implementation of a mobile
embedded system to monitor and record key operation indictors of a distribution transformer like
load currents, transformer oil and ambient temperature. The designed system is connected to a
distribution transformer and is able to record and send abnormal operating parameters information
to a mobile device using a IoT network .
2) Buyung Sofiarto Munir et al. In this paper several methods are evaluated to determine
which method is better in provides consistent and reliable parameters to be used for transformation
condition. Basically there are two evaluated methods are used with vibration signals taken
sequentially. First used is fast Fourier transform(FFT) which is used to compute discrete Fourier
transform. Second evaluated method is Hilbert HuangTransform(HHT) which is used for to
separated vibration signal into a finite and a small number of intrinsic mode functions(IMF).
3) Xiaohui Cheng et al.Here compares many combinations ways of internet of things and
power, the oil based transformer monitoring system is analyzed, but it has high cost, loss data and
feedback control of function. This system uses a single bus multi point temperature measurement
method and IoT network remote control and data processing combined, so that speed of the
temperature and its analysis becomes improved also accuracy of system is also improved, reducing
the cost of temperature monitoring system and using the remote control module to avoid the failure
of transformer.
4) Drasko Furundzicet al.Neural networks are widespread technique for transformer health monitoring
system. Neural networks ensembles are the most advanced neural technique ,that improve the accuracy

and reliability in the transformer health and failure prognosis. This paper describes the technique
to identify causal relation of dissolved gases in transformer oil and current state of the
transformers health .
5) Suraj Pardeshiet al.It is solution for monitoring and automatic voltage regulation. It
concluded that by developing modular and intelligent units results in cost effective solution for
online monitoring of transformer card for processing various algorithms and taking control actions.
This paper discuss about the combination of online monitoring and control.
6) D S Sureshet al. have discussed about insulating oil in a transformer which can explain
about the actual state of transformer and its longevity. This proposed work mainly forces on
condition monitoring transformer oil by using PLC, SCADA with sensors for sensing parameters of
oil like moisture , and temperature can be found. Also to monitoring of transformer is done using
PLC system and wireless technology for sending the information through IoT.
7) Mallikarjun Sarsambaet al.have presented a monitoring of load and power lines using SMS
based IoT technology. This methodology is design and implementation using embedded system to
monitor and record load fluctuations with respect to current and voltage in power lines and it breaks
the power lines during high loads. It provides flexible control of load accurately and also provides
information about any abnormality in power lines using IoT networks. Monika Agarwal et al.have
8) discussed about and design and implementation of a mobile embedded system to monitor and
record distribution transformer parameters like over voltage, over current, temp and fall of oil level.
Use of a IoT technique provides speed of communication with distance independency and also it
enables bidirectional communication as a notification. To reduce the risk of unexpected failure and
unscheduled outage .
9) Satya Kumar Behera et al. have discussed about a implementation of automatic control
circuits which is used in PLC system to monitor the condition of transformer like load current,
voltage, and transformer temperatures. This PLC monitoring system will help to detect the internal
faults as well as external faults of transformer. The PLC system is used to monitor and control the
voltage current and temperature of a distribution transformer. The PLC system is designed to
monitor the transformer parameters continuously throughout its operation.

10) Vishwanath R,et al. have presented, this paper uses a temperature sensor ,pic
microcontroller ,LCD display IoT board and xbee which is used for send the notification to
electricity board. By Using this system we can detect multiple faults of three phase transmission
lines which one can monitor the temperature , voltage, current by IoT modem. In this paper a
system is develop to monitor the transmission line faults using IoT network.
11) Pathak A.K et al.have discuss about an idea of online monitoring system integrates the IoT
modem with a single chip microcontroller and sensors. It is implemented at the distribution
transformer side. If any emergency situation can occurs the system sends the SMS to the mobile
phones containing information about the abnormalities according to instructions which are
programmed into microcontroller. Also this system to protect distribution transformers from
overheating and overloading. .
12) Mohamed Ahmed Eltayeb Ahmed Elmustafa Hayatiet al. have designed decision
support system to grid operation engineers with information helps to estimate the loads , fix
problems and identify week points in the grid. This paper suggested and implemented a method to
remotely monitor a group ofdistribution transformers. This method was accomplished by design an
interface circuits and software program. System is designed based on pic microcontroller which acts
as a data acquisition and transmission system.
13) Ravishankar Tularam Zanzad et al. This paper presents design and implementation of a
system to monitor and record operations of a distribution transformer like over voltage, over current,
temperature ,rise or fall of oil level. This system is implemented at the distribution transformer site
and measuring above parameters it will help to optimize transformers and identify problems before
it failures.
14) Kathe Mohan et al. This paper discuss about to develop low cost solution for monitoring
health conditions for remotely located transformer using IoT technology to prevent failures of
transformer and improving reliability of transformer. We need not have to check all transformer and
phase current and voltage and also recover system in less time. The time for receive MSG vary due
to public IoT network traffic, still it is more effective than manual monitoring.
15) Sachin Kumar B S et al. have discuss about it proposes a compact design and development
of remote monitoring system for a three phase transformer. Arduino microcontroller and zigbee

based wireless device are used for monitoring the operating point of three phase transformer
remotely. The arduino microcontroller helps in monitoring the three phase current, voltage,
temperature, and power of the transformer. The processed parameters are displayed on LCD which
makes the system user friendly. All sensors required to monitor three phase parameters by single
microcontroller which makes the system compact.
The literature survey is carried out by different E-medias, IEEE journals, national and
international conference paper, research journals etc. A paper named as” A Review of Transformer
Protection by Using PLC System” authored by Satya Kumar Behera published in International
Journal of Digital Application & Contemporary research states that” Distribution transformers of
substation are one of the most important equipment in power system network. Because of, the large
number of transformers and various components over a wide area in power systems, the data
acquisition, condition monitoring, automatic controlling are the important issues. This paper presents
design and implementation of automatic control circuits which is used in PLC automation to monitor
as well as diagnose condition of transformers, like load currents, transformer temperatures and
voltages. The proposed on-line monitoring system integrates a solid state device named PLC
(programmable logic controllers) and sensor packages. The suggested plc monitoring system will help
to detect the internal fault as well as external fault of transformer and also diagnose these faults with
the help of desired range of parameters which is setting by programmer.”

CHAPTER NO 3
SCOPE OF PROJECT

CHAPTER NO 3
SCOPE OF PROJECT
3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job. Appliances
such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of
embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to meet the specific
requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is executed by the processor for meeting
that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer is a
general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games, word processing,
accounting, software development and so on. In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed
listed below:
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things. .
Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not have
secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against
some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called
real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or
damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate
through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low.
Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high temperatures
and humidity.
3.1.1 APPLICATION AREAS

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded system
market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market segment- consumer
electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless communication, data
communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.
3.1.2 CONSUMER APPLIANCES:

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary, DVD

player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video game
consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control,
engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems.
The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such
as playing games and word processing.
OFFICE AUTOMATION:
The office automation products using embedded systems are copying machine, fax machine, key
telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION:
Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include pharmaceutical,
cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The embedded systems
for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure,
humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other
devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where
human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are
now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.
MEDICAL ELECTRONICS:
Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These equipments include
diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners; equipment used in blood
analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more
accurate diagnosis of diseases.
COMPUTER NETWORKING:
Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN),
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded systems which implement
the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two
networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain the data packets from
incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol

conversion. Most networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the
networks, are embedded systems.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS:
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber terminals
and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web
cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet
Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest
embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES:
Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using embedded
systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful
embedded system that provides voice communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital
Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia service over the Internet. Mobile
communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful
embedded systems.
INSEMINATION:
Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering activities.
The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as weight, temperature, pressure,
humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum
analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are embedded systems built
around powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming
portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel.
SECURITY:
Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our homes and
offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded systems for security applications
is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for
authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the

processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every
industrial segment- consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing,
process control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used
to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems
using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user authentication in banking
applications as well as for access control in high security buildings.
FINANCE:
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using smart
cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) machines. Smart card, of the
size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader!
ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a
cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or
at least feel, the work of an embedded system.
3.2 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing on
the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a
layered architecture as shown in Fig. The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application
software runs above the
Fig 3.1.1 Overview of Embedded System Architecture

operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However,
there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system.
For small appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating
system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications involving complex
processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application
software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the
software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time you don’t need to
reload new software.
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As shown in
Fig. the building blocks are;
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
3. Input Devices
4. Output devices
5. Communication interfaces
6. Application-specific circuitry
Fig. 3.1.2 Central Processing Unit

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):
The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its main
attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial communication

interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the
number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more
powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in
which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.
MEMORY:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). The
contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retains the contents
even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the
processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed.
INPUT DEVICES:
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There will
be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task. Many embedded
systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific command. A keypad may be used to
input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in process control do not have any input device for user
interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to
other systems.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded systems
will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system modules, or for visual
indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used to display some important
parameters.
COMMUNICATION INTERFACES:
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to transmit
data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a few communication
interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.

CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER NO 4
METHODOLOGY
When the supply is given to the transformer output of voltage transformer is given to The Voltage
Regulator which Regulares the voltage from transformer first up all we detect the Abnormal voltage condition
By increasing the voltage control. When Abnormal voltage occurs it displays on LCD module and send
notification through IoT to mobile. When we give heat to DS19B20 temperature sensor above 40 ? C It
displays on LCD module and send notification to mobile. In this system the transformer oil level is low upto
15cm it detect by using ultrasonic sensor it give notification through IoT on mobile.
It consist of current transformer, power transformer, thermister, oil sensor, Arduino, LCD display, IoT
modem and relay. Normally in transformer, failure occurs due to voltage and current fluctuation, overheating,
change in oil level etc. In this project, to sense these fault we have used current and power transformer,
temperature sensor, oil sensor respectively. All these sensors are connected Arduino. IoT model and LCD
respectively. When fault occurs due to above any reason then change in ratings will be shown on LCD and
quick SMS will go to control room via IoT modem. A brief discussion about components used is as given
below Sensors play a vital role in effective implementation of the project. As we are interested in monitoring
over current, over temperature and oil level following sensors are selected and suitable designed with respect to
prevailing conditions of power system and rating of transformer to be protected.
WORKING
LCD display, IoT modem and relay. Normally in transformer, failure occurs due to voltage and current
fluctuation, overheating, change in oil level etc. In this project, to sense these fault we have used current and
power transformer, temperature sensor, oil sensor respectively.
All these sensors are connected to converter (ADC0808) and digital output from converter is given to micro-
controller 89S51. MC89S51 has four ports viz. P1, P2, P3 and PO to which we will be connected to address
linesIoT model and LCD respectively. When fault occurs due to above any reason then change in ratings will
be shown on LCD and quick SMS will go to control room via IoT modem. A brief discussion about
components used is as given below

Fig no 4.1 Block Diagram

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC , ATPADI 2023-2024
CHAPTER NO 5
DETAILS OF DESIGNS, WORKING AND PROCESSES

CHAPTER NO 5
DETAILS OF DESIGNS, WORKING AND PROCESSES
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
5.1 MICROCONTROLLER
A Microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronicdevices. It is a type of

microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose
microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). A typical microcontroller contains all the memory and interfaces
needed for a simple application, whereas a general purpose microprocessor requires additional chips to provide
these functions.
A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit with the following key features:
1. central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 8-bit processors to sophisticated 32- or 64-bit
processors
2. input/outputinterfaces such as serial ports
3. RAM for data storage
4. ROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage
5. clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit
Microcontrollers are inside many kinds of electronic equipment (see embedded system). They are the vast
majority of all processor chips sold. Over 50% are "simple" controllers, and another 20% are more specialized
digital signal processors (DSPs) (ref). A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only one or two
general-purpose microprocessors but somewhere between one and two dozen microcontrollers. A typical mid
range vehicle has as many as 50 or more microcontrollers. They can also be found in almost any
electricaldevice: washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones etc.

5.2 ARDUINO UNO BOARD

Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worring too much about doing something wrong,
worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board
and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer
releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
Fig 5.1 Arduino Board

ATMEGA 328P FEATURES
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage
7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328P)
Flash Memory
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Table No. 5.1 Atmega 328p features
DESCRIPTION
The High-Performance Atmel Picopower 8-Bit AVR RISC-Based Microcontroller Combines 32KB ISP
Flash Memory With Read-While-Write Capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23 General Purpose I/O
Lines, 32 General Purpose Working Registers, Three Flexible Timer/Counters With Compare Modes, Internal
And External Interrupts, Serial Programmable USART, A Byte-Oriented 2-Wire Serial Interface, SPI Serial
Port, A 6-Channel 10-Bit A/D Converter (8-Channels In TQFP And QFN/MLF Packages), Programmable
Watchdog Timer With Internal Oscillator, And Five Software Selectable Power Saving Modes. The Device
Operates Between 1.8-5.5 Volts.
By Executing Powerful Instructions In A Single Clock Cycle, The Device Achieves Throughputs
Approaching 1 MIPS Per Mhz, Balancing Power Consumption And Processing Speed.

Fig no 5.2 Block Diagram
PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 5.3 Pin Diagram

IN ADDITION, SOME PINS HAVE SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising
or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI
library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on,
when the pin is LOW, it's off.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. There are a couple of other
pins on the board:AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields
which block the one on the board.
PROGRAMMING
The Arduino/Genuino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software (IDE)). Select
"Arduino/Genuino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For
details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino/Genuino Uno comes preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available in the Arduino
repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI 2023-2024
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then
rese ing the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to
load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU
bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.
DIFFERENCES WITH OTHER BOARDS:

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
COMMUNICATION
Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels
this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2
firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf
file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a
Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use
the SPI library.
AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino/Genuino Uno
board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the
hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328
via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNIC, ATPADI 2023-2024
the chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the
upload button in the interface toolbar. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the
lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X
or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second
or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything
besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection
is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts,
make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before
sending this data.
The Uno board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the
trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the
auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.
OIL LEVEL SENSOR

Oil level sensor is float connected angular Ultrasonic sensor Float is immersed in oil and its mechanical
output is given to angular potentiometer. When there is any mechanical movement of float, there is voltage
generation corresponding to mechanical movement of float. That voltage is used for oil level monitoring. An
ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by emitting ultrasonic
sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the
speed of audible sound. Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves at a frequency too high for humans
to hear. They then wait for the sound to be reflected back, calculating distance based on the time required. This
is similar to how radar measures the time it takes a radio wave to return after hitting an object.
Fig No 5.4 Oil Level Sensor

TEMPERATURE SENSORS
The DS19B20 can be applied easily in the same way as other Integrated- circuit temperature sensors. It
can be glued or cemented -to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.010C of the surface
temperature. This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if
the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature the actual temperature
The DS19B20 is a basic, ultra low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity
sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog
input pins needed). Its fairly simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data. The only real downside of
this sensor is you can only get new data from it once every 2 seconds, so when using our library, sensor
readings can be up to 2 seconds old.
Fig No 5.5 Temperature Sensors

CURRENT SENSOR MODULE

ACS712 Current Sensor Module - 20A can sense upto 20A of current flow. Sensing and controlling the
current flow is a fundamental requirement in wide variety of applications, which includes over-current
protection circuits, battery chargers, switching mode power supplies, digital watt meters, programmable current
sources, etc.
ACS712 Current Sensor Module - 20A is based on ACS712 sensor, which can accurately detect AC or DC
current. The maximum AC or DC that can be detected can reach 20A, and the present current signal can be
read via analog I / O port of a microcontroller or an Arduino.
Fig No 5.6 Current Sensor Module

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being:
LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters
(unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction
given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Fig.5.7 16x2 LCD
INTRODUCTION
The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's HD44780 controller or other
which are compatible with HD44580.
PIN DESCRIPTION
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are extra in
both for back-light LED connections). Pin description is shown in the table below.

PIN CONFIGURATION TABLE FOR A 16X2 LCD CHARACTER DISPLAY:-
Pin Number Symbol Function

1 Vss Ground Terminal
2 Vcc Positive Supply
3 Vdd Contrast adjustment
4 RS Register Select; 0→Instruction Register, 1→Data Register
5 R/W Read/write Signal; 1→Read, 0→ Write
6 E Enable; Falling edge
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2 Bi-directional data bus, data transfer is performed once, thru DB0 to
10 DB3 DB7, in the case of interface data length is 8-bits; and twice,
11 DB4 through DB4 to DB7 in the case of interface data length is 4-bits.
12 DB5 Upper four bits first then lower four bits.
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 LED-(K) Back light LED cathode terminal
16 LED+(A) Back Light LED anode terminal
Table 5.2 Pin Description Of LCD
DATA/SIGNALS/EXECUTION OF LCD
Coming to data, signals and execution. LCD accepts two types of signals, one is data, and another is
control. These signals are recognized by the LCD module from status of the RS pin. Now data can be read also
from the LCD display, by pulling the R/W pin high. As soon as the E pin is pulsed, LCD display reads data at
the falling edge of the pulse and executes it, same for the case of transmission.
LCD display takes a time of 39-43µS to place a character or execute a command. Except for clearing display
and to seek cursor to home position it takes 1.53ms to 1.64ms. Any attempt to send any data before this
interval

may lead to failure to read data or execution of the current data in some devices. Some devices compensate the
speed by storing the incoming data to some temporary registers.
INSTRUCTION REGISTER (IR) AND DATA REGISTER (DR)

There are two 8-bit registers in HD44780 controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction register
corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g LCD shift command, LCD clear, LCD
address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be displayed on LCD. when send the enable
signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the data register and data is then moved
automatically to the DDRAM and hence is displayed on the LCD. Data Register is not only used for sending
data to DDRAM but also for CGRAM, the address where you want to send the data, is decided by the
instruction you send to LCD. We will discuss more on LCD instruction set further in this tutorial.
COMMANDS AND INSTRUCTION SET
Only the instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR) of the LCD can be controlled by the MCU.
Before starting the internal operation of the LCD, control information is temporarily stored into these registers
to allow interfacing with various MCUs, which operate at different speeds, or various peripheral control
devices. The internal operation of the LCD is determined by signals sent from the MCU. These signals, which
include register selection signal (RS), read/write signal (R/W), and the data bus (DB0 to DB7), make up the
LCD instructions (Table 3). There are four categories of instructions that:
 Designate LCD functions, such as display format, data length, etc.

 Set internal RAM addresses
 Perform data transfer with internal RAM
 Perform miscellaneous functions

Table 5.3 Showing various LCD Command Description

Although looking at the table you can make your own commands and test them. Below is a brief list of
useful commands which are used frequently while working on the LCD.
List Of Command
No. Instruction Hex Decimal

1 Function Set: 8-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x30 48
5 Entry Mode 0x06 6
Display off Cursor off
6 (clearing display without clearing 0x08 8
DDRAM content)
7 Display on Cursor on 0x0E 14
8 Display on Cursor off 0x0C 12
9 Display on Cursor blinking 0x0F 15
10 Shift entire display left 0x18 24
12 Shift entire display right 0x1C 30
13 Move cursor left by one character 0x10 16
14 Move cursor right by one character 0x14 20
15 Clear Display (also clear DDRAM 0x01 1
content)
Set DDRAM address or coursor position
16 0x80+add* 128+add*
on display
Set CGRAM address or set pointer
17 0x40+add** 64+add**
to CGRAM location
Table 5.4: Frequently Used Commands And Instructions For LCD
* DDRAM address given in LCD basics section see Figure 2,3,4

** CGRAM address from 0x00 to 0x3F, 0x00 to 0x07 for char1 and so on.

Liquid crystal displays interfacing with Controller
The LCD standard requires 3 control lines and 8 I/O lines for the data bus.
• 8 data pins D7:D0

Bi-directional data/command pins.
Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format.
• RS: Register Select

RS = 0 -> Command Register is
selected RS = 1 -> Data Register is
selected
• R/W: Read or Write

0 -> Write, 1 -> Read
• E: Enable (Latch data)

Used to latch the data present on the data pins.
A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data.
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
5.5 Arduino Integrated Development Environment
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for
writing code, a notification area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of
menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Node MCU ESP8266
Fig No 5.8
Node MCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board specially targeted for IoT based
Applications. It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware
which is based on the ESP-12 module. NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open
source prototyping board designs are available. The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-
controller unit).The term "NodeMCU" strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the
associated development kits. Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built on the
Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson and SPIFFS Due to
resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their project and build a firmware tailored to
their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.The prototyping hardware typically used
is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller
surface-mounted board containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy
prototyping on breadboards. The design was initially based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, widely used
in IoT applications.

The NodeMCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip
having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor. This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates
at 80MHz to 160 MHz adjustable clock frequency. NodeMCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to
store data and programs. Its high processing power with in-built Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and Deep Sleep Operating
features make it ideal for IoT projects.
NodeMCU can be powered using Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply Pin). It supports UART, SPI,
and I2C interface.
NodeMCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features
 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
 PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

NodeMCU ESP8266 Pinout
Fig No 5.9 NodeMCU ESP8266 Pinout
Node MCU Development Board Pinout Configuration
Pin Category Name Description

Power Micro-USB, 3.3V, Micro-USB: NodeMCU can be powered through the USB port
GND, Vin
3.3V: Regulated 3.3V can be supplied to this pin to power the board
GND: Ground pins
Vin: External Power Supply

Control Pins EN, RST The pin and the button resets the microcontroller
Analog Pin A0 Used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-3.3V
GPIO Pins GPIO1 to GPIO16 NodeMCU has 16 general purpose input-output pins on its board
SPI Pins SD1, CMD, SD0, NodeMCU has four pins available for SPI communication.
CLK
UART Pins TXD0, RXD0, NodeMCU has two UART interfaces, UART0 (RXD0 & TXD0) and
TXD2, RXD2 UART1 (RXD1 & TXD1). UART1 is used to upload the
firmware/program.
I2C Pins NodeMCU has I2C functionality support but due to the internal
functionality of these pins, you have to find which pin is I2C.
Table No 5.5

APPLICATIONS OF NODEMCU
 Prototyping of IoT devices

 Low power battery operated applications
 Network projects
 Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities
FLAME SENSOR MODULE

The Flame Sensor Module can detect flames in the 760 – 1100 nanometer wavelength range. Small
flames like a lighter flame can be detected at roughly 0.8m. The detection angle is roughly 60 degrees and the
sensor is particularly sensitive to the flame spectrum.
An on-board LM393 op-amp is used as a comparator to adjust the sensitivity level. The sensor has a
digital and analog output and sensitivity can be adjusted via the blue potentiometer.
This Flame Sensor Module is used to detect fire/flame source or other light sources of the wavelength in
the range of 760nm – 1100 nm. It is based on the YG1006 sensor which is a high speed and high sensitive NPN
silicon phototransistor. Due to its black epoxy, the sensor is sensitive to infrared radiation.
The sensor can be a great addition in a firefighting robot, it can be used as a robot eyes to find the fire
source. When the sensor detects flame the Signal LED will light up and the D0 pin goes LOW.
The module has 2 outputs: Analogue, which gives a real-time voltage output signal on thermal resistance, and
digital which allows temperature thresholds to be set via a potentiometer.
FIG NO 5.10 FLAME SENSOR MODULE

FEATURES :
1. High Photo Sensitivity

2. Fast Response Time
3. Sensitivity adjustable
4. Detects a flame or a light source of a wavelength in the range of 760nm-1100 nm.
5. Detection range: up to 100 cm.
6. Adjustable detection range.
7. Detection angle about 60 degrees, it is sensitive to the flame spectrum.
8. Comparator chip LM393 makes module readings stable.
9. Operating voltage 3.3V-5V.
10. Digital and Analog Output.
11. Power indicator and digital switch output indicator
BLYNK APP
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display sensor data, it can
store data, vizualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
 Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various widgets we provide.
 Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and hardware. You can use our Blynk
Cloud or run yourcally. It’s open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a
Raspberry Pi.
 Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with the server and process all the
incoming and outcoming commands.
 Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message travels to space the Blynk Cloud, where it
magically finds its way to your hardware. It works the same in the opposite direction and everything happens in a
blynk of an eye.

FEATURES
 Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices
 Connection to the cloud using:
1. WiFi
2. Bluetooth and BLE
3. Ethernet
4. USB (Serial)
 Set of easy-to-use Widgets
 Direct pin manipulation with no code writing
 Easy to integrate and add new functionality using virtual pins

 History data monitoring via SuperChart widget
 Device-to-Device communication using Bridge Widget
 Sending emails, tweets, push notifications, etc.
 new features are constantly added!

You can find example sketches covering basic Blynk Features. They are included in the library. All the
sketches are designed to be easily combined with each other.
What do I need to Blynk?
At this point you might be thinking: “Ok, I want it. What do I need to get started?” – Just a couple of things,
really:
1. HARDWARE.
An Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or a similar development kit.
Blynk works over the Internet. This means that the hardware you choose should be able to connect to
the internet. Some of the boards, like Arduino Uno will need an Ethernet or Wi-Fi Shield to communicate,
others are already Internet-enabled: like the ESP8266, Raspberri Pi with WiFi dongle, Particle Photon or
SparkFun Blynk Board. But even if you don’t have a shield, you can connect it over USB to your laptop or
desktop (it’s a bit more complicated for newbies, but we got you covered). What’s cool, is that the list of
hardware that works with Blynk is huge and will keep on growing.
2. A SMARTPHONE.
The Blynk App is a well designed interface builder. It works on both iOS and Android, so no holywars here,
ok?
WRITING SKETCHES
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written in the
text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The notification area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays
errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error notifications

and other information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial
port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open
the serial monitor.
SKETCHBOOK
The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to store your programs
(or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened from the File > Sketchbook menu or from
the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino software, it will automatically create a
directory for your sketchbook. You can view or change the location of the sketchbook location from with
the Preferences dialog.
Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous versions use the .pde
extension. You may still open .pde named files in version 1.0 and later, the software will automatically rename
the extension to .ino.
TABS, MULTIPLE FILES, AND COMPILATION

Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears in its own tab). These
can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C files (.c extension), C++ files (.cpp), or header files
(.h).
UPLOADING
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools > Board and Tools >
Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac, the serial port is probably something
like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a
Duemilanove or earlier USB board), or/dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a
Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board)
or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial device in the ports
section of the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx ,/dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once
you've selected the correct serial port and board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select the Upload
item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older
boards (pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before starting
the
upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino
Software (IDE) will display a notification when the upload is complete, or show an error.
When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that has been loaded
on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without using any additional hardware.
The bootloader is active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts
(i.e. when the board resets).
LIBRARIES
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or manipulating
data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or
more #include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with your sketch. Because libraries
are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer
needs a library, simply delete its #includestatements from the top of your code.
There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the Arduino software. Others can be
downloaded from a variety of sources or through the Library Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE,
you do can import a library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch. See these instructions for installing a
third-party library.To write your own library.
THIRD-PARTY HARDWARE
Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your sketchbook directory.
Platforms installed there may include board definitions (which appear in the board menu), core libraries,
bootloaders, and programmer definitions. To install, create the hardware directory, then unzip the third-party
platform into its own sub-directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the sub-directory name or you'll override the built-
in Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete its directory.For details on creating packages for third-party
hardware, see the Arduino IDE 1.5 3rd party Hardware specification.
SERIAL MONITOR
Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino or Genuino board (USB or serial board). To send data
to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or press enter. Choose the baud rate from the drop-down

that matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux, the Arduino
or Genuino board will reset (rerun your sketch execution to the beginning) when you connect with the serial
monitor.
You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (see the interfacing page for details).
PREFERENCES
Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under the Arduino menu on the Mac,
or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be found in the preferences file, whose location is shown in the
preference dialog.
BOARDS
The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed and baud rate) used when
compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file and fuse settings used by the burn bootloader
command. Some of the board definitions differ only in the latter, so even if you've been uploading successfully
with a particular selection you'll want to check it before burning the bootloader. You can find a comparison
table between the various boards here.
Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the following list, all based on
the AVR Core. TheBoards Manager included in the standard installation allows to add support for the growing
number of new boards based on different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.
The Compilation Process
The arduino code is actually just plain old c without all the header part (the includes and all). when you
press the 'compile' button, the IDE saves the current file as arduino.c in the 'lib/build' directory then it calls a
makefile contained in the 'lib' directory.
This makefile copies arduino.c as prog.c into 'lib/tmp' adding 'wiringlite.inc' as the beginning of it. this
operation makes the arduino/wiring code into a proper c file (called prog.c).
After this, it copies all the files in the 'core' directory into 'lib/tmp'. these files are the implementation of the
various arduino/wiring commands adding to these files adds commands to the language
The core files are supported by pascal stang's procyon avr-lib that is contained in the 'lib/avrlib' directory. At
this point the code contained in lib/tmp is ready to be compiled with the c compiler contained in 'tools'. If the
make operation is succesfull then you'll have prog.hex ready to be downloaded into the processor.

CHAPTER NO 6
RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS

6.1 RESULTS:
1. Voltage level When device detects low voltage or high voltage it will send the notification to Normal
or Abnormal Voltage.
2. Flame or fire can be detected when flame sensor get activated and sends the notification.
3. Oil Level In this system in transformer oil level is low or high it sense the by using float sensor it
gives the massage as low oil.
4. Temperature Ambient temperature of Transformer is high or it will be increase it sense through the
sensor DS19B20 and gives notification.

SHIVAJI POLYTECHNICA , ATPADI 2023 -2024
6.2 APPLICATION
 Power House
 Industries
 Office

CHAPTER NO 7
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSION
Transformers are among the most generic and expensive piece of equipment of the transmission and
distribution system. Regular monitoring health condition of transformer not only is economical also adds to
increased reliability. In the past, maintenance of transformers was done based on a pre-determined schedule.
With the advancement of communication technology now it is possible to receive fault information of
transformer through IoT technology remotely to the operator and authorities so one can able to take possible
solution before converting fault in to fatal situation. Depending upon fault analysis a prototype model of
microcontroller based transformer health monitoring kit is developed in laboratory. Using digital controller
analysis results are regularly updated. During abnormal conditions exceeding specified limits information is
immediately communicated through IoT technology to the operator and also to concerned authority for possible
remedial action. This type of remote observation of health condition of transformer not only increases the life of
transformer but also increases mean down time of transformer there by increased reliability and decreased cost
of power system operations.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

It can further be improved to automatically Currently there is no monitoring methodology for
distribution transformers. Protective devices are available only to prevent occurrence of fault and will be useful
at the time of fault. To design and implement an embedded mobile &IoT system to measure current, oil level &
oil temperature of the transformer. By continuous monitoring transformer faults can be predicted and prevented.

CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES AND BIBILIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES AND BIBILIOGRAPHY
Abdul-Rahman AI-Ali, Abdul Khaliq & Muhammad Arshad “IoT-Based Distribution Transformer Monitoring
System,” IEEE MELECON 2004, May 12-15,2004, Dubrovnik, Croatia
Buyung Sofiarto Munir, Johan J. Smi:”Evaluation of Various Transformations to Extract Characteristic
Parameters from Vibration Signal Monitoring of Power Transformer”2011 Electrical Insulation Conference,
Annapolis, Maryland, 5 to 8 June 2011
Xiao-hui Cheng,Yang Wang, “The remote monitoring system of transformer fault based on The internet of
Things,” 2011 International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology
Drasko Furundzic, Zeljko Djurovic, Vladimir Celebic, and Iva Salom, “Neurel Network Ensemble for Power
Transformers Fault Detection,”11th symposium on Neural Network Applications in electrical Engineering
NEUREL-2012
Suraj Pardeshi, Ramakant Mahajan, Uma Mahesh Pasumarthi, Rohit Kumar Arora,,” Multiprocessor based
architecture for On-line Condition Monitoring of Transformers,” 2012 IEEE International Conference on
Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis 23-27 September 2012, Bali, Indonesia
D S Suresh, Prathibha T, KouserTaj,” Oil Based Transformer Health Monitoring System” International Journal
of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Volume
Mallikarjun Sarsamba, Prashant Sangulagi, Dr. Raju Yanamshetty,“The Load Monitoring and Protection on
Electricity Power lines using IoT Network,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science
and Software Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN: 2277 128X
Monika Agarwal, Akshaypandya,” IoT Based Condition Monitoring of Transformer,”IJSRD - International
Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 12, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
Satya Kumar Behera,RaviMasand,Dr. S. P. Shukla,”A Review of Transformer Protection by Using PLC
System,International Journal of Digital Application & Contemporary research, (Volume 3, Issue 2, September
2014)
Vishwanath R, Akshatha V Shetty, Poonam, Shamilli, M Thanuja,” A New Approach to monitor Condition of
Transformers incipient fault diagnosis based on IoT& XBEE,” International Journal of Science, Engineering and
Technology Research (IJSETR), Vol. 4(11),pp. 3826-3829,2015.
Pathak A.K, Kolhe A.N, Gagare J.T, KhemnarSM ,”IoT Based Distribution Transformer Monitoring And
Controlling System” Vol-2 Issue-2 2016, IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396.
Mohamed Ahmed Eltayeb Ahmed Elmustafa Hayati, Sherief F. Babiker,” Design and Implementation of Low-

Cost SMS Based Monitoring System of Distribution Transformers,” 2016 Conference of Basic Sciences and
Engineering Studies (SGCAC).
RavishankarTularamZanzad, Prof. Nikita Umare,Prof Gajanan Patle , ” ZIGBEE Wireless Transformer
Monitoring, Protection and Control System”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization), Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2016.
U.V.Patil, Kathe Mohan, HarkalSaurabh ,Warhade Nilesh,”Transformer Health Condition Monitoring Using
IoT Technology”,Vol-2 Issue-2 2016, IJARIIEISSN(O)-2395-4396.
Sachin Kumar B S, Dr.NageshPrabhu ,”Simulation And Analysis Of Compact Remote Monitoring System”,
International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering
Nitte Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering NCAEE-2016 , Nitte Vol. 4, Special Issue 2, April
2016
Vadirajacharya. K, Ashish Kharche, Harish Kulakarni, Vivek Landage “Transformer Health Condition
Monitoring Through IoT Technology”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3,
Issue 12, December-2012


SYNOPSIS Black Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SYNOPSIS Black Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SYNOPSIS Black Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A

“IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM”

IN THE PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSOF

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2112090016 Mr. Yash Anil Mainkar

2112090018 Mr. Yash Tukaram Bansode

2112090019 Mr.Vivkanand Rohidas Jagdhane

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

2112090016 Mr. Yash Anil Mainkar

2112090018 Mr. Yash Tukaram Bansode

2112090019 Mr.Vivkanand Rohidas Jagdhane

Prof.SankpalA.V. Prof.SankpalA.V. Prof.Kulkarni O.G

External Examiner Sign

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Guide & HOD (ELECTRICAL)

I am equally indebted to guide Prof.Sankpal A.V. for extending necessary help,

2112090016 Mr. Yash Anil Mainkar

2112090018 Mr. Yash Tukaram Bansode

2112090019 Mr.Vivkanand Rohidas Jagdhane

Sr. No. Chapters Page No.

2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3 CHAPATER 3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

3.1 Embedded System

5 CHAPTER 5 DETAILS OF DESIGNS, WORKING AND

5.2 Arduino Uno Board Hardware

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Sr. No. Name Of Diagram Page No.

3 Thing Speak cloud server 10

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 8

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 9

1) Ordinary transformer measurement system generally detects a single transformer

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 10

4) A monitoring system can only monitor the operation state or guard.

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 11

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 12

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 13

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 14

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 15

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 16

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 17

3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

3.1.1 APPLICATION AREAS

3.1.2 CONSUMER APPLIANCES:

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 18

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 19

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 20

3.2 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig 3.1.1 Overview of Embedded System Architecture

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 21

Fig. 3.1.2 Central Processing Unit

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 22

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 23

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 24

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 25

Fig no 4.1 Block Diagram

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 26

IOT BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 27

DETAILS OF DESIGNS, WORKING AND PROCESSES

A Microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronicdevices. It is a type of

A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit with the following key features: