Energy Changesina System

The image below shows a student before and after a bungee jump.
1
The bungee cord has an unstretched length of 20 m.
(a) For safety reasons, it is important that the bungee cord used is appropriate for the student’s
weight.
Give two reasons why.
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(2)
(b) The student jumps off the bridge.
Complete the sentences to describe the energy transfers.
Use answers from the box.
elastic potential gravitational potential kinetic sound thermal
Page 2 of 75
Before the student jumps from the bridge he has a store of
.......................................... energy.
When he is falling, the student's store of ..........................................

energy increases.
When the bungee cord is stretched, the cord stores energy as
.......................................... energy.
(3)
(c) At the lowest point in the jump when the student is stationary, the extension of the bungee
cord is 35 metres.
The bungee cord behaves like a spring with a spring constant of 40 N / m.
Calculate the energy stored in the stretched bungee cord.
Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.
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Energy = ................................................... J
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 3 of 75
A student investigated how much energy from the Sun was incident on the Earth’s surface at her
2 location.
She put an insulated pan of water in direct sunlight and measured the time it took for the
temperature of the water to increase by 0.6 °C.
The apparatus she used is shown in the figure below.
(a) Choose the most appropriate resolution for the thermometer used by the student.
Tick one box.
0.1 °C
0.5 °C
1.0 °C
(1)
(b) The energy transferred to the water was 1050 J.
The time taken for the water temperature to increase by 0.6 °C was 5 minutes.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / kg °C.
Write down the equation which links energy transferred, power and time.
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(1)
(c) Calculate the mean power supplied by the Sun to the water in the pan.
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Average power = ............................................. W

(2)
Page 4 of 75
(d) Calculate the mass of water the student used in her investigation.
Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.
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Mass = .............................................. kg
(3)
(e) The student’s results can only be used as an estimate of the mean power at her location.
Give one reason why.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
A student investigated how current varies with potential difference for two different lamps.
3
Her results are shown in the figure below.
(a) Complete the circuit diagram for the circuit that the student could have used to obtain the
results shown in the figure above.
(3)
Page 5 of 75
(b) Which lamp will be brighter at any potential difference?
Explain your answer.
Use the figure above to aid your explanation
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(2)
(c) Lamp B has the higher resistance at any potential difference.
Explain how the figure above shows this.
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(2)
(d) Both lamps behave like ohmic conductors through a range of values of potential difference.
Use the figure above to determine the range for these lamps.
Explain your answer.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 6 of 75
The figure below shows a student before and after a bungee jump.
4
The bungee cord has an unstretched length of 20.0 m.
The mass of the student is 50.0 kg.
The gravitational field strength is 9.8 N / kg.
(a) Write down the equation which links gravitational field strength, gravitational potential
energy, height and mass.
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(1)
(b) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy from the position where the student
jumps to the point 20.0 m below.
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Change in gravitational potential energy = .......................... J

(2)
Page 7 of 75
(c) 80% of this change in gravitational potential energy has been transferred to the student’s
kinetic energy store.
How much has the student’s kinetic energy store increased after falling 20.0 m?
Kinetic energy gained = ............................................... J

(1)
(d) Calculate the speed of the student after falling 20.0 m.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
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Speed = ................................................... m / s
(4)
(e) At the lowest point in the jump, the energy stored by the stretched bungee cord is 24.5 kJ.
The bungee cord behaves like a spring.
Calculate the spring constant of the bungee cord.
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Spring constant = ............................................... N / m

(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 8 of 75
The figure below shows the horizontal forces acting on a car.
5
(a) Which one of the statements describes the motion of the car?
Tick one box.
It will be slowing down.
It will be stationary.
It will have a constant speed.
It will be speeding up.
(1)
(b) During part of the journey the car is driven at a constant speed for five minutes.
Which one of the equations links distance travelled, speed and time?
Tick one box.
distance travelled = speed + time
distance travelled = speed × time
distance travelled = speed − time
distance travelled = speed ÷ time
(1)
(c) During a different part of the journey the car accelerates from 9m / s to 18m / s in 6 s.
Use the following equation to calculate the acceleration of the car.
acceleration=
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acceleration = .................................................. m / s2
(2)
Page 9 of 75
(d) Which equation links acceleration, mass and resultant force?
Tick one box.
resultant force = mass + acceleration
resultant force = mass × acceleration
resultant force = mass − acceleration
resultant force = mass ÷ acceleration
(1)
(e) The mass of the car is 1120 kg. The mass of the driver is 80 kg.
Calculate the resultant force acting on the car and driver while accelerating.
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Resultant force = .................................................. N

(2)
(f) Calculate the distance travelled while the car is accelerating.
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Distance = .................................................. m
(3)
Page 10 of 75
(g) A car driver sees a fallen tree lying across the road ahead and makes an emergency stop.
The braking distance of the car depends on the speed of the car.
For the same braking force, explain what happens to the braking distance if the speed
doubles.
You should refer to kinetic energy in your answer.
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(4)
(Total 14 marks)
The electric kettle shown below is used to boil water.

6
©leeser87/iStock
(a) After the water has boiled, the temperature of the water decreases by 22 °C.
The mass of water in the kettle is 0.50 kg.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg °C.
Calculate the energy transferred to the surroundings from the water.
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Energy = ....................... joules

(2)
Page 11 of 75
(b) Why is the total energy input to the kettle higher than the energy used to heat the water?
Tick (✔) one box.
Tick (✔)
Energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
Energy is used to heat the kettle.
The kettle is more than 100% efficient.

(1)
(Total 3 marks)
A heater uses energy from a laptop computer to keep a drink hot.

7
The image shows a metal mug on the heater.
(a) The laptop computer is operating on battery power.

How would connecting the heater affect the amount of time the laptop computer would
operate for, before needing to be recharged?
Tick (✔) one box.
Tick (✔)
it would decrease the time
it would not affect the time
it would increase the time

(1)
Page 12 of 75
(b) The power output from the heater is 12 W.
Calculate the energy transferred to the metal mug in 60 seconds.
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Energy = ................ joules

(2)
(c) The table lists changes that may affect the energy transfer per second from the heater to
the liquid.
Tick (✔) one box to show the effect of each change.
Energy transfer per second to the liquid

Change
increases decreases does not change
use a mug with a smaller

base
use a lower power heater
use a plastic mug instead of

a metal mug
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 13 of 75
A new design for a kettle is made from two layers of plastic separated by a vacuum.
8 After the water in the kettle has boiled, the water stays hot for at least 2 hours.
The new kettle is shown below.
(a) The energy transferred from the water in the kettle to the surroundings in 2 hours is
46 200 J.
The mass of water in the kettle is 0.50 kg.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg °C.
The initial temperature of the water is 100 °C.
Calculate the temperature of the water in the kettle after 2 hours.
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Temperature after 2 hours = ...................... °C

(3)
(b) Calculate the average power output from the water in the kettle to the surroundings in 2
hours.
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Average power output = ........................... W

(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 14 of 75
A student did an experiment to calculate her power.
9 The diagram below shows how she obtained the measurements needed.
The student first weighed herself and then ran up a flight of stairs. A second student timed how
long it took her to go from the bottom to the top of the stairs. The height of the stairs was also
measured.
(a) Complete the following sentence.
To run up the stairs the student must do work against
the force of ...................... .

(1)
(b) The student did 2240 J of work going from the bottom of the stairs to the top of the stairs.
The student took 2.8 seconds to run up the stairs.
(i) Calculate the power the student developed when running up the stairs.
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Power = ...................... W
(2)
(ii) How much gravitational potential energy did the student gain in going from the bottom
to the top of the stairs?
Tick (✔) one box.
much more than 2240 J
2240 J
much less than 2240 J
(1)
Page 15 of 75
(c) Another four students did the same experiment.
The measurements taken and the calculated values for power are given in the table.
Student Weight in Time taken in Power in watts

newtons seconds
A 285 3.8 240
B 360 2.4 480
C 600 3.4 560
D 725 4.0 580
(i) To make a fair comparison of their powers the students kept one variable in the
experiment constant.
What variable did the students keep constant?
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(1)
(ii) From the data in the table a student wrote the following conclusion.
'The greater the weight of the student the greater the power developed.'
Suggest why this conclusion may not be true for a larger group of students.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Figure 1 shows an exercise device called a chest expander. The three springs are identical.
10
Figure 1
A person pulls outwards on the handles and does work to stretch the springs.
When the springs are stretched ...................... ...................... energy is stored in the
springs.
(1)
Page 16 of 75
(b) Figure 2 shows how the extension of a single spring from the chest expander depends on
the force acting on the spring.
Figure 2
(i) How can you tell, from Figure 2, that the limit of proportionality of the spring has not
been exceeded?
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(1)
(ii) Use data from Figure 2 to calculate the spring constant of the spring.
Give the unit.
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Spring constant = ...................... Unit ......................

(3)
Page 17 of 75
(iii) Three identical resistors joined in parallel in an electrical circuit share the total current
in the circuit.
In a similar way, the three springs in the chest expander share the total force exerted.
By considering this similarity, use Figure 2 to determine the total force exerted on the
chest expander when each spring is stretched by 0.25 m.
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Total force = ...................... N

(2)
(c) The student in Figure 3 is doing an exercise called a chin-up.
Figure 3
Each time the student does one chin-up he lifts his body 0.40 m vertically upwards.
The mass of the student is 65 kg.
The student is able to do 12 chin-ups in 60 seconds.
Calculate the power developed by the student.
Gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg
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Power = ...................... W
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 18 of 75
The diagram below shows a person using a device called a jetpack. Water is forced downwards
11 from the jetpack and produces an upward force on the person.
(a) State the condition necessary for the person to be able to remain stationary in mid-air.
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(1)
(b) The person weighs 700 N and the jetpack weighs 140 N.
(i) Calculate the combined mass of the person and the jetpack.
Gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg
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Combined mass = ..................... kg

(2)
(ii) Increasing the upward force to 1850 N causes the person to accelerate upwards.
Calculate the acceleration of the person and the jetpack. Give the unit.
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Acceleration = ..................... Unit .....................

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 19 of 75
Under the same conditions, different materials heat up and cool down at different rates.
12
(a) What is meant by specific heat capacity?
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(2)
(b) Quenching’ is a process used to change the properties of steel by cooling it rapidly.
The steel is heated to a very high temperature and then placed in a container of cold water.
(i) A metalworker quenches a steel rod by heating it to a temperature of 900 °C before

placing it in cold water. The mass of the steel rod is 20 kg.
The final temperature of the rod and water is 50 °C.
Calculate the energy transferred from the steel rod to the water.
Specific heat capacity of steel = 420 J / kg °C.
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Energy transferred = ........................................ J

(3)
(ii) The temperature of the steel rod eventually returns to room temperature.
Compare the movement and energies of the particles in the steel rod and in the air at
room temperature.
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(3)
Page 20 of 75
(iii) When the steel rod is being quenched, the temperature of the water rises to 50 °C.
After a few hours the water cools down to room temperature.
Some of the cooling of the water is due to evaporation.
Explain in terms of particles how evaporation causes the cooling of water.
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(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 21 of 75
Figure 1 shows the design of a playground ride.
13
A large wooden block rests on ropes. The ropes are attached to a metal frame.
Children sit on the wooden block.
When the wooden block is moved to the left and released it moves to and fro.
When the wooden block returns to the point of release it has completed one cycle.
(a) Identify two possible hazards of the ride in Figure 1.
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(2)
Page 22 of 75
(b) The designer of the ride wants to know if the ride has the same time period as a pendulum
of the same length.
The designer used a model of the ride and a pendulum as shown in Figure 2.
The designer measured the time taken to complete 10 cycles for different lengths of both
the model ride and the pendulum.
The results for the model ride are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Time for 10 cycles in seconds Mean time

Length
period
in metres
First time Second time Third time Mean in seconds
0.100 6.36 6.37 6.29 6.34 0.63
0.150 7.76 7.74 7.80
0.200 8.97 8.99 8.95 8.97 0.90
The results for the pendulum are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Time for 10 cycles in seconds Mean time

Length
period
in metres
First time Second time Third time Mean in seconds
0.250 10.00 10.04 10.02 10.02 1.00
0.300 10.99 11.01 10.94 10.98 1.10
0.350 11.88 11.83 11.87 11.86 1.19
(i) Complete Table 1, giving values to an appropriate number of significant figures.
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(3)
Page 23 of 75
(ii) The investigation already includes repeated readings.
Suggest one improvement that could be made to this investigation.
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(1)
(iii) The designer reads in an Advanced Physics textbook that:

‘The square of the time period, T, for a simple pendulum is proportional to its length,
l.’
T2 ∝ l
Would the model ride have the same time period as a simple pendulum of the same
length?
Use one row of data from Table 1 and one row of data from Table 2 to work out your
answer.
State your conclusion.
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(3)
(c) The ride was redesigned and built to make it safer.
The wood was moving at maximum speed. The maximum kinetic energy of the wood was
180 J.
A parent applied a force to the wood and stopped it in a distance of 0.25 m.
Calculate the force required.
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Force = .............................. N
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 24 of 75
A ‘can-chiller’ is used to make a can of drink colder.
14
Figure 1 shows a can-chiller.
(a) The can-chiller decreases the temperature of the liquid in the can by 15 °C.
The mass of liquid is 0.33 kg.
The specific heat capacity of the liquid is 4200 J / kg °C.
Calculate the energy transferred from the liquid as it cools.
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Energy = ................................................. J
(2)
(b) Complete the following sentence.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to
change the ............................................................. of one kilogram of the
substance by one degree Celsius.

(1)
(c) To calculate the specific heat capacity of a material, the mass of the material needs to be
measured.
State the name of a measuring instrument used to measure mass.
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(1)
Page 25 of 75
(d) The back of the can-chiller has cooling fins, as shown in Figure 2.
The cooling fins increase the rate of energy transfer from the can-chiller to the
surroundings.
Complete the following sentences.
The cooling fins are a ................................... colour because that makes them
good emitters of infrared radiation.
The large surface area of the cooling fins allows the air around the can-chiller
to gain energy quickly and rise, transferring energy by ................................... .

(2)
(e) (i) The energy input to the can-chiller is the same as the energy output. This shows that
energy is conserved.
Complete the following sentence.
Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but cannot be
................................. or destroyed.
(1)
(ii) The temperature of the can of drink decreases while it is in the can-chiller.
What happens to the temperature of the air around the cooling fins?
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 26 of 75
The image shows a solar thermal power station.
15
© Kim Steele/Photodisc/Thinkstock
Energy from the Sun is directed at the solar receiver by many mirrors.
(a) (i) Suggest one reason why a solar thermal power station is built in a hot desert.
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(1)
(ii) Complete the following sentence to describe how the mirrors direct energy from the
Sun towards the solar receiver.
Energy from the Sun is ................................................... by the mirrors
towards the solar receiver.

(1)
Page 27 of 75
(iii) Heated water is used to generate electricity in the solar thermal power station.
Choose the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
boiler motor transformer turbine
At the solar receiver, water is heated in a ........................................
which turns the water into steam. The steam turns a
....................................which is connected to a water into steam. The
steam turns a .................................... which is connected to a generator.
The generator produces electricity. A ........................................ is used
to change the voltage for transmission along power lines.

(3)
(b) A solar storage power station is a new type of solar power station.
It is able to store energy from the Sun to generate electricity at night.
The solar storage power station can supply a town with a maximum electrical power of 140
000 kW for 15 hours.
Calculate the maximum energy, in kWh, stored by the solar storage power station.
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Energy = ............................................................ kWh

(2)
Page 28 of 75
(c) A different method of generating electricity uses wind turbines.
A student researching a wind farm wrote the following.
Top Hill Wind Farm has 25 wind turbines.

Last week, one of the wind turbines generated
electricity for only 42 hours out of a possible 168 hours.
My conclusion is that all wind turbines operate for only
25% of the time.
(i) Give two reasons why the student is not correct in reaching his conclusion.
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2.............................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) Give one reason why wind turbines do not generate electricity all the time.
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(1)
(iii) Give one advantage of using wind turbines to generate electricity compared with
using fossil fuel power stations.
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 29 of 75
The image below shows a solar thermal power station that has been built in a hot desert.
16
The power station uses energy from the Sun to heat water to generate electricity.
Energy from the Sun is reflected towards a solar receiver using many mirrors.
© Kim Steele/Photodisc/Thinkstock
(a) (i) Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum provides most of the energy to heat the
water in a solar thermal power station?
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(1)
(ii) Describe how heated water is used to generate electricity by this

solar thermal power station.
The process is the same as in a fossil fuel power station.
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(3)
Page 30 of 75
(b) A new type of solar power station, called a solar storage power station, is able to store
energy from the Sun by heating molten chemical salts.
The stored energy can be used to generate electricity at night.
(i) It is important that the molten chemical salts have a high specific heat capacity.
Suggest one reason why.
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(1)
(ii) The solar storage power station can store a maximum of 2 200 000 kWh of energy.
The solar storage power station can supply a town with a maximum electrical power
of 140 000 kW.
Calculate for how many hours the energy stored by the solar storage power station
can supply the town with electrical power.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
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Time = .................................... hours

(3)
(iii) Table 1 gives information about the place where the solar storage power station has
been built.
Table 1
Mean power received from

Mean number of
Season the Sun per
daylight hours
square metre in kW
Spring 11.5 0.90
Summer 13.5 1.10
Autumn 12.0 0.95
Winter 10.5 0.71
Page 31 of 75
The solar storage power station does not operate at the maximum possible electrical
output every day of the year.
Suggest why.
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(2)
(c) Power stations do not work at maximum possible electrical output all the time.The ‘capacity
factor’ of a power station is calculated using the equation:
Table 2 shows capacity factors for different types of power station.
Table 2
Renewable energy
Type of power station Capacity factor
source
Coal No 0.41
Natural gas No 0.48
Nuclear No 0.66
Solar thermal Yes 0.33
Tidal Yes 0.26
Wind turbine Yes 0.30
Page 32 of 75
(i) Compare the capacity factors of the renewable power stations with those of the
non-renewable power stations in Table 2.
Explain the reason for the difference between the capacity factors.
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(3)
(ii) The capacity factor of a solar storage power station is higher than for all other
renewable power stations.
Suggest one reason why.
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 33 of 75
A ‘can-chiller’ is used to make a can of drink colder.
17
The image below shows a can-chiller.
(a) The initial temperature of the liquid in the can was 25.0 °C.
The can-chiller decreased the temperature of the liquid to 20.0 °C.
The amount of energy transferred from the liquid was 6930 J.
The mass of liquid in the can was 0.330 kg.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.
Give the unit.
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Specific heat capacity = .......................................... unit ...............................

(4)
(b) Energy is transferred through the metal walls of the can of drink by conduction.
Explain how.
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(4)
Page 34 of 75
(c) The energy from the can of drink is transferred to the air around the can-chiller.
A convection current is set up around the can-chiller. Explain how.
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(3)
(d) The can-chiller has metal cooling fins that are designed to transfer energy quickly to the
surroundings.
Give two features that would help the metal cooling fins to transfer energy quickly to the
surroundings.
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2........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
(a) Draw one line from each velocity−time graph to the statement describing the motion shown
18 by the graph.
(2)
Page 35 of 75
(b) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
energy momentum speed
The velocity of an object includes both the .................................................. of the object

and the direction the object is moving.
(1)
(c) At the start of a race, a horse accelerates from a velocity of 0 m / s to a velocity of 9 m / s in

4 seconds.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of the horse.
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Acceleration = ........................................... m / s2
(2)
(ii) When the horse accelerates, what, if anything, happens to the air resistance acting
against the horse?
Tick ( ) one box.
The air resistance decreases
The air resistance is constant
The air resistance increases
(1)
Page 36 of 75
(d) A horse and a pony walk across a field at the same constant speed.
The horse has 4000 joules of kinetic energy.
The pony is half the mass of the horse.
What is the kinetic energy of the pony?
Draw a ring around the correct answer
2000 J 4000 J 8000 J
Give a reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
(a) Figure 1 shows the forces acting on a model air-powered rocket just after it has been
19 launched vertically upwards.
(i) How does the velocity of the rocket change as the rocket moves upwards?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 37 of 75
(ii) The velocity of the rocket is not the same as the speed of the rocket.
What is the difference between the velocity of an object and the speed of an object?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The speed of the rocket just after being launched is 12 m / s.

The mass of the rocket is 0.05 kg.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the rocket just after being launched.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Kinetic energy = ......................................... J

(2)
(ii) As the rocket moves upwards, it gains gravitational potential energy.
State the maximum gravitational potential energy gained by the rocket.
Ignore the effect of air resistance.
Maximum gravitational potential energy = ......................................... J

(1)
(iii) Calculate the maximum height the rocket will reach.
Ignore the effect of air resistance.
Gravitational field strength = 10 N / kg.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Maximum height = ......................................... m

(2)
Page 38 of 75
(iv) Figure 2 shows four velocity−time graphs.
Taking air resistance into account, which graph, A, B, C or D, shows how the velocity
of the rocket changes as it falls from the maximum height it reached until it just hits
the ground?
Write the correct answer in the box.
(1)
Page 39 of 75
(c) The rocket can be launched at different angles to the horizontal.
The horizontal distance the rocket travels is called the range.
Figure 3 shows the paths taken by the rocket when launched at different angles.
Air resistance has been ignored.
What pattern links the angle at which the rocket is launched and the range of the rocket?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
A student finds some information about energy-saving light bulbs.

20
(a) A 30W light bulb uses 600J of electrical energy in a certain period of time. In that time, it
produces 450 J of light energy. The rest of the energy is wasted.
(i) Calculate the energy wasted by the light bulb in this period of time.
................................................................................................................
Wasted energy = ................................. J

(1)
Page 40 of 75
(ii) What happens to the energy wasted by the light bulb?
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Calculate the efficiency of this light bulb.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Efficiency = ............................................................
(2)
(iv) Calculate the period of time, in seconds, during which the 600 J is provided to the
30 W light bulb.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Time = ......................... s
(2)
(b) A company that makes light bulbs provides information about some of their products.
The table shows some of this information.
Power in watts Lifetime in hours Cost of bulb in £
Filament bulb 60 1250 2.00
LED bulb 12 50 000 16.00
(i) Suggest why it is important to confirm this information independently.
................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 41 of 75
(ii) A homeowner is thinking about replacing his filament bulbs with LED bulbs.
A 12 W LED bulb gives the same light output as a 60 W filament bulb.
Suggest reasons why the homeowner is likely to choose LED bulbs.
Use the information given in the table.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) State one factor, other than efficiency, that is important when considering the choice
of a bulb for lighting in the home.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
All objects emit and absorb infrared radiation.

21
(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
dark matt dark shiny light matt light shiny
The best emitters of infrared radiation have
......................................................................... surfaces.
The worst emitters of infrared radiation have
......................................................................... surfaces.
(2)
Page 42 of 75
(b) Diagram 1 shows a sphere which is at a much higher temperature than its surroundings.
Diagram 1
Energy is transferred from the sphere to the surroundings.
The table shows readings for the sphere in three different conditions, A, B and C.
Temperature of Temperature of
Condition
sphere in °C surroundings in °C
A 70 5
B 80 0
C 90 30
In each of the conditions, A, B and C, the sphere transfers energy to the surroundings at a
different rate.
Put conditions A, B and C in the correct order.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 43 of 75
(c) Diagram 2 shows a can containing water.
A student investigates how quickly a can of water heats up when it is cooler than room
temperature.
Diagram 2
The student has four cans, each made of the same material, with the following outer
surfaces.
dark matt dark shiny light matt light shiny
The student times how long it takes the water in each can to reach room temperature.
Each can contains the same mass of water at the same starting temperature.
(i) Which can of water will reach room temperature the quickest?
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 44 of 75
(ii) Apart from material of the can, mass of water and starting temperature, suggest three
control variables for the student’s investigation.
1 ............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) The photographs show two different foxes.
Fox A Fox B
By Algkalv (Own work) [CC-BY-3.0], © EcoPic/iStock

via Wikimedia Commons
Which fox is better adapted to survive cold conditions?
Give reasons for your answer.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 45 of 75
The diagram shows three cups A, B and C.
22
Energy is transferred from hot water in the cups to the surroundings.
(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
condensation conduction convection
Energy is transferred through the walls of the cup by ....................................... .
In the air around the cup, energy is transferred by ........................................... .

(2)
Page 46 of 75
(b) Some students investigated how the rate of cooling of water in a cup depends on the
surface area of the water in contact with the air.
They used cups A, B and C. They poured the same volume of hot water into each cup and
recorded the temperature of the water at regular time intervals.
The results are shown on the graph.
Time in minutes
(i) What was the starting temperature of the water for each cup?
Starting temperature = ........................................ °C

(1)
(ii) Calculate the temperature fall of the water in cup B in the first 9 minutes.
................................................................................................................
Temperature fall = ........................................ °C

(2)
(iii) Which cup, A, B or C, has the greatest rate of cooling?
Page 47 of 75
Using the graph, give a reason for your answer.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) The investigation was repeated using the bowl shown in the diagram.
The same starting temperature and volume of water were used.
Draw on the graph in part (b) another line to show the expected result.
(1)
(v) After 4 hours, the temperature of the water in each of the cups and the bowl was
20°C.
Suggest why the temperature does not fall below 20°C.
................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) (i) The mass of water in each cup is 200 g.
Calculate the energy, in joules, transferred from the water in a cup when the
temperature of the water falls by 8°C.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / kg°C.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Energy transferred = ........................................ J

(3)
Page 48 of 75
(ii) Explain, in terms of particles, how evaporation causes the cooling of water.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 16 marks)
(a) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
23 and using specialist terms where appropriate.
The diagram shows the structure of a vacuum flask.
A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of energy transfer by heating processes.
Page 49 of 75
Describe how the design of a vacuum flask keeps the liquid inside hot.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
Page 50 of 75
(b) Arctic foxes live in a very cold environment.
© Purestock/Thinkstock
Arctic foxes have small ears.
How does the size of the ears help to keep the fox warm in a cold environment?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 51 of 75
An electric immersion heater is used to heat the water in a domestic hot water tank.
24 When the immersion heater is switched on the water at the bottom of the tank gets hot.
The main way the energy is transferred through the copper wall of the water tank is by
the process of ................................................................................ .

(1)
Page 52 of 75
(b) The immersion heater has a thermostat to control the water temperature.
When the temperature of the water inside the tank reaches 58°C the thermostat switches
the heater off. The thermostat switches the heater back on when the temperature of the
water falls to 50°C.
Graph A shows how the temperature of the water inside a hot water tank changes with
time. The tank is not insulated.
Time in hours
(i) The temperature of the water falls at the fastest rate just after the heater switches off.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) To heat the water in the tank from 50°C to 58°C the immersion heater transfers
4032 kJ of energy to the water.
Calculate the mass of water in the tank.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Mass = .............................................................. kg
(3)
Page 53 of 75
(iii) An insulating jacket is fitted to the hot water tank.
Graph B shows how the temperature of the water inside the insulated hot water tank
changes with time.
Time in hours
An insulating jacket only costs £12.
By comparing Graph A with Graph B, explain why fitting an insulating jacket to a hot
water tank saves money.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 54 of 75
The diagram shows a climber part way up a cliff.
25
(a) Complete the sentence.
When the climber moves up the cliff, the climber
gains gravitational ............................................ energy.

(1)
(b) The climber weighs 660 N.
(i) Calculate the work the climber must do against gravity, to climb to the top of the cliff.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Work done = .................................................. J

(2)
(ii) It takes the climber 800 seconds to climb to the top of the cliff.
During this time the energy transferred to the climber equals the work done by the
climber.
Calculate the power of the climber during the climb.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Power = .................................................. W
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 55 of 75
A student used an electric heater to heat a metal block. The student measured the energy input
26 to the heater with a joulemeter.
Before starting the experiment, the student reset the joulemeter to zero. The student switched
the power supply on for exactly 10 minutes. During this time, the reading on the joulemeter
increased to 14 400.
(a) (i) Calculate the energy transferred each second from the power supply to the heater.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Energy transferred each second = ...................................... J/s

(2)
(ii) What is the power of the heater?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 56 of 75
(b) The student measured the temperature of the metal block every minute. The data obtained
by the student is displayed in the graph.
(i) What range of temperatures did the student measure?
From ............................................. °C to ............................................. °C

(1)
Page 57 of 75
(ii) Before starting the experiment, the student had calculated that the temperature of the
block would go up by 36 °C.
The student's data shows a smaller increase.
Which one of the following statements gives the most likely reason for this?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The student does not read the thermometer accurately.
The block transfers energy to the surroundings.
The power supply is not connected correctly to the joulemeter.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
A student uses an electric motor to lift a load.

27
In the motor, the electrical energy is transferred into other types of energy. Some of this energy is
useful and the rest of the energy is wasted.
(a) (i) Name the useful energy output from the electric motor.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) What eventually happens to the wasted energy?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 58 of 75
(b) The graph shows the input energy the motor needs to lift different loads by one metre.
What can you conclude from the graph about the relationship between the load lifted and
the input energy needed?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 59 of 75
(c) A shop uses escalators to lift customers to different floor
levels. The escalators use electric motors. When the shop
is not busy some escalators are turned off. A sign tells the
customers that the escalators are turned off to save energy.
(i) Each escalator has one motor with an average power of 4000 W. The motor is turned
on for an average of 8 hours each day, 6 days each week. Electricity costs 15 pence
per kilowatt-hour.
Calculate the cost of the electricity used in an average week to run one escalator.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Cost = ............................................. pence

(3)
(ii) Give one environmental advantage to turning off electrical appliances when they are
not being used.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 60 of 75
The miners working in a salt mine use smooth wooden slides to move quickly from one level to
28 another.
(a) A miner of mass 90 kg travels down the slide.
Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the miner when he moves 15 m
vertically downwards.
gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Change in gravitational potential energy = .................................................. J

(2)
(b) Calculate the maximum possible speed that the miner could reach at the bottom of the
slide.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Maximum possible speed = .................................................. m/s

(3)
Page 61 of 75
(c) The speed of the miner at the bottom of the slide is much less than the calculated
maximum possible speed.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 62 of 75
The diagram shows a helicopter being used to rescue a person from the sea.
29
(a) (i) The mass of the rescued person is 72 kg.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the weight of the rescued person.
weight = mass × gravitational field strength
gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Weight = .................................................. N
(2)
(ii) An electric motor is used to lift the person up to the helicopter.

The motor lifts the person at a constant speed.
State the size of the force, T, in the cable.
Force T = .................................................. N
(1)
Page 63 of 75
(b) To lift the person up to the helicopter, the electric motor transformed 21 600 joules of
energy usefully.
(i) Use a form of energy from the box to complete the following sentence.
gravitational potential heat sound
The electric motor transforms electrical energy to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy
is then transformed into useful ..................................................... energy.

(1)
(ii) It takes 50 seconds for the electric motor to lift the person up to the helicopter.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the power of the electric motor.
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
Choose the unit from the list below.
coulomb (C) hertz (Hz) watt (W)
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Power = ..................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 64 of 75
The diagram shows a wind turbine.
30
(a) The blades of the turbine are 20 metres long. On average, 15 000 kg of air, moving at a
speed of 12 m/s, hit the blades every second.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the air hitting the blades every second.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Kinetic energy = .................................................. J

(2)
Page 65 of 75
(b) Part of the kinetic energy of the wind is transformed into electrical energy.
The diagram shows that, for the same wind speed, the power output of a turbine, in
kilowatts, depends on the length of the turbine blades.
Give a reason why doubling the diameter of the blades more than doubles the power
output of a turbine.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 66 of 75
(a) The diagram shows two switches on a room heater. The heater has three power settings.
31 The power produced by two of the settings is given in the table.
Power in
Setting
watts
Low 700
Medium 1400
High
(i) When both switches are on, the heater works at the high power setting.
What is the power of the heater, in kilowatts, when it is switched to the high power
setting?
...............................................................................................................
Power = ......................................................... kilowatts

(1)
(ii) The heater is used on the high power setting. It is switched on for 1½ hours.
Calculate the energy transferred from the mains to the heater in 1½ hours.
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Energy transferred = ....................................................

(3)
(iii) This type of heater is a very efficient device.
What is meant by a device being very efficient?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 67 of 75
(b) The graph shows how the temperature of a room changes during the 1½ hours that the
heater is used.
After 1 hour, the temperature of the room has become constant, even though the heater is
still switched on.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 68 of 75
A student used a joulemeter to measure the energy transformed by a lamp.
32
The student set the joulemeter to zero, and then switched on the power supply.
After 120 seconds (2 minutes), the reading on the joulemeter had increased to 2880.
(a) In the space below, draw the circuit symbol used to represent a lamp.
(1)
(b) (i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the power of the lamp.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Power = ..................................................
(2)
(ii) Which one of the following is the unit of power?
Draw a ring around your answer.
joule newton watt

(1)
Page 69 of 75
(c) Complete the following sentence using one of the phrases from the box.
larger than the same as smaller than
If the lamp was left switched on for 10 minutes, the amount of energy transformed would
be ........................................................................... the amount of energy transformed in
2 minutes.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
(a) When an object is moving it is said to have momentum.

33 Define momentum.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 70 of 75
(b) The diagram below shows one way of measuring the velocity of a bullet.
A bullet is fired into a block of wood suspended by a long thread.

The bullet stops in the wooden block.
The impact of the bullet makes the block swing.
The velocity of the wooden block can be calculated from the distance it swings.
In one such experiment the block of wood and bullet had a velocity of 2 m/s immediately
after impact. The mass of the bullet was 20 g and the mass of the wooden block 3.980 kg.
(i) Calculate the combined mass of the block of wood and bullet.
..................................................................... Mass ....................................

(1)
Page 71 of 75
(ii) Calculate the momentum of the block of wood and bullet immediately after impact.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
…................................................................ Momentum ............................

(3)
(iii) State the momentum of the bullet immediately before impact.
...................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Calculate the velocity of the bullet before impact.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
……............................................................ Velocity ........................... m/s

(3)
(v) Calculate the kinetic energy of the block of wood and bullet immediately
after impact.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
……........................................................ Kinetic energy ......................... J

(3)
Page 72 of 75
(vi) The kinetic energy of the bullet before the impact was 1600 joules. This is much
greater than the kinetic energy of the bullet and block just after the impact.
What has happened to the rest of the energy?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Page 73 of 75
When you transfer energy to a shopping trolley, the amount of work done depends on the force
34 used and the distance moved.
Complete the table by using the correct units from the box.
joule (J) metre (m) newton (N)
The first one has been done for you.
Quantity Unit
energy (transferred) joule
force
distance (moved)
work done
(Total 2 marks)
When a gun is fired, a very large force acts on the bullet for a very short time.
35
The change in momentum of the bullet is given by the following relationship:
force (N) × time(s) = change in momentum (kg m/s)
Page 74 of 75
(a) An average force of 4000 newton acts for 0.01 seconds on a bullet of mass 50g.
Calculate the speed of the bullet. (Show your working.)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
Answer ............................................... m/s

(4)
(b) The bullet is fired horizontally. In the short time it takes for the bullet to reach its target, its
horizontal speed has fallen to 80% of its initial speed.
(i) Explain why the speed of the bullet decreases so quickly.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the percentage of its original kinetic energy the bullet still has when it
reaches its target.
(Show your working.)
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 75 of 75

Energy Changesina System

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The image below shows a student before and after a bungee jump.

Give two reasons why.

(b) The student jumps off the bridge.

Complete the sentences to describe the energy transfers.

Use answers from the box.

elastic potential gravitational potential kinetic sound thermal

When he is falling, the student's store of ..........................................

When the bungee cord is stretched, the cord stores energy as

The bungee cord behaves like a spring with a spring constant of 40 N / m.

Calculate the energy stored in the stretched bungee cord.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

The apparatus she used is shown in the figure below.

Tick one box.

(b) The energy transferred to the water was 1050 J.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / kg °C.

Average power = ............................................. W

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.

Give one reason why.

Explain your answer.

Use the figure above to aid your explanation

(c) Lamp B has the higher resistance at any potential difference.

Explain how the figure above shows this.

Explain your answer.

The mass of the student is 50.0 kg.

The gravitational field strength is 9.8 N / kg.

Change in gravitational potential energy = .......................... J

Kinetic energy gained = ............................................... J

(d) Calculate the speed of the student after falling 20.0 m.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

The bungee cord behaves like a spring.

Calculate the spring constant of the bungee cord.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.

Spring constant = ............................................... N / m

Tick one box.

It will be slowing down.

It will have a constant speed.

It will be speeding up.

Tick one box.

distance travelled = speed + time

distance travelled = speed × time

distance travelled = speed − time

distance travelled = speed ÷ time

Use the following equation to calculate the acceleration of the car.

Tick one box.

resultant force = mass + acceleration

resultant force = mass × acceleration

resultant force = mass − acceleration

resultant force = mass ÷ acceleration

Resultant force = .................................................. N

(f) Calculate the distance travelled while the car is accelerating.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.

You should refer to kinetic energy in your answer.

The electric kettle shown below is used to boil water.

Calculate the energy transferred to the surroundings from the water.

Energy = ....................... joules

Tick (✔) one box.

Energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

Energy is used to heat the kettle.