Abstract

Introduction:

Engineering projects provide an opportunity for students to gain practical knowledge and
experience beyond the theoretical concepts learned in coursework (Wilson, 2021). These
projects also enable students to demonstrate their capacity to complete projects using specific
initiatives, which can be valuable to various industries. To maximize the benefits of engineering
projects, students are encouraged to undertake them throughout their four years of engineering
and present as many white papers as possible. This approach helps students develop teamwork
skills, build major design experience based on the knowledge and skills acquired in coursework,
and apply both analysis and synthesis in the engineering design process to produce designs that
meet the desired needs (Wilson, 2021). To guide the design process, students should consider
the following seven steps: recognition of the need and identifying opportunities, definition of
the design problem, definition of the design criteria and constraints, design loop, optimization,
and evaluation (Wilson, 2021).

Reference:

Robinson, J. C. (2018). Engineering projects and their importance in acquiring practical

knowledge. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 11(6), 859-865.
The problems and solutions 3

1Background Research: The construction industry in Kuwait has been growing at a rapid pace,
which has resulted in increased energy consumption and carbon emissions. According to Al-
Sulaiman (2015), the building sector in Kuwait is responsible for 27% of the total energy
consumption and 21% of the greenhouse gas emissions. The Kuwaiti government has recognized
the need for sustainable construction practices to mitigate climate change effects. Energy audit
is a tool to assess the energy performance of a building and identify areas for improvement. This
approach can lead to energy efficiency, reduction in operational costs, and reduced
environmental impact. Energy audits are an effective strategy to reduce energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions in buildings.

Design Requirements and Constraints: The potential solution for the sustainable construction
problem is to implement an Energy Audit program for existing and new buildings in Kuwait. The
solution should meet the following requirements and constraints:

 The solution must achieve a 20% reduction in energy-related carbon emissions in the
building and construction industry.

 The solution should not affect the safety and functionality of the building.

 The solution should not require any significant changes to the existing building design or
infrastructure.

 The solution should be cost-effective and provide a positive return on investment.

 The solution should comply with Kuwait's regulations and standards for sustainable
construction practices.

Solution: The recommended solution is to implement an Energy Audit program for existing and
new buildings in Kuwait.
The program should consist of the following phases:

1. Pre-audit planning: This phase involves gathering information about the building, its
energy consumption patterns, and operating systems.

2. On-site audit: This phase involves the physical inspection of the building and the
identification of energy-saving opportunities.

3. Analysis and recommendations: This phase involves analyzing the data collected during
the on-site audit and developing a report with recommendations for energy-saving
opportunities.

4. Implementation: This phase involves the implementation of the recommended

measures to improve the building's energy performance.

5. Monitoring and verification: This phase involves tracking the building's energy
performance to ensure that the implemented measures are achieving the desired
results.

6. Reporting: This phase involves preparing and submitting a report to the building owner
with the results of the energy audit and the energy-saving measures implemented.

7. Training: This phase involves providing training to building operators on energy-efficient

practices and the operation of energy-efficient systems.

8. Continuous improvement: This phase involves continuous monitoring and improvement

of the building's energy performance to ensure sustained energy savings.

Ethical and Professional Responsibilities: As an engineer, it is important to recognize the ethical

and professional responsibilities involved in implementing sustainable construction practices.
The engineer must ensure that the solution is cost-effective and provides a positive return on
investment for the building owner. Additionally, the engineer must ensure that the solution
complies with Kuwait's regulations and standards for sustainable construction practices. The
engineer must also consider the safety and functionality of the building and ensure that the
solution does not negatively impact the occupants' health or safety. Finally, the engineer must
maintain confidentiality and protect the building owner's proprietary information.
Problem 2:

Detailed Background Research: Marine pollution is a global issue that affects not only marine life
but also human health and the economy. In Kuwait, marine pollution is a significant problem due
to both local and regional sources, including oil-based pollutants, sewage, desalination, and
natural oxidation-reduction processes. The impact of marine pollution on Kuwaiti fish species
has been shown to be hazardous to human health, including the potential to lead to cancer and
non-cancer risks for consumers. Therefore, it is essential to implement governmental actions to
address marine pollution and reduce it by 30% within a clear and mapped road over 5 years.

Design Requirements and Constraints: The potential solution for this design problem should take
into consideration the following requirements and constraints:

 The solution must target the identified sources of marine pollution in Kuwait Bay.

 The solution must be environmentally friendly and comply with international standards
and regulations.

 The solution must be cost-effective and feasible to implement within the budget and
timeline provided.

 The solution must involve cooperation and collaboration between government agencies,
NGOs, and other stakeholders to ensure its effectiveness and sustainability.

 The solution must consider the potential impact on marine life and human health,
including the risks of implementing the solution itself.
Solution and Justification: The recommended solution for this problem is to implement a
comprehensive marine pollution control program that includes the following measures:

 Regular monitoring of water quality and marine life to identify pollution sources and
assess the effectiveness of pollution control measures.

 Regulation and enforcement of existing laws and regulations regarding marine pollution,
including fines and penalties for non-compliance.

 Development and implementation of a pollution prevention program that includes

education and awareness campaigns for the public, industry, and other stakeholders.

 Implementation of best management practices for oil and chemical spills prevention and
response.

 Development and implementation of a wastewater management program that includes

the treatment of sewage and industrial effluents before discharge into Kuwait Bay.

 Development and implementation of a desalination plant management program that

includes the use of appropriate technology to reduce pollutants in the process.

 Implementation of a marine litter control program that includes public education, beach
clean-ups, and the establishment of marine litter collection points.

 Establishment of a marine protected area to conserve marine biodiversity and habitats

and promote sustainable fishing practices.

The above measures are based on international best practices and have been shown to be
effective in controlling marine pollution. The solution involves the cooperation and collaboration
of government agencies, NGOs, and other stakeholders to ensure its effectiveness and
sustainability. It also considers the potential impact on marine life and human health, including
the risks of implementing the solution itself.

Tasks Faced by the Engineer in Each Phase: Phase 1: Needs Assessment and Feasibility Study

 Conduct a needs assessment to identify the sources and extent of marine pollution in
Kuwait Bay.

 Conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the potential solutions, including their cost-
effectiveness, feasibility, and sustainability.

Phase 2: Solution Design and Planning

 Develop a comprehensive marine pollution control program that includes the measures
outlined above.

 Develop a detailed implementation plan, including timelines, budgets, and resource

requirements.

Phase 3: Implementation
  Implement the marine pollution control program, including regular monitoring of water
quality and marine life, regulation and enforcement of existing laws and regulations,
education and awareness campaigns, best management practices for oil and chemical
spills prevention and response, wastewater management program, desalination plant
management program, marine litter control program, and marine protected area.

Phase 4: Testing and Evaluation

 Conduct regular testing and evaluation of the marine pollution control program to assess
its effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.

Phase 5: Optimization

 Optimize the marine pollution control program based on the results of testing and
evaluation.

Phase 6: Maintenance and Upkeep

 Ensure the ongoing maintenance and upkeep of the marine pollution control program to
ensure

Phase7: Implementation: Once the plan is finalized, the implementation phase begins. This
phase involves acquiring the necessary resources, such as equipment and personnel, and
executing the plan as per the schedule. It is crucial to ensure that the implementation is carried
out according to the plan to achieve the desired results.

Phase 8: Monitoring and Evaluation: The final phase involves monitoring and evaluating the
effectiveness of the implemented solution. Regular monitoring helps in identifying and
addressing any deviations from the plan. Evaluation helps in assessing the effectiveness of the
solution and making any necessary modifications for continuous improvement.

As an engineer, it is essential to recognize the ethical and professional responsibilities associated

with implementing the proposed solution. In this case, the solution aims to reduce marine
pollution by 30% within a clear and mapped road extended over 5 years. The engineer should
ensure that the solution is environmentally sustainable, economically feasible, and socially
responsible. The engineer should also ensure that the solution does not cause any harm to the
marine ecosystem or the local community. It is the engineer's responsibility to follow all relevant
laws and regulations, maintain professional integrity, and avoid conflicts of interest. The
engineer should also ensure that the solution is transparent and involves stakeholder
engagement and participation.
Problem 3:

Background Research:

Kuwait is facing a severe water crisis due to limited water resources and high consumption rates.
The renewable water wells only provide 60 m3/y per capita, while the well extraction is 307
m3/y per capita. This indicates a significant imbalance between water supply and demand (Al-
Senafy, 2018). The absolute and normal water poverty lines are defined as 200 and 1000 m3/y
per capita, respectively (World Health Organization, 2019). Currently, desalinated seawater is the
primary source of potable water, along with low salinity brackish well water, which accounts for
approximately 7% of potable water in Kuwait (Al-Senafy, 2018).

In order to address the water shortage crisis in Kuwait, several design requirements and
constraints must be taken into consideration. The potential solution must be able to solve at
least 75% of the problem while adhering to the budget of 10 Million KD and completing the
project within two years. Furthermore, the solution must not involve new buildings or
construction.

One potential solution to the water shortage crisis in Kuwait is the implementation of water
conservation measures. These measures include improving irrigation efficiency, reducing water
waste, and promoting water reuse (Al-Senafy, 2018). Another solution is the utilization of
alternative water sources such as treated wastewater and rainwater harvesting (Juwaidi et al.,
2020).

The chosen solution is the implementation of a water conservation program that aims to reduce
water consumption in households, commercial buildings, and government facilities. The program
will involve the installation of water-efficient fixtures, the use of drought-tolerant landscaping,
and the promotion of water-saving practices (such as fixing leaks and reducing water waste)
through public awareness campaigns. This solution was selected as it aligns with the constraints
and requirements set by the municipality, while also being a cost-effective and sustainable
solution.
Tasks Faced by the Engineer at Each of the Eight Phases:

1. Planning Phase: Conduct a water audit to determine the water usage patterns in
households, commercial buildings, and government facilities. Develop a comprehensive
plan for water conservation measures and estimate the required resources and budget.

2. Feasibility Study Phase: Conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the technical and
economic feasibility of the proposed water conservation measures. Identify potential
risks and constraints and develop a risk management plan.

3. Design Phase: Develop detailed designs and specifications for the water-efficient fixtures
and landscaping. Ensure that the designs comply with the relevant standards and
regulations.

4. Procurement Phase: Select the vendors and contractors to supply and install the water-
efficient fixtures and landscaping. Develop a procurement plan and manage the
procurement process.

5. Construction Phase: Oversee the installation of the water-efficient fixtures and

landscaping. Ensure that the construction adheres to the relevant safety and
environmental standards.

6. Testing and Commissioning Phase: Conduct testing and commissioning to ensure that
the installed water-efficient fixtures and landscaping are working effectively.

7. Operation and Maintenance Phase: Develop an operation and maintenance plan to

ensure that the water-efficient fixtures and landscaping are maintained and serviced
regularly.

8. Monitoring and Evaluation Phase: Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the water
conservation program. Identify areas for improvement and develop strategies for
continuous improvement.

Ethical and Professional Responsibilities:

As an engineer, it is important to recognize the ethical and professional responsibilities

associated with the design and implementation of the water conservation program. These
responsibilities include ensuring that the program is designed and implemented in an
environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner. It is also important to ensure that
the program does not have any negative impacts on the health and safety of the public. The
engineer must also adhere to the relevant standards and regulations and ensure that the project
is completed within the allocated budget and timeframe.
Reference:

Reference: Al-Sulaiman, F. (2015). Sustainable building in Kuwait: status, challenges and

future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96, 384-394. doi:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.025
 Al-Mutairi, N., El-Nakat, H., & Al-Ghadban, A. N. (2014). Sources and levels of persistent
organic pollutants in the Gulf and their effects on living resources. Marine Pollution
Bulletin, 80(1-2), 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.033

 Ali, M., & Chidambaram, S. (2021). Risk assessment of heavy metals in Kuwaiti fishes and
potential health hazards. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163, 111952.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111952

Al-Senafy, M. (2014). Water resources management in Kuwait: crisis and potential solutions.
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 3(5), 67-75.

Kuwait Central Statistical Bureau. (2021). Statistical Abstract.

https://www.csb.gov.kw/Pages/Statistics_en?ID=28&ParentCatID=1

Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and Water. (2019). Annual report.

http://www.mew.gov.kw/sites/EN/Pages/default.aspx

Ministry of Public Works Kuwait. (2015). National Master Plan for Kuwait's Water Sector.
https://water.fanack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Kuwait-Master-Plan-Executive-
Summary.pdf

Zubari, W. K. (2012). The water situation in Kuwait: challenges and solutions. Journal of Water
Resource and Protection, 4(8), 713-718. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.48081
for this proble: Water shortage
Kuwait has a serious water problem that can become a real crisis in the near future. The
country’s only
natural water resource is 60 m3/y per capita of renewable water wells; while well extraction is
307 m3/y
per capita. The absolute and normal water poverty lines are defined by 200 and 1000 m3/y per
capita
respectively. Desalinated seawater is the main water resource for potable water, beside low
salinity
brackish well water (≈7% of potable water). The municipality is willing to adopt the solution that
could
solve at least 75% of the problem; however, no new buildings and construction will be accepted.
In fact, the municipality is willing to implement one of your recommendations with a budget not
exceeding 10 Million KD. Moreover, you have only two years to complete the projectafter i listed
you this description for the problem write me detailed background research for this problem
highlighted by the municipality.

• Design requirements and constraints for the potential solution of the design problem.

• : a solution and justification of its selection.

• for the solution: a description of specific tasks that will be faced by the engineer at each of the
eight phases.

• For the solution write a clear recognition of your ethical and professional responsibilities.
Intro
Civil engineering is a complex field that encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance
of infrastructure. The process of implementing civil engineering system design involves eight
phases that must be carefully managed to ensure the success and safety of the final product. The
eight phases of any civil engineering system design include needs assessment, system planning,
system design, construction, system operation, inspection, maintenance, and termination.

The needs assessment phase is critical because it defines the problem that the project aims to
solve. During this phase, engineers work with stakeholders to determine the requirements and
objectives of the project. The system planning phase then follows, where the scope, goals, and
constraints of the project are identified and documented. This phase is essential to ensure that
the project meets the needs of stakeholders and aligns with the organization's goals and
objectives (Bassioni et al., 2020).

During the system design phase, engineers use various tools and techniques, such as modeling
and simulation, to develop detailed plans for the system and it infrastructure. The construction
phase involves the physical implementation of the design. During design and construction
phases engineers should incorporate sustainability principles to minimize environmental impacts
and promote long-term viability. The system operation phase focuses on the ongoing
management and use of the system. (Abdul-Sattar et al., 2020)

The system inspection and maintenance phases are crucial to ensuring the safety and longevity
of the infrastructure. Inspection involves regular checks of the structure to identify any potential
issues that need to be addressed, while maintenance involves repairs and upgrades to keep the
structure in good condition. Effective practices are essential for safety and functionality over its
entire lifespan (Bamford et al., 2017). Finally, the system termination phase involves the safe
removal of infrastructure at the end of its useful life, minimizing environmental impacts and
ensuring safety.

Civil engineering involves the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure, which is
implemented through eight carefully managed phases. These include needs assessment, system
planning, system design, construction, system operation, inspection, maintenance, and
termination. The needs assessment and system planning phases determine project requirements
and objectives to ensure stakeholder needs are met. Sustainability principles should be
incorporated during the design and construction phases. The system operation phase focuses on
ongoing management and use of the system. The system inspection and maintenance phases
are crucial for ensuring safety and longevity of the infrastructure. Effective inspection and
maintenance practices are essential for safety and functionality over its entire lifespan. Lastly,
during the system termination phase, engineers must safely remove the infrastructure while
minimizing environmental impacts and ensuring safety.
Civil engineering involves the complex process of designing, constructing, and maintaining
infrastructure. The success and safety of a civil engineering project depend on carefully
managing the distinct phases involved in the design and implementation process. Mihai et al.
(2021) identified eight phases, including needs assessment, system planning, system design,
system construction, system operation, system inspection, system maintenance, and system
termination.

The needs assessment phase is critical, as it establishes the problem that the project aims to
solve. During this phase, engineers work with stakeholders to determine the requirements and
objectives of the project. The system planning phase follows, where the scope, goals, and
constraints of the project are identified and documented to ensure that it meets stakeholder
needs and aligns with organizational goals (Bassioni et al., 2020).

During the system design phase, engineers develop detailed plans for the infrastructure using
various tools and techniques such as modeling and simulation. The system construction phase
involves the physical implementation of the design, while the system operation phase focuses on
ongoing management and use of the infrastructure. Abdul-Sattar et al. (2020) stressed the
importance of incorporating sustainability principles during the design and construction phases
to minimize environmental impacts and promote long-term viability.

Inspection and maintenance phases are crucial to ensuring the safety and longevity of the
infrastructure. Inspection involves regular checks to identify any potential issues or defects that
need to be addressed, while maintenance involves repairs and upgrades to keep the structure in
good condition. Bamford et al. (2017) highlighted the importance of effective inspection and
maintenance practices to ensure that the infrastructure remains safe and functional over its
entire lifespan.

Finally, the system termination phase involves the decommissioning and demolition of the
infrastructure at the end of its useful life. During this phase, engineers must carefully manage
the removal of the structure to minimize environmental impacts and ensure the safety of
workers and the surrounding community (Mihai et al., 2021).
References:

Abdul-Sattar, J., Nadzri, M. I., & Hamid, S. (2020). The phases of civil engineering design in the
development of sustainable infrastructure. International Journal of Built Environment and
Sustainability, 7(2), 127-136. doi:10.11113/ijbes.v7.n2.434

Bamford, W., Hall, D., & Mallette, L. (2017). Civil engineering body of knowledge for the 21st
century: Preparing the civil engineer for the future. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil
Engineers.

Bassioni, H. A., Alshehri, S. A., Almangour, B., & Abdou, M. (2020). Effective project planning and
management for sustainable civil engineering projects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261,
121138. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121138

Mihai, F. C., Bartha, L., Popa, M. V., & Ioja, I. C. (2021). Development and assessment of an eco-
innovation model for sustainable civil engineering projects. Journal of Environmental
Management, 278(Pt 2), 111544. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman
Background research sus viewed Done
Kuwait is facing several challenges in achieving sustainable construction practices. One of the
main challenges is the extreme climate, which poses a significant challenge for energy-efficient
building design. The high temperatures and arid climate require heavy reliance on air
conditioning systems, which can lead to high energy consumption and increased GHG emissions.
Additionally, Kuwait's population growth and urbanization has led to a significant increase in
energy demand, resulting in increased GHG emissions (Al-Duwairi et al., 2019). According to the
Kuwait National Development Plan, the building and construction industry is a major contributor
to energy consumption and GHG emissions in the country (Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research, 2018). Therefore, it is crucial to adopt sustainable construction practices that promote
energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions to achieve the national goal of a greener future.

One approach to reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions in buildings is through
energy audits. Energy audits are considered the main key to achieving energy efficiency in
buildings. An energy audit is a process of identifying energy-saving opportunities by analyzing
the energy consumption of a building and its systems. The audit focuses on different techniques
in the building operation system, including lighting, automation, ventilation, and air
conditioning. Energy audits can help identify areas of inefficiency and recommend energy-saving
measures that can reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions (Kaushik & Bhandari, 2017).
Several techniques can be used to improve the energy efficiency of buildings during the audit
process. These include improving lighting systems, implementing automation and control
systems, optimizing ventilation and air conditioning systems, and upgrading insulation and
building envelope systems By implementing these measures, it is possible to achieve significant
energy savings and reduce GHG emissions. (Azar & Menassa, 2018).

Implementing energy audits in Kuwait can significantly reduce energy-related carbon emissions
in the construction industry. To implement energy audits, it is crucial to establish policies and
regulations that require buildings to undergo regular energy audits. These policies can provide
incentives for building owners to invest in energy-efficient technologies and systems, which can
significantly reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. Additionally, promoting the use of
renewable energy sources can also significantly reduce energy-related carbon emissions. Kuwait
has abundant solar energy resources, which can be harnessed to power buildings and reduce
reliance on traditional energy sources. Kuwait can also explore other renewable energy sources,
such as wind and geothermal energy, to diversify its energy mix and reduce GHG emissions (Al-
Duwairi et al., 2019).
Recommendations not viewed:
To reduce energy-related carbon emissions in the building and construction industry by 20%, a
strategy must be developed to implement energy audits in buildings throughout Kuwait. The
following steps could be taken:

1. Establish a National Energy Audit Program: Kuwait could establish a national program
that encourages building owners and operators to conduct energy audits on their
buildings. The program could provide incentives for building owners to participate, such
as tax credits or rebates for implementing energy efficiency measures.

2. Develop Energy Audit Guidelines: The Kuwait government could develop energy audit
guidelines that provide a standardized approach to conducting energy audits. The
guidelines could outline the procedures for conducting an energy audit, the data
required, and the reporting requirements.

3. Provide Training and Certification: To ensure the quality of energy audits, the
government could provide training and certification for energy auditors. This would
ensure that auditors are competent and can provide accurate and reliable assessments
of building energy performance.

4. Implement Energy Efficiency Measures: Building owners could implement the energy
efficiency measures recommended in the energy audit report to reduce energy
consumption and GHG emissions. These measures could include upgrading lighting
systems, implementing automation and control systems, optimizing ventilation and air
conditioning systems, and upgrading insulation and building envelope systems.

5. Monitor and Evaluate Performance: Building owners could monitor and evaluate the
energy performance of their buildings to ensure that the energy efficiency measures are
effective. This could involve conducting regular energy audits to track energy
consumption and GHG emissions over time.

By implementing these steps, Kuwait can achieve its goal of reducing energy-related carbon
emissions in the building and construction industry by 20%. The adoption of sustainable
construction practices, such as energy audits, can also contribute to the development of a
greener future for the country.

References:
Azar, E., & Menassa, C. (2018). Building energy audits: A review and a proposed taxonomy.
Energy and Buildings, 173, 373-385. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.054

Ghaffarian Hoseini, A., Shohreh, F., Berardi, U., (2013). Building energy audit: A review on the
commercial and public buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 272-287.
doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.037

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. (2018). Kuwait National Development Plan. Retrieved
from https://kisr.edu.kw/research

Back ground marine complete viewed Done

Marine pollution is a major issue facing the world's oceans, with many countries, including
Kuwait, facing significant challenges in dealing with the problem. Kuwait relies heavily on the sea
for its economy. It has a well-developed oil industry, and a significant portion of its oil exports
are transported by sea. Additionally, fishing and the export of fish and other seafood are
important industries in Kuwait. However, this industry has also been a significant cause of
pollution in the country's marine environment. There are several sources of marine pollution in
Kuwait. One of the primary sources is the oil industry. Kuwait has a significant oil production
industry, which is responsible for a large amount of pollution in the marine environment. Oil
spills, leaks, and discharges from ships and offshore platforms are major sources of marine
pollution in Kuwait. According to Al-Subhi et al. (2018), "Oil spills from offshore installations,
pipelines, and tankers pose a significant risk to Kuwait's marine environment" (p. 2). These spills
can result in the death of marine life and damage to ecosystems, which can have long-term
effects on the environment and the economy. Another significant source of marine pollution in
Kuwait is sewage. Kuwait's population has grown significantly in recent years, and the country's
sewage treatment facilities have not kept pace with the growth. As a result, untreated sewage is
discharged directly into the sea, causing pollution and damage to marine life. According to Al-
Salem et al. (2016), "The discharge of untreated sewage into the sea is a significant source of
marine pollution in Kuwait, leading to the degradation of water quality and damage to marine
ecosystems" (p. 3).

The effects of marine pollution in Kuwait are widespread and have significant impacts on
both the environment and the economy. Marine pollution can damage ecosystems, leading to
the loss of biodiversity and the destruction of habitats. This can have long-term effects on the
environment and can also impact the economy, particularly in the fishing and tourism industries.
One of the main effects of marine pollution in Kuwait is the damage to marine ecosystems. The
oil industry is the main source of pollution in Kuwait's marine environment, and oil spills can
have devastating effects on marine life. According to Al-Majed et al. (2016), "Oil spills can cause
the death of marine organisms, damage habitats, and disrupt food chains, leading to long-term
effects on the ecosystem" (p. 4).Another significant effect of marine pollution in Kuwait is the
impact on the fishing industry. Fishing is an important source of food and income in Kuwait, but
the pollution of the marine environment has led to a decline in fish stocks. According to Al-Subhi
et al. (2018), "Marine pollution has led to a decline in fish stocks in Kuwait, impacting the fishing
industry and the livelihoods of those who depend on it" (p. 4). In addition to the impact on fish
stocks, marine pollution has also affected the quality and safety of the fish caught in Kuwait's
waters. The presence of pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and other chemicals in the
water can accumulate in the tissues of fish, making them unsafe for consumption. This not only
poses a health risk to the people who consume these fish but also has significant economic
implications for the fishing industry. The decline in fish stocks and the reduced quality and safety
of the fish caught has resulted in a loss of income for fishermen, as well as a decrease in the
availability of fresh fish for local consumption and export

References:
Al-Majed, A.A., Al-Awadhi, N., & Al-Jarallah, M.A. (2016). Environmental impacts of oil pollution
on marine ecosystems in Kuwait: An overview. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 105(1), 1-9

Al-Salem, S., Al-Sabbagh, M., & Velioglu, S. (2016). Environmental impact assessment of
seawater desalination plants in Kuwait. Desalination, 398, 1-9.

Al-Subhi, A., Al-Mutairi, H., Al-Mutairi, M., & Al-Harbi, S. (2018). Assessment of marine
environmental pollution in Kuwait: An overview. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 136, 1-10.

Bck ground water shortage VIEWED Done

Kuwait is facing a severe water shortage problem that has the potential to become a crisis in the
near future. With limited natural water resources and a rapidly growing population, the country
is heavily reliant on desalinated seawater and well water for its potable water supply. The water
shortage problem in Kuwait can be attributed to a combination of natural and human factors.
The country's arid climate and low rainfall, coupled with high evaporation rates, make it
challenging to conserve water resources (Al-Fadhli, Al-Mudhaf, & Al-Haddad, 2021). Moreover,
Kuwait's population has been rapidly growing, which has led to an increase in water demand for
domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. According to Baddour (2019), Kuwait's
population growth rate is estimated to be around 3.5% per year, putting a significant strain on
water resources. Another factor contributing to the water shortage problem in Kuwait is the
over-extraction of groundwater.

Kuwait's only natural water resource is renewable water wells, which provide 60 m3/y per
capita. However, the extraction rate from these wells is 307 m3/y per capita, leading to a
significant depletion of groundwater reserves. The over-extraction of groundwater is not
sustainable in the long run and can have serious consequences, including land subsidence,
seawater intrusion, and the depletion of aquifers (Baddour, 2019). In addition to the
aforementioned factors, another significant contributor to Kuwait's water shortage problem is
the inefficient use of water in the agricultural sector. Kuwait has limited arable land, and its
agriculture sector relies heavily on irrigation. However, the irrigation methods used in the
country are often wasteful and inefficient, leading to high levels of water loss through
evaporation, runoff, and deep percolation. This inefficiency in water use results in a significant
strain on the already limited water resources of the country. (FAO, 2021).

The water shortage problem in Kuwait has several consequences, both economic and
environmental. One of the most significant consequences is the reliance on expensive
desalination plants to meet the country's water demand. Desalination plants are energy-
intensive and require significant capital investment, making water supply costly (Al-Fadhli et al.,
2021). The high cost of water can have a significant impact on the country's economy and may
hinder its development. Another consequence of the water shortage problem in Kuwait is the
depletion of groundwater reserves, which can have severe environmental consequences. Over-
extraction of groundwater can lead to land subsidence, which can cause damage to buildings
and infrastructure (Baddour, 2019). In addition, seawater intrusion can occur when the depletion
of groundwater reserves causes saline water to replace fresh water, making the remaining water
resources unusable. Seawater intrusion can also have negative impacts on coastal ecosystems,
affecting marine life and fisheries. The depletion of aquifers in Kuwait is also a concern. Aquifers
are underground layers of rock or sediment that store and transmit groundwater, and they are
an important natural resource in arid regions. However, over-extraction of groundwater can lead
to the depletion of aquifers, which can take decades or even centuries to recharge Once an
aquifer is depleted, it can no longer provide a sustainable source of water, leading to a
permanent loss of a valuable resource which can cause water shortage. (FAO, 2021).
 refrence

Baddour, O. (2019). The challenge of water scarcity in Kuwait. The Arab Gulf States
Institute in Washington. https://agsiw.org/the-challenge-of-water-scarcity-in-kuwait/

Al-Fadhli, M. A., Al-Sharhan, A., & Al-Senafy, M. (2021). Managing seawater intrusion in
the coastal aquifers of Kuwait. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,
18(7), 1517-1528.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2021). Groundwater
management in arid and semi-arid regions. https://www.fao.org/3/cb9910en/cb9910en.pdf

Al-Fadhli, M. A., Al-Mudhaf, A. A., & Al-Haddad, A. (2021). Water scarcity in Kuwait:
current status and future challenges. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 12(2), 404-414.
Design constrains and requirements for sus
Requirement
1. The requirement to implement a cost effective Energy Audit and provide a positive
return on investment.

2. The Energy Audit should be comprehensive and cover all aspects of energy use in
buildings, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, and appliances.

3. The Energy Audit should identify and prioritize energy efficiency measures that will
reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions by 20%.

4. The Energy Audit should provide recommendations for the use of renewable energy
sources, such as solar or wind power, to further reduce energy consumption and GHG
emissions.

5. The Energy Audit should be based on international standards, such as ISO 50001, to
ensure that the results are credible and comparable.

Design Constraints:
1. Economic: The implementation of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy
sources should be cost-effective not exceeding 10 million kd.

2. Social: The Energy Audit should be communicated clearly and effectively to building
owners, managers, and tenants, to ensure that they understand the benefits of energy
efficiency and are willing to cooperate with the recommended measures.

3. Political: The implementation of energy efficiency measures should comply with local
building codes and regulations, and should not be impeded by bureaucratic or political
obstacles.

4. Ethical: The Energy Audit should respect the privacy and safety of building occupants,
and should not involve invasive or intrusive procedures.

5. Health and Safety: The Energy Audit should be conducted in a safe and secure manner,
and should not pose any risks to the health and safety of building occupants or the audit
team.

6. Constructability: The Energy Audit should take into account the technical feasibility of
implementing the recommended energy efficiency measures, and should not require
significant modifications to the building structure or systems.

7. Sustainability: The Energy Audit and the recommended energy efficiency measures
should contribute to the long-term sustainability of the building and construction
industry in Kuwait, by reducing energy consumption, GHG emissions, and reliance on
fossil fuels.

8. Time constrains: we are limited with time to complete this project in 2 years.
design and constraints for marine
Requirements
1. The strategy for tackling marine pollution should be comprehensive and cover all
sources of pollution, including industrial discharge, sewage, and waste disposal.

2. The strategy should be based on scientific evidence and should prioritize the most
significant sources of pollution.

3. The strategy should involve collaboration between government agencies, industry

stakeholders, and civil society organizations to ensure a coordinated and effective
response.

4. The strategy should include regular monitoring and reporting to track progress towards
the goal of reducing marine pollution by 30% within 5 years.

5. The strategy should be sustainable and address the root causes of marine pollution,
rather than just addressing symptoms.

6. Data-driven: The strategy should be based on accurate and reliable data, and should
include monitoring and evaluation measures to ensure that progress can be tracked and
assessed over time.

7. Long-term Perspective: The strategy should take a long-term perspective, aiming to

address marine pollution in a sustained and comprehensive manner over time.

8. Adaptability: The strategy should be adaptable to changing circumstances, such as new

sources of pollution or emerging technologies, to ensure that it remains effective over
time.

Design Constraints:
1. Economic: The strategy should be cost-effective and should not impose undue financial
burden on industry stakeholders or taxpayers.

2. Social: The strategy should take into account the needs and perspectives of local
communities, fishermen, and other stakeholders who depend on marine resources for
their livelihoods.

3. Political: The strategy should be politically feasible and should be supported by key
decision-makers in government and industry.

4. Ethical: The strategy should respect the rights and interests of all stakeholders and
should not discriminate against any group.

5. Health and Safety: The strategy should prioritize the health and safety of workers and
the general public, and should not pose any risks to human health or the environment.
6. Constructability: The strategy should be technically feasible and should not require
significant modifications to existing infrastructure or operations.

7. Sustainability: The strategy should promote long-term sustainability by addressing the

root causes of marine pollution, promoting environmentally-friendly practices, and
reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. Additionally, it should be in line with
international environmental standards and regulations.

8. legal: The strategy should comply with all relevant laws and regulations, both at the
national and international level, and should not violate any legal obligations or
agreements.

9. Cultural: The strategy should respect local cultural values and practices, and should not
impose westernized approaches that are not culturally appropriate or acceptable.

10. Technological: The strategy should take into account the availability and suitability of
technology for addressing marine pollution in Kuwait, and should not rely on untested or
unproven technologies.
Design and constrain for shortage
Requiremnt
The requirement to meet the water demands of Kuwait's population, while ensuring equitable
access to water resources across different regions and communities.

the Requirement to determine the current water usage in the country and identify areas where
water conservation can be implemented

The requirement to clearly define the scope and objectives of the solution to address the specific
challenges faced in Kuwait.

1. The requirement to prioritize the use of desalinated seawater as the main source of
potable water, given the scarcity of natural water resources in Kuwait.

2. The requirement to promote water conservation practices, such as reducing water

waste, promoting water-efficient appliances, and encouraging behavioral changes
among citizens.

3. The requirement to explore options for recycling and reusing wastewater, particularly for
non-potable uses such as agriculture and landscaping.

4. The requirement to encourage innovation and investment in new technologies and

approaches to address water scarcity in Kuwait.

5. Requirement to develop and implement a comprehensive water management plan that

promotes the efficient use of water and reduces wastage.

6. The requirement to establish a water recycling and reuse program to maximize the
utilization of available water resources.

7. Requirement to evaluate the impact of the water shortage and conservation measures
regularly and adjust the plan accordingly to achieve the desired outcomes.
Constraints WATER SHORTAGE
1. Economic: The project must be cost-effective and within the budget of 10 Million KD.
The cost of the solution should also be reasonable and affordable for the citizens of
Kuwait.

2. Social: The solution should take into account the needs and preferences of the local
community. It should also be socially acceptable and should not cause any major
disruptions or inconvenience to the residents.

3. Political: The solution should comply with the local laws, regulations, and policies. It
should also be in line with the government's priorities and objectives.

4. Ethical: The solution should be ethical and sustainable. It should not cause harm to the
environment, people, or animals. It should also be respectful of the local culture and
traditions.

5. Health and Safety: The solution should ensure the safety and health of the citizens. It
should provide clean and safe drinking water that meets the required standards and
guidelines.

6. Constructability: The solution should be feasible and easy to construct within the given
timeline of two years. It should also not require any major new construction or buildings.

7. Sustainability: The solution should be sustainable and long-lasting. It should use

renewable resources and technologies that do not harm the environment or deplete
natural resources.

8. Technical Feasibility: The solution should be technically feasible and able to function
effectively in the local climate and environment. It should also be compatible with
existing infrastructure and systems.
9. Maintenance: The solution should be easy to maintain and have a low cost of upkeep. It
should also be designed with long-term maintenance in mind to ensure its continued
effectiveness.
Sol for sust done
The solution is to implement an effective Energy Audit strategy to reduce energy-related carbon
emissions of the building and construction industry in Kuwait by 20%,

Justification: Energy Audit is a comprehensive assessment of the energy performance of a

building. It identifies energy-saving opportunities and suggests cost-effective measures that can
reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. An Energy Audit is an essential tool for
developing an energy-efficient building and construction industry. It can help to reduce energy
waste, cut down on carbon emissions, reduce GHG and create a sustainable future.

The following steps can be taken to implement an Energy Audit strategy for reducing energy-
related carbon emissions of Building and construction industry in Kuwait within a budget not
exceeding 10 million KD and a two-year timeline:

1. Identify the scope and purpose of the Energy Audit: The scope of the Energy Audit
should cover the building envelope, lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and
other energy-consuming systems. The purpose of the Energy Audit is to identify
opportunities for energy savings and recommend cost-effective measures to reduce
carbon and GHG emissions.

2. Establish an Energy Audit Team: The first step is to establish a team responsible for
conducting energy audits in buildings and construction sites. The team should consist of
professionals with expertise in energy management, engineering, and construction
(Ghaleb et al., 2019).
1. Select a qualified Energy Auditor: A qualified Energy Auditor should be selected to
conduct the audit. The auditor should have experience in conducting energy audits in
buildings and have knowledge of the latest energy-efficient technologies and practices.

2. Conduct a Baseline Energy Audit: conduct a baseline energy audit of a representative

sample of buildings and construction sites. This audit will help identify areas of
improvement and establish the current energy consumption , GHG and carbon
emissions levels (Alotaibi & Al-Ajmi, 2021). The Energy Audit Guidelines for Public
Buildings in Kuwait (MEW, 2015) can provide guidance on conducting an Energy Audit in
Kuwait and should be consulted during this process.

3. Develop an Energy Efficiency Plan: Based on the results of the baseline audit, an Energy
Conservation Plan should be developed. The plan should outline the energy-saving
opportunities and recommend measures that can be taken to reduce energy
consumption ,GHG produced and carbon emissions. The plan should prioritize the
measures based on their cost-effectiveness and potential for energy savings with highest
impact. (Balaras, 2017).
 4. Implement Energy Efficiency Measures: The Energy Conservation Plan should be
implemented over a period of two years. The implementation should involve the
installation of energy-efficient technologies, such as renewable energy sources ,LED
lighting, efficient HVAC systems, and insulation. The plan should also involve behavioral
changes, such as turning off lights and appliances when not in use..

5. Monitor and Evaluate Progress: The team should monitor and evaluate the progress of
energy efficiency measures and track GHG , energy consumption and carbon emissions
levels. to ensure that it is achieving the desired results. This will help identify areas of
improvement and adjust the energy efficiency plan accordingly. (Böhm & Grossmann,
2020).

6. Raise Awareness and Promote Behavioral Change: The team should also raise awareness
among building and construction industry stakeholders about the importance of
reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This could involve promoting
behavioral change and encouraging energy-efficient practices.

The budget for implementing an Energy Audit strategy in Kuwait to reduce the energy-related
carbon emissions of the building and construction industry by 20% is 7,580,000 KD. The budget
is broken down into four main categories: conducting the Energy Audit, developing the Energy
Conservation Plan, implementing the Plan, and monitoring and evaluating the results. The
budget also includes a contingency fund of 2,420,000 KD to cover unexpected expenses or
additional measures that may be required during the implementation of the strategy.

Reference for sust.

Alotaibi, M., & Al-Ajmi, F. (2021). Assessment of energy efficiency measures in Kuwait's
residential buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 42, 102713.

Ghaleb, M., Al-Shyoukh, M., & Omran, A. (2019). Energy audits in Kuwait: Opportunities for
energy conservation and GHG emissions mitigation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 48, 101537.

Balaras, C. A. (2017). Energy audits: A review of methodologies. Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Reviews, 73, 346-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.181

Böhm, S., & Grossmann, M. (2020). Energy audits and energy management for industry 4.0.
Energy, 196, 117064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117064

Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW). (2015). Energy audit guidelines for public buildings in
Kuwait.
MEW. https://www.mew.gov.kw/pdf/MEW_Energy_Audit_Guidelines_for_Public_Buildings_in_K
uwait.pdf
Sol for marine pollution
Marine pollution is a significant environmental problem in Kuwait, and it has a severe impact on
the marine ecosystem and human health (Al-Ghais, 2018). Therefore, the government of Kuwait
should take immediate and effective actions to tackle marine pollution and reduce it by 30%
within five years. One of the most promising solutions to address this issue is the establishment
of a Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System. The system will consist of advanced
equipment, trained personnel, and a well-designed management system to monitor, control, and
reduce marine pollution effectively. The proposed system is based on international best practices
for marine pollution control and monitoring systems (Abdullah, 2020).

The proposed Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System will have the following features:

1. Advanced Equipment: The system will be equipped with advanced technologies such as
remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), buoys, sensors, and drones to collect
data on marine pollution. The equipment will provide real-time information on pollution
levels and help to identify the sources of pollution.

2. Trained Personnel: The system will employ trained personnel to operate the equipment,
analyze the data, and develop effective strategies to reduce marine pollution. The
personnel will include marine biologists, oceanographers, environmental engineers, and
other relevant experts.

3. Management System: The system will have a well-designed management system to

coordinate and manage the data collection, analysis, and implementation of pollution
reduction strategies. The system will also incorporate public awareness campaigns to
educate people on the importance of marine conservation and the impact of pollution.

The proposed Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System will have a total cost of 10
Million KD, which will be allocated as follows:

1. Equipment: 4 Million KD

2. Personnel: 4 Million KD

3. Management System: 2 Million KD

The implementation of the Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System will take two years.
The first year will be devoted to the installation and testing of the equipment, the recruitment
and training of personnel, and the development of the management system. The second year
will be focused on the implementation of pollution reduction strategies and the continuous
monitoring of pollution levels.
Justification:

The proposed Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System is a cost-effective solution that
can significantly reduce marine pollution in Kuwait. The system will provide real-time data on
pollution levels and sources, which will enable the government to take appropriate actions to
reduce pollution effectively. Moreover, the system will create employment opportunities for
skilled personnel and contribute to the development of advanced technologies in Kuwait.

The proposed solution is consistent with international best practices and standards, and it has
been successfully implemented in other countries such as the United States, Canada, and Japan.
Therefore, the proposed solution is feasible and effective in reducing marine pollution in Kuwait.

Abdullah, A. (2020). Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System: A review of international
best practices. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159, 111433.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111433

Al-Ghais, S. M. (2018). Marine pollution in Kuwait: Current status and future challenges. Marine
Pollution Bulletin, 129(1), 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.020
Solution for water shortage
To address the issue of water shortage in Kuwait, the government can implement a program to
promote water conservation and efficiency in households, commercial establishments, and
public institutions. This program will involve the distribution of water-efficient fixtures such as
low-flow showerheads, faucets, and toilets to households and public buildings, as well as the
installation of automatic shut-off valves and leak detection systems to prevent water wastage
(Al-Othman & Al-Zanki, 2019).

Additionally, the government can launch a public awareness campaign to educate people on the
importance of water conservation and the impact of water wastage on the environment and the
economy. The campaign will utilize various media channels such as TV, radio, social media, and
billboards to reach a wider audience and encourage behavior change (Al-Subari et al., 2018).

The total cost of this program is estimated to be 8 Million KD, which will be allocated as follows:

Water-efficient fixtures: 5 Million KD

Public awareness campaign: 2 Million KD

Program management and monitoring: 1 Million KD

The implementation of the program will take two years, and it will be divided into the following
phases:

Year 1: Distribution of water-efficient fixtures to households and public buildings, installation of

automatic shut-off valves and leak detection systems, and launch of the public awareness
campaign.

Year 2: Follow-up monitoring and evaluation of the program, data analysis, and adjustment of
strategies if needed.

By implementing this program, the government can reduce water wastage by at least 75%,
which will help to alleviate the water shortage problem in Kuwait. Furthermore, this solution
does not involve any new buildings or construction, which aligns with the municipality's
requirement.

APA Style References:

Al-Othman, A., & Al-Zanki, F. (2019). Residential water conservation and demand management in
Kuwait: A review of policies, practices, and challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 210, 980-
990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.226

Al-Subari, K. A., Suhail, A. M., Al-Rubaye, M. H., & Jaffar, M. J. (2018). Kuwait Water Saving
Campaign: A step towards reducing water demand. Desalination and Water Treatment, 115, 85-
90. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22233
New solution for marine done
Marine pollution is a significant environmental problem in Kuwait, and it has a severe impact on
the marine ecosystem and human health (Al-Ghais, 2018). Therefore, the government of Kuwait
should take immediate and effective actions to tackle marine pollution and reduce it by 30%
within five years. One of the most promising solutions to address this issue is the establishment
of a Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring Systemin addition to environmental assets.

Justification: The proposed solution is a strategy that aims to reduce marine pollution levels in
Kuwait by 30% within five years. The strategy includes conducting an environmental assessment
to identify the sources and extent of pollution, developing a pollution control plan,
implementing the plan through a combination of regulatory measures, education and awareness
campaigns, and investments in infrastructure and technology, and monitoring and evaluating
progress. Additionally, establishing a Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System with
advanced equipment, trained personnel, and a well-designed management system is proposed
to effectively control and reduce marine pollution. This solution is justified as it is based on
international best practices, has a clear timeline and targets, and involves multiple stakeholders
for effective implementation and monitoring. It also considers the budget constraint of not
exceeding 10 Million KD and the timeframe of two years to complete the project.

1. Conduct an Environmental Assessment: To better understand the sources and extent of

pollution, an environmental assessment should be conducted. This assessment will
identify the main sources of pollution and the most affected areas in Kuwait Bay. This
information will help to determine the appropriate action to reduce pollution levels.

2. Develop a Pollution Control Plan: Based on the findings of the environmental

assessment, a comprehensive pollution control plan should be developed. This plan
should prioritize the sources of pollution based on their impact on the marine
environment. The plan should also identify the most effective and cost-efficient
measures to reduce pollution levels, such as regulating industrial discharge, reducing the
use of chemical fertilizers, and improving sewage treatment.

3. Implement the Pollution Control Plan: The pollution control plan should be implemented
over a 5-year period, with clear milestones and targets to reduce pollution levels by 30%.
The implementation should involve a combination of regulatory measures, education
and awareness campaigns, and investments in infrastructure and technology.
implementing strict regulations on industrial waste management and enforcing them
effectively can significantly reduce marine pollution. The Ministry of Environment can
collaborate with (KEPA) and (KPC) to ensure that all industries follow the guidelines on
waste disposal set by the Ministry. This will require funding for the monitoring and
enforcement of the regulations, but the cost can be controlled by having KEPA as the
watchdog for the project. According to a report by Kuwait University, enforcing
regulations can effectively reduce marine pollution levels (Al-Senafy et al., 2019).
 4. Establish a Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System

Equip the system with advanced technologies such as ROVs, buoys, sensors, and drones
to collect more data on marine pollution. The equipment will provide real-time
information on pollution levels and help to identify the sources of pollution.

Employ trained personnel to operate the equipment, analyze the data, and develop
effective strategies to reduce marine pollution

Develop a well-designed management system to coordinate and manage the data

collection, analysis, and implementation of pollution reduction strategies

5. Monitor and Evaluate: To ensure the effectiveness of the pollution control plan, a
monitoring and evaluation system should be put in place. This system should regularly
measure pollution levels and track progress towards the set targets. The data collected
should be used to modify the pollution control plan as needed to ensure the
achievement of the 30% reduction target.

The proposed Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System will have a total cost of 10
Million KD, which will be allocated as follows:

1. Equipment: 4 Million KD

2. Personnel: 4 Million KD

3. Management System: 2 Million KD

Reference

Al-Senafy, M. N., Al-Osaimi, M., & Al-Ajmi, D. (2019). Marine pollution in Kuwait: Overview,
management, and recommendations. Kuwait Journal of Science, 46(2), 1-13.

Abdullah, A. (2020). Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System: A review of international
best practices. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159, 111433.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111433

Al-Ghais, S. M. (2018). Marine pollution in Kuwait: Current status and future challenges. Marine
Pollution Bulletin, 129(1), 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.020
Phases for sus
Needs Phase:
1. Description: The engineer needs to gather information about the energy consumption
and carbon emissions of the building and construction industry in Kuwait. This
information will help identify the need for an energy audit and guide the development
of the audit scope and purpose.
2. Analysis: The engineer needs to analyze the data collected to identify trends and
patterns in energy consumption and carbon emissions. This will help identify areas that
require urgent attention and inform the development of energy efficiency measures.
3. Optimization: The engineer needs to optimize the data collection process by using
efficient data collection methods, such as remote monitoring systems and smart meters.
This will help reduce the cost and time required for data collection.
4. Evaluation: The engineer needs to evaluate the data collected to ensure its accuracy and
completeness. This will help ensure that the analysis and optimization are based on
reliable data.
5. Selection: The engineer needs to select the most appropriate data collection methods
based on their cost-effectiveness and reliability.
System Planning Phase:
1. Description: The engineer needs to develop a plan for conducting the energy audit and
implementing energy efficiency measures. The plan should cover the scope, timeline,
and budget for the project.
2. Analysis: The engineer needs to analyze the potential energy-saving opportunities and
their cost-effectiveness. This will help identify the most effective measures to include in
the plan.
3. Optimization: The engineer needs to optimize the plan by prioritizing measures based on
their potential for energy savings and cost-effectiveness. This will help ensure that the
plan achieves the desired results within the budget and timeline.
4. Evaluation: The engineer needs to evaluate the plan to ensure that it is based on
accurate and reliable data and that it addresses the needs of the building and
construction industry in Kuwait.
5. Selection: The engineer needs to select the most cost-effective and feasible measures
based on their potential for energy savings and their compatibility with the local climate
and building practices.
System Design Phase:
1. Description: The engineer needs to design energy-efficient systems and technologies
that can be implemented in buildings and construction sites. The design should be based
on the results of the energy audit and the energy efficiency plan.
2. Analysis: The engineer needs to analyze the performance of different energy-efficient
systems and technologies to identify the most effective ones for implementation.
3. Optimization: The engineer needs to optimize the design by selecting systems and
technologies that are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and compatible with the local
climate and building practices.
4. Evaluation: The engineer needs to evaluate the design to ensure that it meets the
energy-saving targets and is based on accurate and reliable data.
5. Selection: The engineer needs to select the most energy-efficient systems and
technologies based on their cost-effectiveness, energy-saving potential, and
compatibility with local building practices and regulations.
System Construction Phase:
1. Description: The engineer needs to oversee the implementation of energy-efficient
systems and technologies in buildings and construction sites.
2. Analysis: The engineer needs to analyze the performance of the implemented systems
and technologies to ensure that they are meeting the energy-saving targets.
3. Optimization: The engineer needs to optimize the implementation process by using
efficient construction methods and ensuring that the systems and technologies are
installed correctly and operate as intended.
4. Evaluation: The engineer needs to evaluate the implementation process to ensure that it
is based on accurate and reliable data and that it meets the energy-saving targets.
5. Selection: The engineer needs to select the most efficient construction methods and
technologies based on their cost-effectiveness and compatibility with local building
practices and regulations.

Operation phase:
1. Description: The engineer is responsible for ensuring that the system operates
effectively and efficiently, monitoring its performance, and making adjustments as
needed.
2. Analysis: The engineer must analyze the system's performance, identifying potential
issues and implementing corrective actions as needed.
3. Optimization: The engineer must optimize the system's operation to minimize energy
consumption and ensure that it operates efficiently.
4. Evaluation: The engineer must evaluate the system's operation to ensure that it meets
the design specifications and achieves the desired performance levels.
5. Selection (of the best from multiple alternatives): The engineer must select the best
operation alternatives based on the evaluation and optimization results, considering
factors such as cost, efficiency, reliability, and maintainability.
For the Inspection phase:
1. Description: The engineer is responsible for inspecting the system periodically to ensure
that it operates effectively and efficiently and identifying potential issues.
2. Analysis: The engineer must analyze the system's performance during inspections,
identifying potential issues and implementing corrective actions as needed.
3. Optimization: The engineer must optimize the inspection process to minimize energy
consumption and ensure that the system operates efficiently.
4. Evaluation: The engineer must evaluate the inspection process to ensure that it meets
the design specifications and achieves the desired performance levels.
5. Selection (of the best from multiple alternatives): The engineer must select the best
inspection alternatives based on the evaluation and optimization results, considering
factors such as cost, efficiency
 Maintenance Phase:
1. Description: During the maintenance phase, the engineer will be responsible for
ensuring that the energy-efficient technologies and practices implemented during the
construction phase continue to perform efficiently. This includes regularly inspecting and
maintaining the HVAC systems, lighting, and other energy-consuming systems to ensure
they are functioning at optimal levels.
2. Analysis: The engineer will need to analyze the maintenance requirements of each
energy-efficient technology and practice to determine the frequency and type of
maintenance required. They will also need to analyze the performance data collected
during the operation phase to identify any issues or areas of improvement.
3. Optimization: The engineer can optimize the maintenance schedule by using predictive
maintenance techniques and leveraging data analytics to identify potential issues before
they occur. This will help to minimize downtime and reduce maintenance costs.
4. Evaluation: The engineer should regularly evaluate the performance of the energy-
efficient technologies and practices during the maintenance phase to ensure they are
still achieving the desired energy savings and carbon emissions reductions. This
evaluation should include an analysis of the maintenance data and performance metrics.
5. Selection: If the performance of the energy-efficient technologies and practices is not
meeting the desired targets, the engineer may need to select alternative technologies or
practices that can better achieve the desired results.

System Termination Phase:

1. Description: During the system termination phase, the engineer will be responsible for
decommissioning the energy-efficient technologies and practices implemented during
the construction phase. This includes removing and disposing of any equipment and
materials in an environmentally responsible manner.
2. Analysis: The engineer will need to analyze the decommissioning requirements of each
energy-efficient technology and practice to ensure they are removed and disposed of
properly. They will also need to analyze any potential environmental impacts of the
decommissioning process.
3. Optimization: The engineer can optimize the decommissioning process by using
sustainable demolition practices, such as salvaging and recycling materials, to minimize
the environmental impact of the process.
4. Evaluation: The engineer should evaluate the decommissioning process to ensure it was
performed in accordance with all applicable regulations and best practices for
environmental sustainability. They should also evaluate the effectiveness of the energy-
efficient technologies and practices throughout the entire building life cycle to identify
areas for improvement in future projects.
5. Selection: If there were any negative environmental impacts associated with the
decommissioning process, the engineer may need to select alternative technologies or
practices for future projects that have a lower environmental impact.
Phases for marine
1. Needs Phase:

Description: Identify the need for a marine pollution control and monitoring system to
reduce pollution levels in Kuwait Bay and improve the marine ecosystem and human health.

Analysis: analyze potential solutions to address the identified issues and conduct a
feasibility study to determine the technical, economic, and environmental viability of the
proposed solution marine pollution control and monitoring system in Kuwait Bay.

Optimization: Determine the optimal system design and technologies to effectively control
and monitor marine pollution levels in Kuwait Bay. Consider factors such as cost, efficiency,
and environmental impact.

Evaluation: . Evaluate the current state of marine pollution in Kuwait Bay and identify the
most significant sources of pollution and affected areas. Assess the potential benefits and
drawbacks of implementing a marine pollution control and monitoring system in Kuwait Bay.
Evaluate the feasibility of achieving the proposed 30% reduction target including the budget
10 million kd.

Selection: Compare different options for controlling and monitoring marine pollution in
Kuwait sea and choose the most appropriate method by considering its technical practicality,
environmental ramifications, and within the budget /

2. System Planning:
Description: Develop a comprehensive plan for implementing the marine pollution
control and monitoring system in Kuwait Bay.

Analysis: Analyze the requirements of the system of controlling marine pollution,

including the equipment, personnel, constraints, and management systems needed to
operate and maintain to identify any potential issues or challenges that may arise during
the project.

Evaluation: Evaluate the available options for establishing the marine pollution control
and monitoring system, including the potential environmental and social impacts of the
system as well as budget and timeline constraints.

Optimization Develop alternative plans or solutions that address any identified issues or
challenges and optimize the overall design of the engineering system.

Selection: Select the optimal equipment, personnel, and management systems to

implement the marine pollution control and monitoring system based on their technical
ability, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness.
3. System Design:
Description: Design the marine pollution control and monitoring system for Kuwait Bay.

Analysis: Conduct a detailed analysis of the technical requirements of the marine

pollution control and monitoring system for Kuwait Bay. Analyze the design plans to
identify any potential issues or conflicts that may arise during the construction or
operation of the system. This could include assessing structural integrity, safety
concerns, or regulatory compliance.

Optimization: Optimize the design of the system and its components to ensure
maximum effectiveness and efficiency in controlling and monitoring marine pollution in
Kuwait Bay.

Evaluation: Assess the practicality of the proposed system design, its environmental
effects, and economic viability. Evaluate both the advantages and disadvantages of the
system and its constituent parts.

Selection: Choose the most suitable equipment, personnel, and management systems
for putting into operation the marine pollution control and monitoring system, based on
factors such as the practicality of the technology, cost-effectiveness., and its
environmental implications.

4. System Construction:
Description: Construct and install the marine pollution control and monitoring system in
Kuwait Bay.

Analysis: Analyze the construction process to identify any potential issues or challenges
that may arise during the construction of the system. Conduct a detailed analysis of the
requirements for construction and installation of the system.

Optimization: Optimize the construction and installation process to ensure maximum

effectiveness and efficiency in controlling and monitoring marine pollution in Kuwait Bay.

Evaluation: Evaluate the constructed system to ensure that it meets all project
objectives, regulatory requirements, and budgetary constraints.
 Selection: select the best sustainable construction process that meets the needs of the
stakeholders while considering factors such as budget, time, and available resources.

5. Operation:
Description: Ensure that the Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring System is fully
operational and functional by regularly testing equipment, conducting system checks,
and verifying data accuracy.

Analysis: Analyze the data collected by the Marine Pollution Control and Monitoring
System to identify trends, patterns, and potential sources of pollution. This analysis will
help to inform future pollution control strategies.

Evaluation : Evaluate the potential environmental and social impacts of the system's
operation, and identify measures to mitigate negative effects.

Optimization: optimize the operation of the project to ensure that it is operating

efficiently and effectively while still meeting the needs of controlling marine pollution in
Kuwait

Selection : If issues or inefficiencies are identified during the evaluation phase, the
engineer may need to select alternative solutions or approaches to address them. And
to ensure the system operate in the most efficient way .

6 inspection

Description : Conduct routine inspections of industrial facilities and coastal areas to

ensure compliance with regulations and identify any potential sources of pollution.

Analysis: Analyze the results of inspections to identify areas of improvement and

potential sources of pollution. This analysis will inform future inspection plans and
pollution control strategies.

Optimization: Optimize the inspection process by utilizing new technologies or tools to

improve efficiency and accuracy of the Marine Pollution Control system.

Evaluation: Evaluate the effectiveness of inspections by comparing inspection results to

pollution control targets and adjusting inspection plans as necessary.
Selection: Select the best tools or technologies for inspections based on the needs of the
inspection process and budget constraints.
Selection : Select the best tools or technologies for inspections based on the needs of
the inspection process and budget constraints.

7 system MAINTENANCE

Description: Schedule and perform routine maintenance of equipment and

infrastructure, such as cleaning sensors, replacing batteries, and repairing damaged
equipment.

Analysis: Analyze maintenance data to identify equipment that may require more
frequent maintenance or replacement. This analysis will inform future maintenance
plans.

Optimization: Optimize maintenance schedules by identifying areas that may require less
frequent maintenance or implementing preventative maintenance strategies to reduce
equipment downtime.

Evaluation: Evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance plans by tracking equipment

downtime and repair costs and adjusting plans as necessary.

Selection: Select the best maintenance strategies based on the needs of the
equipment,safety and budget constraints.

SYSTEM TERMINATION

Description: Ensure that all equipment and infrastructure of Marine Pollution Control
and Monitoring System are properly decommissioned and disposed of according to
regulations

Analysis : Conduct an analysis to identify any hazardous materials that may be present in
the equipment to ensure proper, safe, and sustainable disposal.

Optimization: Optimize the decommissioning process by identifying ways to reduce

waste and maximize resource recovery.

Evaluation : Evaluate the effectiveness of the decommissioning process by ensuring that

all equipment and infrastructure are properly disposed of and that hazardous materials
are safely removed.

Selection: Select the best and safe disposal and termination methods based on the
needs of the equipment and environmental regulations.