Class 12 Boards 2023

CO ORDINATION
-

COMPOUNDS

Panchal Sir
With love -

By Bharat
for # BPARMY

JJÉÉ / ☒ EEEETT / EVETT / EBBSSÉ

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-
Sir

Bharat Panchal
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-
 CO ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
-

Co-ordination Compounds
Transition metals large
form a no '

complex compounds in which the metal atoms are bound

to a number
of anions or neutral molecule by sharing
geo .
such compound are
known as co -
ordination
compounds .

Difference b/w Double salt and co ordination compound -

Double Salt Co-ordination Compounds .

→ They usually contain simple two

→ The simple salts from which
salts in equi molar proportion formed may or
they are

may not be in equi molar prob .

→
They are ionic compound and →
They may or
may not be
do not contain any co ordinate
ionic
-

but the complex part

bond
always contain co ordinate bond -

◦
The properties of the double The bro besties the ordin
salts of co - -

are the
same as those -
ation compounds are
of its constituent compounds .

different fwm its constituent .

•
In the double salt metal ions • In a coordination compound
their normal valency the metal ion its
show
two
satisfy
tube of valencies called
primary and
secondary valency .

•
A double salt loses its •
A coordination confounds
identity in the solution retain its identity in its
solution
e. k
, soy
Alzcsou )] -24110
.

g .

e.g Ky [ Fe (CN ) , ]
→ Types of Coordination Compounds
Cationic Complex Anionic Complex Neutral Complex
complex ion camp complexion carry complex doesn't
+ve charge -
ve charge carry
4-
any
2-1 Eg [ Fe CCN )o7 charge
[ COCNH] ) , ]
e.g [Niccolo ]
 Ligands The atoms ions or molecules which can donate
,

the lone pair of eo to central metal atom by co -

ordinate bond
mi co -
ordination compounds are called ligands .

D. enticing of ligands : -

The number of donor atoms present

in the ligand is called its denti
city On the basis of
.

denticity ligands are

of different forms as :

mono dentate, bidentate , bidentate , tetra ¥ ntate polydentate -

hex 'd dentate etc .

Monodentate ligands when is bound to metal ion

ligand a a

through a
single donor atom
a-, Bo CN -

e.g
-

,
"

H2O ; NH, ,
CO

Bidentate ligands
when a
ligand can bind
through two donor
atoms .

oxalate ethane -1,2

e.g 9
9146 nato ( Gly )
-

diamine ,

900
-

COO GHz MHz

-
-

HZN CHI COO

-

CHINH ,
-

Poly dentate ligands

when have than two
a
ligand more

donating sites .

e.
g EDTA C. Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate Ion )

OOCH! CH Coo
Ñf
- -
• •

>N -
C Hz CH - -

CH, Coo
, -

-00C HE

Donor Atoms → 6

Hexi dentate ligands .

 Am bidentate
Those ligands
ligands
which have
two donor atoms but use one atom to attach with
a central metal atom So these
are mono dentate ligands
.

e.g CN cceeano )
-

{
SCN Cthiocyano )
-

NC
cisocyano)
-

NCS cisothiocyano)
-

Negative ligands which have negative charge

Neutral ligands

{
symbol of Name of charge on

ligands ligands ligands NH ammine o

CN cyanide -1
-

A- chloride I
-
CH
]
-
NH
, Methylamine o
Br Bromide
-

-1
0
I
-

iodide -1 H2O 49,4A

Noi Nitrito N -
-1
1
NO Nitrosyl 0
ONO
-

Nibito -
o -

GO carbonyl 0
-1
OH Hydroxo
-

CS Thio carbonyl 0
N°5 Nikah
SCN
-

thiocyano -1 PH Phosphine 0
}
Ncs
-

isothiocyano -1

CH,coo -

Acetate -1
):P Triphenylphosphine 0
H Hydride I
-
-

* .me ... .
*. -2 .

022 besoxo
Pyridine
-

-2 0
50,2
-

sulbhito
sulphate
-2 F
Souk -2

CH Methyl 0
cost carbonate -2
}

Bidentate
Bidentate
gly glycenato -1
ethane -1,2 en 0
0×2 oxalate
-

-2 -
diamine

chelating ligands : -

is
It
ring type compound formed
closed
by poly dentate ligands ( chelating ligand ) on binding
to central metal atom
Importance
e.g M←Mµ ,
_

GHz
• it forms more stable
← complex , called
N -

CH
Ho
,
chelating effect
use
◦ in softening of Hard water
Detection metal ion
◦

of
•
sebaration of f- block elements .
 Co -

ordination Entity
central metal atom and the ligands
the
which are
directly attached to it are enclosed in square
bracket and called co ordination sphere or coordination
-

e.g Efe ( CN ),]

4- is called coordination sphere .

entity
counter In
The ioni sable written outside the square
groups
bracket and are called counter ions .

eg Kp Efe CCN ) , ]
where Ky ions are called counter ions

Co-ordination Polyhedron
The spatial arrangement of the
around the central metal atom
ligands co-ordination
'

is called
polyhedron e.g

Co-ordination Number
total number ordinate
'

The of co -

bond formed by ligands with central metal atom

co-ordination Number { C Number of ligands

=
✗
Denhiityj
Eg Ky Efe Cento] [ Coll ,@ nz )
't

c. N : 6×1 = G CN =
2×1+2×2 = 6

Oxidation Number
The charge present on the central
metal atom in a coordination compound is called
oxidation number It is
.

always positive .

e.g Ku [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]
1,
4G ) -1K -16 C- 1) = 0 ✗ = 2
ON THE BASIS OF LIGANDS
Homolebtic in which tybe of ligands present
only one are

eg Ky [ Fe CCN )o ]
Helen lentic in different type
which of ligands are bresent
e.
g. [ Coll Cenk] U ,

Nomenclature of co ordination compounds

-

e.g •
Ky Efe CCN)o ] → potassium he ✗a cyanide ferrate CII )

• @ Q(Hz0ki NO, →
Ielraaqua dichloride chromium GTI) nitrate
•
[ Coll ( Noy ) (NH] )y] NO, → Tetra ammtne.ch/oridonito-N-cobaltC1lI )
nitrate
•

Kjfecczou} ] →
potassium toioxalato ferrate CIII)
•
K [ Co CCMg- (NO) ] potassium bentacyanido nitrosyl cobaltite CIII
→
]
•
[ Coclzcenljtsoy → dichloride bi:( ethane -1,2 diamine) cobalt
.
-

city sulphate
•
[ Coll (0^10) HI>
chlorine bis (ethane -1,2 diamine ) hitito -0
-

cobalt CIII ] ion

-

◦
[Ni ( Cola] → tetra carbonyl nickel 6)
• Li [ At the] → lithium tetra hydride aluminate CIII)

Werner The 0M
. metal, possess two types of valencies,
called primary ionisable valency oxidation number
or

and secondary or non ionisable valency ( co ordination

- -

Number 7
The
primary valencies directional
°
are non -
.

complex not show bribery

•
The compound do any
of the central metal atom and the ligands present
in it .
 Valence Bond Theory :

Acc to
. this
theory ,
metal -

ligand
bond arises
due to the donation electron pair from ligands
of
to central metal atom
the metal atom or ion under the
influence of ligands can use Cn 1) d nsynb , nd
-

,
orbitals for hybridisation
Hybridisation C. N Geometry Example

linear
[ Agam
-

Sb 2 ]
,

Trigonal blank [1191--3]

-

Sbz 3

sp } 4 Tetrahedral [ Nikola ) z .

5949 " planar entice NKT

dspz 4
] 59149M pyramidal fellow
dsb 5
"
d2sp3 6 Octahedral finned [ Cr( NH] ≥ ]
}
sp3dʰ Octahedral (outer) ( Feff )
-

e.
g [ COCNH, }
]3+
Cost → EARTH 3d 6

Cost ↑H↑HkH ☐ I 1 1
27
3d Us Up
Go NH] is a
strong ligand so
pairing of e -0

takes place

↑H↑HHXN × XIXIX
"
za us UP it
bdia
→

magnetic
hybridisation → d2sb3
Geometry Octahedral
→
4--1%+1
0 Bom
inner
=

orbital complex
 [ Nickels
-

Nist → CAN 's 3d 845

28

+ HAKATA ✗ ✗ 1×1 ✗
4s Ub
3d

hybridisation → sb3 Geometry → tetrahedral

It is paramagnetic in nature
U inns -
%-) -4-8 = -
B. M

2-
•
[ Nice NW
Ni 2-1 [ As ] 18 3d 4 so
'

28
THT AHHH ☐
3d 4s 4b
is ligand pairing of e@ takes
CN a
strong so
place

1*-1
titi 't " " X
17¥
+
"

3d UP
hybridisation → dSb2
Geometry →
square planar
It is diamagnetic in nature .

CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY :

Metal -

ligand bond is ionic in

nature So, there .

is electrostatic force of attraction btw metal and

ligands
-

The
ligands are treated as
negative centres and
these negative centres are so arranged around
central metal atom that here is minimum repulsion
 btw them .

-
In a free transition metal ion . all the fire d-
orbitals have equal energies ( degenerate orbitals )
but when it takes part in complex formation
these d- orbital } split in two parts .

it is called d -
d transition or crystal
field splitting .

For octahedral Coirelplex for Tetrahedral complex

shape of d- orbitals

{
At
G- Ao
-
-

Spect ro chemical series :

arrange mint of all ligands

in order
of increasing CFSE value is called
Spector chemical series .

The ligands with small value

of CFSE are called weak ligands and the
ligands
with higher value of CFSE are called strong
-

ligand

I ( Br ( S2 ( SCN { Cl < F- { OH { OX
_ -
- - - -

{ H2O ( NCS { NH] ten { Nogi { CN { CO

-
-
 ISOMERISM
coordination compounds
which
Two or more
have same molecular formula but have different
to the central
ways of attachment of their ligands
metal atom and have different properties .
These are called
isomerism
isomers The phenomenon is known as .

ISOMERISM
'
↓ ↓
structural Isomers stereoisomers
arises due to the difference arises due to the different
in the Str . of coordination spatial arrangement of
compounds ligands around the metal ion

↳
Ionisation
↳
→
Geometrical isomerism
Hydrate
↳
Coordination
→
optical isomerism .

↳
Linkage
4) IONISATION ISOMERISM
This isomerism arises due to

exchange of ioni sable anion with anionic

ligands e.
.

g
ez [ Co Br ( Haas ] -1cL and [ COUCHd) +
-

g) Bo -

[ Co @ His sod Br and [ COCMH

, )sBr ] SO,
&) HYDRATE ISOMERISM 08 SONATE ISOMERISM
In this
isomerism ,
water is taken as solvent . It has different
no .
Of water molecule in the coordination sphere and
outside it e.
g.
[ COCH, [
Us , (041%42) 4.2140 ,

[ LOCH
, 01,4] ] -3110
CO ORDINATION ISOMERISM
-

tybe of isomerism
occurs when
This
there is interchange of anionic
ligands btw cationic and
complexes of different metal ion present in a complex
.

% [ Co ( NH] ), ] [ Co ( CN) , ] and ECOCNH]) ,] EGAN)6]

LINKAGE ISOMESISM
the
type of isomerism
This
is shown by
coordination compounds bidentate ligands
having am

EG Eco (
Nlt )
g-
(NO ) ] Cl
,
and ECOCNH] )s( ONODU

STEREOISOMERISM
a

Geoiinetrical optical
ti

Isomerism
Isomerism
These the complexes
are
This isomerism is common
which have chiral Sto The .

in complexes with C- M 446 .

pair of stere isomers are the
Geometrical isomers minor
are of images of each other
two tybe but
may not be superimposed
On the stereoisomers .
These
mirror images
same ligands are are called
bre sent at adjacent enantiomers The enantiomers
bositiou
.

• • which rotate the plane

% polarised light in a clockwise
direction is called dextro rotatory
" (d) or 4)
and the enantiomer
same
ligands are which rotate
in anti
Present at opposite position
the blane bolarised light
clockwise direction is laevo rotatory
eel
7.
or
→ Tetrahedral complexes do not show Geometrical isomerism
→
square planar complexes of formula [ MXgl.sn ] ( X and L

are unidentak
ligands) show geometrical isomerism . The
two ×
ligands may be arranged adjacent to each
other in a cis -
isomer or opposite to each other in a
trans isomer -

Cl
NHI Nffg
. .
.
- .
_
. . .

:*
Ntfy
- -
-
- -
-
- - -

:*
:
:
:
: :
NHI
'

: -
r
-

. r
.

g.
. . .
'
r
r r
,
,

g
, , , ,

Cis Trans

Octahedral complexes with C. N -

6

Tybe Mist e.g [CoCNH%Uz]

-

i ×

mi
<
i i.÷ :
cis ✗
Trans
Tybe -

MXzAz ( x Unidentate
A- Bidentate
-

✗
ligands
✗
ligands )

?
% itn
-
- -
-

g- M A
^ : -

1-
- - - - - .
-

. . . . .
. .

/
.

- A cis ✗ Trans
→ In Octahedral Complexes of the formula [ MA]X ] ]
e.g ECOCNH]
} ]
]

Non

!¥¥*÷
NH
,

ii.% / -
.NO
f-
N
tf
,

NHS
_ .

. - - - .

NO ,
NO ,
fac -
facial
mer -
meridional .

same
ligands occupy same ligands are in
one face of an octahedron one plane

→
OPTICAL ISOMERS
optical isomerism is common
→ in
octahedral complexes
→
The
involving
bidentate ligands
equi molar mixture of ' '
d and
'
l
'
isomer is termed
as the racemic mixture
→
Trans isomer cant show optical isomers
④ 4 Cl
. . #4 !
Cl
it en
e ÷
:

mirror
Gf :_

⑨ ⑨
④ Eco CNH
@ n)]
-1
)2U
µs
, ,
NH,
NH] /
E.
a
ce
mirror
 3h -1
eg [ MCAA}
✗
<

-1 4 +
cis -
[ Co Cenk Up 7

¥ ?
>+ ! %! ,

en
: ! cen
:-/ -

1-
-

I.
1-
-
'
en minor
-

METAL CARBONYLS
contain
Complex compounds that
carbonyl ligands only are termed as metal carbonyl
% Ni ( co)
, Fe C.CO)s Cr ( ( 076
CO
40 CO
N'
oc
_

#
06
i
Fe co co
-

◦ c-
/ I -
Oc <
co
CO
COCO CO

Tetrahedral Trigonal
Bipyramid at octahedral

BONDING IN METAL CARBONYLS

↳
In metal carbon bond has
carbonyls ,
the metal - both
S and b- character CO
ligand attach itself to metal atom
-

from the carbon atom to form metal -

carbon bond It is
.

a
weak dono.se
M C -
- bond is formed by thedonation of lone pair of eo
On the
carbonyl carbon to the vacant orbital of metal
↳
M - C it bond is formed by the donation of a pair of eo

from the filled d- orbital of the metal to vacant

antibonding IT *
orbital of co This .
property of back bonding
which stabilise the metal -

ligand bond is termed as

synergic effect
 C- M +0 +
☒⇐0: →
⊖ Mi6 CEO :

a-
overlap
Donation of lone pair of eo from carbon
atom into a vacant orbital of the metal .

C- mAE-BFB-W.gr#aaoE*g-=o :-D
+0-6=-0
m →

D- ① -ña⇐* ⇐⇐ +0

IT -

overlap
Donation of e-0 from a filled metal d- orbital
into a vacant
antibonding IT orbital of CO
-

M
D€C=o
0 O_0 0
IT
factors
Affecting stability of a complex
•

Charge on central metal atom → as charge on central metal

atom increases , of complex increases
stability
Nature of metal ion
•

•
-

stability order is 3d<4d45d series

Nature of
ligands -

strong field ligands form more

stable complex
•

Presence %
of chelate
Ring :
more the chelation More
stability
,

•
Effect of multidentate ligands :

If the ligands are

multi dentate , the stability of complex increases
?⃝
?⃝?⃝
 ordination compounds
→
significance of co -

• In
Biological System
↳ In Medicinal Chemistry
In Analytical Chemistry
↳ the
In extraction / Metallurgy of metals

↳ Estimation of Hardness of water

↳
In Catalysis La In
Photography
In Medicines
•
Vitamin Biz is used to prevent anaemia
the treatment
A cat with EDTA is used for
complex of
•

of lead poisoning .

cis Matin is used in the

◦
A complex of platinum i. e -
.

treatment of cancer in chemotherapy .

In
Biological Importance
Many biological important
natural compounds are co-ordination complexes e.
g.
2-1
Chlorophyll : a complex of Mg
Haemoglobin : a complex of Fe 2-1

vitamin B12 : a complex of cost