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TRAINING OF TRAINERS WORKSHOP
FOR HEALTH PROJECT
AND COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS

IN MALAWI'S RURAL PIPED
Operated by
CDM and A-sociates WATER PROGRAM
Sponsored by the U.S. Agency
for International Development
1611 N. Kent Street, Room 1002

Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA
Telephone: (703) 243-8200

Telex No. WUI 64552
Cable Address WASHAID WASH FIELD REPORT NO. 174
MARCH 1986
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the USAID Mission to Malawi
WASH Activity No. 209
WASH FIELD REPORT NO. 174
TRAINING OF TRAINERS WORKSHOP AND COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS

IN MALAI'S RURAL PIPED WATER PROGRAM
Prepared for the USAID Mission to Halawi

under WASH Activity No. 209
by
Claudia Liebler
and
John Pettit
March 1986
Water and Sanitation for Health Project

Contract No. 5942-C-00-4085-00, Prqject No. 936-5942
Is sponsored by the Office of Health, Bureau for Science and Technology
U.S. Agency for International Development
Washington, DC 20523
...........
Table of Contents
Chapter Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................... .. .........

o v
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1
2. BACKGROUND ................ ........................ .......... 3
3. APPROACH TO THE CONSUIZANCY........................................ 5
4. STAGE ONE: WORKSHOP PREPARATION ..................................... 7
4.1 Overview .................. .............................. 7
4.2 Meetings with Key Decision-Makers ............................. 7
4.3 Working Sessions with Organizational Representatives ..... 7
4.4 Staff Training and Preparation ........................... 7
5. STAGE TWO: WORKSHOP DELIVERY.................. o........ ....... o 9
5.1 Overview............................................ ..... 9
5.1.1 Purpose ........................ ........ o..... . . .. 9
5.1.2 Methodology ............................ o............. 9
5.1.3 Participants ............................ 10
5.1.4 Training Team Staff Meetings ........................... 10
5.2 Workshop Modules...................... ................... 11
6. STAGE THREE: WORKSHOP EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP ..................... 15
6.1 Overview .................................... - 15
6.2 Highlights of Participant Evaluation Results.................. 15
6.2.1 Workshop Objectives.... ............................ 15
6.2.2 Cverall Satisfaction with Workshop ....... .............. 16
6 .2 .3 Relevance to Job...... ....... .. .. . ... . . .. . .. ... o . . .. o. 16
6.2.4 Collaboration ....... o... ........ ....... .. .... o.. 16
7. LESSONS LEARNED........... ....... ................. .. .. ..... 17
7.1 Strategic Focus for Pre-Departure Preparation ............... 17
7.2 Capacity Building........ ............. . ... .... 17
7.3 Establishing Relevancy ..................................... 17
8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE .......................... . ...
. 19
8.1 Take Some Viable Next Steps Regarding Collaboration ............ 19

8.2 Use an Action-Planning Process ................................ 19
8.3 Plan Future Joint Training Ventures.......................... 21
8.4 Plan Follow-Up Training-of-Trainers Workshop .................. 21
8.5 Create Opportunities for Participants to Use Their New Skills.. 22
--i-
APPENDICES Page
A. Plan for December Visit ................................. 23
B. Plan for Phase-One Consultancy..................................... 29
C. Memorandum to Key Officials........................................ 37
D. Staff Training - Team Planning .............................. 41
E. Training Staff ................................. ....... ..... . .... 47
F. Participants ...................................................... 51
G. Workshop Design ................................................... 55
H. Materials Used in the Chilema Training of Trainers Workshop ......... 69
I. Participant Evaluation Forms ................................... .... 73
J. Participant Self Assessment Questionnaire ........................... 81
K. Topics for Practice Training Round One .............................. 85
L. Topics for Practice Training Round Two .............................. 89
Photo 1. Participants doing demonstration

at tap site.
-ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The success of this consultancy is due in large part to the interest and
involvement of high level officials in the Ministry of Health and the Ministry
of Works and Supplies. The Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Works, Mr.
Charles Clark, and the Clief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health, Dr.
Hetherwick Ntaba, not only made themselves available for joint meetings during
the initial stages of the consultancy, but also came together to the workshop
itself to listen and respond to recommendations developed by the participants
concerning stronger collaboration between the Rural Piped Water Project and
the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program.
The initial idea for a joint training of trainers and collaboration planning
workshop came from the heads of the two projects involved -- Mr. Lindesey
Robertson of the Rural Piped Water Project and Mr. Yohane Nyasulu of the
Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program. Both worked hard to make
the effort successful. Mr. Craig Hafner of the Water and Sanitation for Health
(WASH) Project was the key sponsor and advocate for this consultancy as a part
of his long-term commitment to Malawi and in particular to the Rural Piped
Water Project and the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program. Chief
Health Officer, USAID/Malawi, Mr. Charles Gurney, gave encouragement and
support to the collaborative effort.
The tr:aining staff that worked with the two consultants on planning and
condvcting the workshop included the following personnel:
Ministry of Works: Mr. Newton Chaya, Water Engineer

Mr. Wellington Mandowa, Water Engineer
Mr. Abubaker Chibwana, Water Superviscr
Mr. Alex Chiwongola, Water Supervisor
Mr. John Nkoma, Water Supervisor
Ministry of Health: Mr. Richard Mandebvu, Senior Health Inspector

Mr. Colin Tasaukadala, Senior Health Inspector
The training staff contributed many hours before and during the workshop to
ensure that the workshop content and approach were relevant and appropriate to
the job settings of the participants.
Finally, the workshop participants themselves were an enthusiastic and

dedicated group, eager to improve their training skills and full of ideas
about how to make collaboration work more effectively.
-iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
At the request of the USAID Mission in Lilongwe and the Ministries of Works
and Health of the Government of Malawi, the Water and Sanitation for Health
(WASH) Project sent a two-person team to Malawi in January 1986 to conduct a
training program for field supervisors of the Rural Piped Water Project of the
Ministry of Works and the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program of
the Ministry of Health. The purpose of the consultancy was to increase skills
in planning and conducting workshops for field staff and to explore ways of
increasing collaboration at the field level. Collaboration between these two
staffs is important in order to achieve improved health for villagers along
with improved accessibility to clean water. This consultancy is a part of
WASH's long-term support of Malawi's Rural Piped Water Project and Health
Education Sanitation Promotion Program.
The following is a summary of the consultants' findings and recommendations.
Findings
1. There is a clear recognition of the importance of health education
activities at the village level to achieve maximum benefit from improved
accessibility to clean water.
2. There is a high level of receptivity on the part of key officials and

field supervisors to finding avenues of closer collaboration between the
staffs of the Rural Piped Water Project of the Ministry of Works and the
Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program of the Ministry of
Health.
3. Field supervisors of both projects can have a major influence on
encouraging closer collaboration if assisted by a clear mandate to do so.
4. Training events, such as the workshop at Chilema, are an excellent forum

for building working relationships between personnel of two different
minist ies and disciplines.
5. Participants at the Chilema workshop gave a high rating to the workshop
and its relevance to their jobs.
6. Field supervisors of both projects are in the best position to provide
training for field staff and should view training that results in improved
on-the-job performance as a part of their supervisory role.
7. The design of a training-of-trainers workshop must consider the job

setting of the participants, the type of training they currently conduct,
the level of familiarity with experiential methodology, post workshop
opportunities for skill application, the views and opportunities of
supervisors, and a realistic appraisal of the system's overall ability to
support future efforts.
8. Training of trainers skills need to be reinforced through additional
workshops and on-the-job practice.
-- V-
Recommenda t ions
1. Initiate some viable next steps regarding collaboration in order not to
lose momentum.
2. Use an action-planning process to put participant recommendations on
collaboration into operation.
3. Plan future joint training ventures.
4. Plan follow-up training of trainers workshops.
5. Create opportunities for participants trained at Chilema to use their

new
skills.
.. 4.4
Photo 2. Participant giving instructions for small group

during second round of practice training.
-vi
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
During the month of January 1986, Water and Sanitation for Health (WASH)
consultants Claudia Liebler and John Pettit worked with the Rural Piped Water
Project of the Malawi Ministry of Works and the Health Education and
Sanitation Promotion Program of the Malawi Ministry of Health to achieve the
following outcomes by conducting a joint workshop for district health
inspectors and Rural Piped Water Project supervisors:
@ Increased skills of district health inspectors and Rural Piped

Water Project supervisors in planning and conducting training
programs for field staff.
* An approach to increased collaboration between the Rural Piped

Water Project and the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion
Program, resulting in a stronger link at the village level between
improved accessibility of clean water and improved health.
The 26 participants (15 from the Ministry of Works and 11 from the Ministry of
Health) rated the cverall workshop and achievement of outcomes very high.
Highlights of evaluation results are contained in Chapter 6 of this report. In
addition to increasing their skills in planning and conducting training
programs, participants produced 11 written case studies and 8 role plays that
can be used when training rural water operators and health surveillance
assistants. They also developed reccmmendations on how to strengthen
collaboration between water and health personnel at the field level.
This training of trainers workshop was unique in several ways:
9 It brought together for the first time field supervisors of two

different ministries and disciplines to accomplish common learning
objectives.
* It had two major and distinctively different but interrelated
outcomes. (These are mentioned above.)
a The training team was comprised of eight Malawians and two
Americans, in keeping with WASH's philosophy of using local
resources and to ensure that the Malawian perspective was
reflected in all workshop activities.
* It provided an opportunity for participants to present their

recommendations for closer collaboration in the field to
high-level officials from both ministries who jointly attended a
workshop session.
e The timing of the workshop allowed for application of the skills

learned by participants in that both the Rural Piped Water Project
and the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program have
plans for these same participants to conduct workshops for their
field workers in the immediate or near future.
-1
The consultancy had three major stages. Stage one was the workshop
preparation, stage two the delivery of the training of trainers workshop at
the United Church Lay Training Center at Chilema, and stage three the workshop
evaluation and follow-up planning.
This final report describes the background and approach to the consultancy,
the purpose, key events, and outcomes achieved for each stage, the lessons
learned, and recommendations for the future.
Photo 3. Mixed small groups of participants meet to develop

group picture of an ideal village.
-2
Chapter 2
BACKGROUND
In June 1983, two three-week workshops were conducted by WASH for 53 Ministry
of Health field workers. The workshops introduced these workers to new
responsibilities in health education and sanitation promotion related to the
USAID-funded Rural Piped Water Project. The participants were trained in new
skills for forming and training village health committees which would in turn
educate other villagers in proper health practices related to the use and
storage of clean water, and in other sanitation measures. Twelve Ministry of
Health personnel were trained as trainers to conduct similar workshops in the
future.
In August 1983, the mid-project evaluation of the Rural Piped Water Project in
Malawi recommended that training of trainers workshops be held for staff of
the Rural Water Supply Office and additional training be carried out for the
staff of the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program.
In June 1985, the USAID mission in Lilongwe and the Ministries of Health and
Works requested thL assistance of the WASH Project in providing two trainers
to assist in the design and delivery of a training of trainers workshop and to
provide one trainer to assist the Ministry of Health staff in designing and
delivering some health education workshops. In September 1985, Craig Hafner of
the WASH Project visited Lilongwe and met with representatives from the
Government of Malawi and USAID to lay the groundwork for this consultancy.
In December 1985, team leader Claudia Liebler made a follow-up visit to
Malawi. During this second visit., staff of tne Rural Piped Water Project, and
Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program, and of USAID/Malawi were
interviewed and tentative agreements were reached regarding the purpose,
outcomes, approach, and action plan for the consultancy (see Appendix A). The
time allocated for this consultancy included a week for preparation January 6
to 10, a two-week training of trainers and team building workshop for district
health inspectors and Rural Piped Water Project supervisors January 13 to 24,
and a three-day planning effort for future follow-up actions January 27 to 29.
Based on the information gathered during the December visit, the two
consultants developed a plan for the overall consultancy, a design for the
staff preparation week, and a design with materials for the workshop itself
before returning to Malawi (see Appendix B).
-3
Chapter 3
APPROACH TO THE CONSULTANCY
The approach to the consultancy was based on maximizing the input and
participation at various stages of four different groups of people to ensure
that the work in Malawi reflected the priorities of the ministries and groups
involved in this effort. The WASH consultants viewed this participation as
particularly important given that one of the desired outcomes of this
consultancy was increased collaboration between the Rural Piped Water Project
and the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program. The four groups
were:
1. Government of Malawi Key Decision Makers
This group included the principal secretaries (or their

designees) of the two ministries involved. Their input was most
crucial in terms of the goal of increased collaboration intended
to result in a stronger link between improved accessibility and
use of piped water and improved health at the local level.
2. Organizational Representatives of the Health Education and

Sanitation Promotion Program, the Rural Piped Water Project, and
USAID/Malawi
This group needed to provide the consultants guidance and final

approval of their planning for the consultancy. Guidance was
needed also on the outcomes, approach, and schedule for the
preparation week, on the workshop itself, and on future goals for
collaboration at the operations level.
3. The Training Staff
This group of eight, along with the two WASH consultants, formed
the training team. They comprised the senior-level staff of the
Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program and the Rural
Piped Water Project. A major responsibility of this staff was to
assist in the preparation, delivery, and evaluation of the
workshop.
4. The Workshop Participants
It is to this group that the WASH consultants paid primary

attention as far as the achievement of the workshop outcomes was
concerned. Together with the training staff they worked to
prepare participants to leave the workshop with increased skills
in planning and conducting training programs For field staff and
with operational-level recommendations for future increased
collaboration.
In order to achieve participation on the part of members of these four groups,
the consultants used the team-planning meeting and "action training"
methodologies throughout this consultancy and the experiential training
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methodology during the actual workshop. The team-planning meeting is an
organized process during which a group of persons involved in an assignment
come together in a concentrated effort to define, plan for, and mobilize to
accomplish the work.
The team-planning meeting covers two dimensions: task

functions, or what is to
be done, and team building, or how it is to be done. The
consultants used the
team planning meeting methodology to achieve the following
goals:
9 reach agreement on outcomes, strategy, roles, and responsibilities
for the team;
• establish processes for reviewing the work and redirecting
the
effort as necessary to achieve the desired outcomes;
* develop awareness and sensitivity to cultural characteristics

and
organizational factors influencing the consultancy;
* resolve issues of organizational and team representation
arising
from the interest of multiple organizations and
individuals
participating in the effort; and
9 assure that all logistical and administrative arrangements are
understood and in place.
The action training approach is a practical and flexible
way to meet immediate
needs for implementing a workshop while simultaneously
improving the skills of
the team responsible for implementation. In contrast
to most experiential
training, this approach focuses on specific problem-centered
present rather than general preparation for the future. training for the
"Action" refers to
producing practical results of immediate value to
the effort at hand.
"Training" refers to building the capacity of the team
for the future. Action
training is delivered through a combination of workshops,
meetings, and consultation. Both team-planning
methodologies were developed by the
Development Project Management Center of the United
States Department of
Agriculture.
-6
Chapter 4
STAGE ONE: WORKSHOP PREPARATION
4.1 Overview
This stage of workshop preparation involved key decision makers, organiza
tional representatives, and training staff in planning and working sessions to
produce
" Guidance from key decision makers on the consultants' approach to
the portion of the workshop that deals with future collaboration
between the involved ministries.
" Agreement on the part of the organizational representatives on the
implementation plan for the consultancy and the roles they pJay.
" Clarification and review with the training staff about the
purpose, outcomes, and approach of the workshop and the roles they
will play.
* Final planning and preparation for the workshop.
4.2 Meetings with Key Decision Makers

The first key event of this stage was to meet jointly with the principal
secretary of the Ministry of Works and the chief medical officer of the
Ministry of Health to learn what they thought was important for the
consultants to consider in their work with Ministry of Health and Works field
staff, particularly concerning future collaboration between the two projects
(see Appendix C). The two major outcomes of the meeting were agreement on the
purpose and approach of the consultancy and a commitment to attend a workshop
session during which participants would present their views on collaboration.
4.3 Working Sessions with Organizational Representatives
The second key event was a working session with the organizational
representatives of the Rural Piped Water Project and the Health Education and
Sanitation Promotion Program. During this session, outcomes of the meeting
with key officials were presented, the work plan for the consultancy was
reviewed, the roles of the two organizational representatives were defined,
the schedule for the staff training period was worked out, and logistical
arrangements were discussed.
4.4 Staff Training and Preparation

The third key event was the staff training and preparation. It took place in
three sessions of two to three hours each. It involved the two organizational
representatives, two water engineers, and three water supervisors from the
Rural Piped Water Project and two senior health inspectors from the Ministry
-7
of Health. (Appendix D describes the staff training and preparation
activities.)
The training staff members (with the exception of the two organizational
representatives), although senior in rank, held the same positions as most of
the workshop participants (see Appendices E and F). They also had the same
need as the workshop participants to improve their training skills. Therefore
the staff training and preparation period was designed to
* solicit additional data on the job settings of the participants,
• orient the staff to the workshop design and approach,
* test the design for cultural and job relevance,
* identify ways in which staff could play leadership roles, while

also attending the workshop as participants, and prepare them to
carry out those rolcs,
* begin the collaboration effort by building a strong team of

Ministry of Health and Ministry of Works members with a sense of
responsibility for achievement of workshop outcomes,
* decide when and how to monitor the workshop, and
e make sure that all logistical arrangements were in place.
Photo 4. Participant training teams prepare their session

for first round of practice training.
-8
Chapter 5
STAGE TWO: WORKSHOP DELIVERY
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Purpose
The basic reason for doing this workshop was to upgrade the training skills of
key personnel in the Rural Piped Water Project and the Health Education and
Sanitation Promotion Program. It was also expected that the workshop would
provide a conducive climate for closer collaboration between both groups. The
two-week workshop was designed to enable the participants to
" discuss principles of adult education and the role of a trainer

who teaches adults,
" increase their skill in using at least one training method, such
as role play, case study, group discussion, or demonstration,
* plan and conduct a short training session using a training method
that helps students become involved,
" adjust their regular training sessions so that they stimulate more
participation on the part of the learner,
" increase their confidence in preparing and conducting training,
and
* develop a set of recommendations for collaboration between the two
programs at the operation level.
5.1.2 Methodology
The training methods used were based on principles of adult learning theory
and included experiential training techniques. These methods are participant
centered, and they create an active approach to learning and assume that
responsibility for learning is shared between trainers and participants.
Throughout the workshop every effort was made to present these new techniques
in a way that utilized content and materials from the participants' daily work
environment. One of the ways this was done was to use upcoming training events
to be conducted by participants of both groups for their field work staff as a
focus for preparing and conducting sessions. Time was spent identifying the
job functions performed by the field staff and defining the skills needed to
fulfill those functions. The skills needed formed the basis of the session
designs prepared by the participants.
Job Job Training

Functions Skills gns
-9
In order to n .ximize the opportunities for collaboration, participants
regularly worked together in teams. For example, integrated teams of health
and water personnel planned and conducted short sessions which they would then
use to train field workers. A portion of the workshop was spent on practice
training when these teams took turns delivering sessions. The specific
workshop activities are described in detail in Appendix G.
The collaborative aspect of the workshop required that attention be given to

team building. Thus, there were numerous events and activities where team
building was a secondary focus.
5.1.3 Participants
Nineteen participants attended the vorkshop -- eight from the Ministry of
Health and eleven from the Ministry of Works (see Appendix F). Four of ;The
Ministry of Health participants were district health inspectors responsible
for carrying out public health activities at the district level and for
supervising up to four levels of subordinates. The other four were health
inspectors, second in command at the district levels.
Ten of the Ministry of Wnrks participants were personnel working for the Rural
Piped Water Project. They functioned as water supervisors, each responsible
for managing a cadre of field workers. One participant from the Ministry of
Works was a senior instructor at the Works and Supplies Training Centre in
Zomba.
None of the participants had been exposed to experiential training methodology

or had been trained as a trainer. All of the participants from the Rural Piped
Water Project had been working with the project for a number of years, while
several Ministry of Health participants were newer to their jobs.
The training staff also were participants in the workshop.
5.1.4 Training Staff Team Meetings
While the WASH consultants conducted most of the training, the Malawian staff
members were key resources concerning how the participants were doing and a
constant check on the effectiveness of the program. In addition to the
planning meetings held prior to the workshop, the staff met every evening to
evaluate the day and review what was going to happen the next day. The format
for those meetings is noted in Appendix D.
While participating in these meetings was often taxing after a full day of
training, the opportunity to share views and ask questions made the effort
extremely worthwhile. The staff's overall satisfaction rating for each day of
the course was 4.9 out of a 5.0 scale.
-10
5.2 Workshop Modules
The workshop was divided into six major modules.
1. Opening of Workshop and Setting the Context (1 1/2 Days)

2. Introduction to Training (1 Day)
3. Communication Skills for Trainers (1 Day)
4. Experiential Training Methods (2 Days,
5. Skill Practice (2 1/2 Days)
6. Team Building and Closing (2 Days)
The detailed design for each module is found in Appendix G. A list of the
training materials used in each module can be found in Appendix H.
Photo 5. Participant team leading large group discussion

during first round of practice training.
-11
Photo 6. Instructor Claudia Liebler assisting training team
in preparing for their second round of practice training.
Photo 7. Participant team selecting objectives for their

second round of practice training.
-12
Photo 8. Role play at tap site during second round of
practice training.
-13
Chapter 6
STAGE THREE: WORKSHOP EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP
6.1 Overview
This stage included an evaluation of the workshop by the participants, follow
up meetings with key decision-makers and organizational representatives to
review participant evaluation data and discuss initial recommendations for
next steps, and a series of planning sessions with the Health Education and
Sanitation Promotion Program to develop an action plan for its upcoming
training programs in March and April 1986.
The participants evaluated each session of the workshop at the end of week one
and again at the end of week two by filling out a weekly evaluation form. In
addition, they completed a final written end-of-workshop evaluation (see
Appendix I).
The data from the final. evaluation was tabulated and presented in a debriefing
session with the principal secretary of the Ministry of Works, the chief
public health officer of the Ministry of Health, the USAID/Malawi health
officer, and the organizational representatives of the Rural Piped Water
Project and the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program. Initial
recommendations of the two consultants, particularly in regard to next steps
in collaboration between the two programs, were also presented and discussed.
Before the consultants left Malawi, they distributed a report entitled
"Recommendations for the Future" to the principal secretary of the Ministry of
Works, the chief medical officer and the chief public health officer of the
Ministry of Health, the organizational representatives of the two projects
involved, and USAID/Malawi. The decisions made and agreements reached with the
Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program regarding its upcoming
training programs are documented in a report entitled "Plan for Phase Two"
which was distributed to appropriate officials in the Ministry of Health.
6.2 Highlights of Participant Evaluation Results
6.2.1 Workshop Objectives

Most or the participants felt that all objectives of the workshop were
_,cessluiiy dLQd. L o,int . used, wi h iie being civc
"ub.j :b
not met" and five being "objective met very successfully." T~ie percentage of
participants rating the achievement of each objective as five is listed below:
Objective #1: 75 percent

-15
6.2.2 Overall Satisfaction with Workshop
On a five-point scale, with one being "not at all
satisfied" and five being
"very satisfied," 80 percent of the participants rated their satisfaction
five and 20 percent as four. as
6.2.3 Relevance to Job

Participants were asked to evaluate how related to
their work the issues and
problems were that were discussed in the workshop. On
a scale of one to five,
with one being "not related" and five being "very related,"
95 percent of the
participants marked five and 5 percent maiked four.
6.2.4 Collaboration
Participants were asked to rate the usefulness of the
discussions and planning
activities on collaboration between the Rural Piped
Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program. On Water Project and the
a scale of one to five,
with one being "not useful" and five being "very useful,"
participants marked five, 27 percent marked four, and 62 percent of the
5 percent marked three.
Photo 9. Yohane Nyasulu, Director of HESP, and

Claudia
Liebler, WASH consultant, discussing results of previous
session.
-16
Chapter 7
LESSONS LEARNED
7.1 Strategic Focus for Pre-Departure Preparation
The first lesson is that the pre-departure preparation should have a strategic
focus.
Preparation activities at this stage should not be too detailed for at least
three reasons. First, the time spent, for example, on designing specific
sessions at the micro-level takes away time from developing a strategy for
maximizing the potential of the training for a longer-range impact. Second,
specific design and plans almost always require modification upon arrival. No
matter how much groundwork has been laid for the consutancy it is unrealistic
to assume that all actors involved have a shared understanding of what will
occur and that the situation has remained static since the last set of
agreements was reached. Third, detailed planning leaves little room for
incliding the input of key actors who have a role to play in contributing to
the successful achievement of workshop outcomes.
It is the job of the consultant to establish as clear a picture of the current

status of preparation and to identify the desired target to be reached before
workshop implementation. The gap between the two becomes the focus of the
preparation period. Pre-departure work involves designing a process to reach
the desired target and products to facilitate its being reached.
The process for the Malawi work included defining the purpose and outcomes of
the consultancy, identifying key actors whose involvement was critical,
clarifying the nature and timing of their involvement, formulating the
objectives of the three key phases of the consultancy, planning pre-workshop
meetings and work sessions, and designing staff preparation sessions and the
workshop itself (on a macro level).
The products for this consultancy included a memo to key decision-makers

requesting an initial meeting and describing its purpose; a description of the
workshop purpose, outcomes, approach, and modules; and a work plan for the
overall consultancy. These products were used in Malawi to facilitate the
clarification of expectations and the reaching of agreements.
7.2 Capacity Building
The second lesson is that attention must be paid to capacity building as well
as to the delivery of an effective workshop. Training efforts may be success
ful in the short run. Participant evaluations may indicate a high degree of
satisfaction and participating institutions may be pleased with the event.
However, not much more may occur, unless the overall approach to the
consultancy deliberately considers the goal of capacity building.
This can be done in a number of ways, such as ensuring that the workshop
design can be easily replicated in the future; involving superiors in defining
the purpose and outcomes of a workshop for subordinates; orienting and
-17
receiving input from key officials so that efforts reflect their ministries'
priorities; designing a training effort that results in improved job
performance; preparing a local staff to play a leadership role in the training
event; and holding follow-up planning sessions with superiors to increase
opportunities for skill application. All these approaches were used during the
Malawi consultancy.
7.3 Establishing Relevancy

The third lesson is that initial workshop sessions must establish the
relevancy of the training activities for participants.
It is important to help participants build a rationale for learning the skills

that the workshop can offer. This was accomplished during the Malawi workshop
in several introductory stages during the first day-and-a-half of the work
shop. It began by focusing on the basic mission being carried out by the
participants. To do this, senior representatives of the Health Education and
Sanitation Promotion and Rural Piped Water Project presented their achieve
ments, areas for improvement and future directions. Next the participants
described their vision of an ideal village by drawing a group picture.
The second stage helped participants to identify how they and their field
workers contribute to the realization of their vision of an ideal village.
This was done by listing major responsibilities and job tasks of field
workers.
The third stage established the link between job tasks and the skills required
to carry them out effectively. This resulted in a list of skills necessary for
field workers to master.
The final stage focused on the role of the workshop participants as

supervisors of field workers. Their role included enabling field workers to
effectively carry out their jobs by conducting training programs that build
job-related skills. The skills needed by the participants to design and
conduct training programs were identified and each participant completed a
self-assessment questionnaire in order to pinpoint skills they were interested
in improving during the workshop.
The consultants referred back to the group pictures of the ideal villages
frequently during the workshop in ani attempt to build undeL;tanding that the
major purpose of training programs must be to improve job performance and
ultimately the quality of life for villagers. The lists of skills needed by
field workers provided the necessary foundation when later in the workshop
par.ticipants began designiag and conducting practice training sessions.
-18
Chapter 8
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE
Five key recommendations are proposed to further the collaborative effort

between the Ministry of Works and the Ministry of Health, and to strengthen
the capacity of both ministries to plan and conduct experiential training
programs for field staff that show results in increased on-the-job efective
ness.
8.1 Take Some Viable Next Steps Regarding Collaboration in Order Not To Lose
Momentum
There are several immediate opportunities to further collaborative efforts.
For example:
* Send out to all Chilema participants and key officials in the
Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Works copies of this report
and subsequent reports to be developed over the next three weeks.
e Explore the possibility of involving the Rural Piped Water Project

staff in the upcoming workshops for health surveillance assistants
in March and April 1986, either as trainers and/or participants.
8.2 Use an Action-Planning Process to Operationalize Participant Recommenda

tions on Collaboration
A process is needed for making sure that the recommendations for closer
collaboration are considered in a careful, systematic way. One of the ways for
this to happen is to use a process called action planning. The action-planning
approach described below is a step-by-step process that can move two different
interest groups toward final agreement. It is suggested that a joint committee
of personnel from the Ministry of Works and from the Ministry of Health be
formed. Committee members could include personnel from headquarters and from
regional and field operations. This committee would hold a series of working
sessions to move through the action planning steps described below:
1. The first task of the joint committee might be to clarify its

task and the product it hopes to produce. It may also w~nt to
establish some basic principles regarding collaboration. For
example:
a. Look for the minimal level of collaboration that is

necessary to accomplish what you want to do.
b. Be clear about when it is necessary to collaborate and

when collaboration can get in the way.
c. Set realistic, achievable targets for collaboration.
-19
Next the committee would review the recommendations that were
generated by participants at Chilema. It would be necessary to
expand on the more general statements and explore the intent
behind ideas like "more joint meetings." Critical points, when
collaboration is important, would need to be identified.
During this stage the committee would be working to reach

agreement on the recommendations before them. One way to ease
these early discussions would be to separate recommendations for
which there was immediate agreement from those that would require
more time for discussion and information gathering. The
recommendations for which there was easy agreement would be
addressed first.
2. While a committee is fine for discourse, it is not always the
best forum for working out specific details. Individual
assignments could be made to co';mittee members so that there
would be time to flesh out and elaborate key points. For example,
if there was a wish to have more meetings, at what point would
these occur, how often, and for what purpose?
3. After the individual assignments were completed, they could be

compiled and distributed to each person on the committee. Again,
the focus would be on trying to reach agreement about how these
points or issues had been defined. At this stage terms would be
clarified through discussion, and the committee would move much
closer toward the establishment of common guidelines (or
procedures) for collaboration.
4. At this point it would be necessary to identify the agreements

that would require action or support from other individuals or
groups in each ministry. Transportation, for example, could
become a problem if rural water organizers and health
surveillance assistants needed a vehicle to meet together. Or,
per diem differences could get in the way of field workers from
different ministries doing joint work. This step is also an
excellent time to get others in each organization to support
joint collaborative efforts. For example, the personnel who
review field staff work plans ought to be consulted, since their
support would be necessary to encourage field workers'
activities.
5. Next, the recommendations would be summarized and turned into
guidelines. This would be the time to identify the kind of
information field workers need to have that would assist them in
achieving closer collaboration. For example, one guideline might
state that health surveillance assistants entering a village for
the first time should check with the water project in the area,
schedule a meeting with the rural water organizer and gather
appropriate information about what has been done. A water
organizer, on the other hand, might need to contact the health
surveillance assistant soon after a site was selected for a new
water project.
-20
6. The guidelines should be printed in draft form and distributed to
the field workers for their comments and suggestions. District
health inspectors and water supervisors might want to schedule a
special meeting with their field staff in order to review the
guidelines and gather reactions.
7. After ideas were gathered from the field staff, someone would
have to compile this new data and bring it to the next meeting of
the committee for review. When the joint committee reached
agreement about the final modifications, they should be sent to
the principal secretary (PS) or whoever needed to endorse the new
guidelines. Finally, they should be published and sent out to all
regional and district staff.
8.3 Plan Future Joint Training Ventures

As demonstrated by the Chilema zxperience, training events are good
opportunities to build collaboration. Training allows people to share ideas,
develop an appreciation for the contribution others are making toward the same
ultimate development goals, and build work relationships with each other that
can continue after the workshop is over.
The planners of such events can maximize the opportunity to strengthen

linkages between the Ministry of Works and the Ministry of Health by inviting
district-level personnel of both ministries to a workshop and taking time
during the workshop to encourage participants to identify opportunities for
collaborative field work. Possible topics for such workshops might include:
* user health education methods,
* community development methods and approaches, and
* project planning, implementation, and monitoring.
8.4 Plan Follow-Up Training of Trainers Workshops
A two-week training of trainers workshol : not enough time fci build

competency in using experiential training methods. Experiential training is
learner-centered and provides opportunities for a person to engage in an
activity, review this activity critically, abstract some useful insights from
the analysis, and apply the result in a practical situation. In short, it is
learning by doing. It requires that the trainer be skilled in creating
learning opportunities for participants and in guiding them through a process
that results in applying the skills learned to specific situations encountered
on the job. Four to six weeks is usually required, particularly for
participants who are learning these skills for the first time. A follow-up
training of trainers program with the same group of participants is required
in order to give them the best possible chance for actually using the training
skills learned in their work.
A follow-up training of trainers workshop for the participant group trained at

Chilema could be designed to find out which skills participants have been able
-21
to apply on their jobs and which they feel they would like to improve. The
workshop would focus on those skills that participants and trainers identify
as being most needed, based on participants' success and difficulties in
trying to utilize the skills on their jobs.
By building within the two ministries a cadre of people that are skilled in
planning and conducting experiential training, each ministry is strengthening
its capability to develop an effective staff-development program. A staff
development program that achieves results in terms of improved effectiveness
on the job, systematically provides opportunities for upgrading the skills of
its personnel through the use of specially planned workshops.
8.5 Create Opportunities for Participants To Use Their New Skills
Once personnel have learned a set of new skills they must practice these
skills or else they will remain dormant and on-the-job improvements will not
result. The aim of every training effort must be to increase on-the-job
performance from individuals and departments.
In order for supervisors to support the skills learned by participants, they

must themselves be oriented to the skills and see their value. An orientation
program on the purpose and use of experiential training for appropriate
supervisory personnel at the middle and upper levels would assist in raising
awareness in upper-level cadres of the importance of these skills in achieving
ministry goals. Personnel in each ministry concerned with in-service training
efforts would particularly benefit from such an orientation. It is this
personnel that can subsequently identify or create opportunities for staff who
have been trained in experiential methodology actually to utilize their skills
by requesting that they be involved in planning and conducting future
workshops.
Photo 10. A task force group developing recommendations for

closer collaboration between the Ministries of Health and
Works.
-22
APPENDIX A
Plan for December Visit
-23
MI L iI INN&
£f.VA. 101,'IWU a k WASH Operations Center
IA *ATi
Io1., I 'I 1611 N.Kent St., Room 1002
IWS WOF WAN yg/ Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA
WATER AND SANITATION Telephone (703) 243-8200

Telex No. WUI 64552
FOR HEALTH PROJECT Cable Address: WASHAID
Operated by CDM Associates
Sponsored by the U.S. Agency November 12, 1985

for International Development
Dr. Charles Gurney

Chief Health/Population Officer
U.S. AID
Lilongwe, Malawi
Dear Charles,
The purpose of this letter is to summarize the discussions and agreements
reached in my phone conversations with you on Friday, November 1, 1985,
concerning Claudia Liebler's trip to Lilongwe. This trip in December is in
preparation of her and John Pettit's work in the January training of trainers
workshop.
Claudia Liebler's work in Tanzania in November offers an opportunity to add on
a trip to Malawi during the first week of December. We proposed to
USAID/Malawi, MOH, and MOW that we take advantage of this opportunity to get
all the key actors together and suggest the following purposes and sequences
of events for the trip.
Dates:
Our initial investigation of flight schedules indicate that it would be
possible for Claudia to arrive in Lilongwe on December 3, and to be available
for meetings and discussions on the afternoon of Dec. 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th.
Her ETA is December 3, on Air Malawi #325, arriving Lilongwe at 13:10.
The overall purpose of the trip would be to share the preliminary design work
that Claudia and John have done based on conversations with WASH and get
reactions from z'H/MOW; to reach agreement first among USAID, MOH and MOW and
Claudia, and then with the co-trainers/resource persons, on specific
objectives, strategies, roles, and responsibilities for both the team and for
each member and to plan next steps up to workshop implementation.
As we are all aware, face to face communication is more likely to result in
better understanding and preparation on the part of all of us. This visit
will help Claudia and John to finalize the workshop design so that it is
specifically tailored to the needs of MW/MH and to clarify the part that
each tem member will play.
Claudia and John have proposed a series of meetings that would occur over the
dates indicated above. The first set of meetings would involve the key
decision makers involved in this effort from USCUD, MOH, and IM. We suggest
that Claudia first spend some time with each separately, and then have a
couple of hours for a joint meeting. We'd appreciate if you could arrange
these for December 3 P.M. or December 4 A.M.
-25-
Camp Dresser & McKee International Inc. International Science and Technology Institute, Inc. Training Resources Group
Associates in Rural Development, Inc. Research Triangle Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Vl&V I L
At.WAY. US.
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W 4results of these discussions can then be incorporated into the proposed
working session with the seven co-trainers/resource persons designated as
playing a leadership role in the implementation of the workshop. This working
session would occur on the second day of the visit. Although we recognize the
busy schedule that some members of this group of seven may be facing,
particularly at this time of year, we feel it is essential to have all of them
available for a 4 to 6 hour working session on the Dec. 4th or Dec. 5th.
Finally, on the last day of the visit, Claudia would again meet with the three
organizations together to report back on the working session and finalize
agreements and next steps. This meeting should be a couple of hours at the
most.
Objective for Initial Meetings with Key Decision Makers: Dec. 3 P.M. or Dec. I
A.M.
(Nyasulu, Robertson, Gurney)
- to review and verify current understanding of the purpose and intended
results of the workshop
- to share preliminary design work completed inWashington and receive
feedback
- to get input on issues affecting the workshop design
- to define the role the key decision makers will play in the preparation
and actual conduct of the workshop.
- to explore the role of the 7 MOW/MOH staff members in the preparation

and actual conduct of the workshop
- to clarify expectations that you have of the US consultants.
Objectives for working Session with MLK/MOI Staff: Dec. 4th or Dec. 5th
- to become acquainted, share backgrounds, experience, and what the team

wants to get out of this experience.
- to share preliminary design work completed inWashington and receive
feedback.
- to identify what the group expects from the US consultants (i.e., what
they want and need) and what the US consultants expect from the group.
- to explore mutual roles and reach initial agreement
- to clarify next steps and responsibilities from now to the final
preparation week.
Objectives for Final Meeting with Key Decision Makers: Dec. 6
- To share and discuss outcomes of the working session.
-26
V
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ilW IhVY'fWEU
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WV -to sumnarize roles, expecLations, next steps, and logistics in light of
the results of the working session.
Enclosed you will find a letter from Claudia and John to the two MOH and the
five Mow staff members you have designated as co-trainers/resource persons for
the workshop. Please we ask you to forward the letter to each of them in
advance of Claudia's working session with them, to help clarify their
expectations of the session.
A unique aspect of this consultancy is the opportunity to work as a team
with the MO and MOH. We hope that the visit in December will give a head
start on building a team and together implementing a workshop that meets high
standards of excellence.
Sincerely,
/
Cr g Hafner
Senio Project Officer
cc: Mr. Nyasulu, MOH

Mr. Robertson, MOW
-27
APPENDIX B
Plan for Phase-One Consultancy
-29
MEMORANDUM
TO: Mr. Nyasulu, Ministry of Health

Mr. Robertson, Ministry of Works
Mr. Gurney, USAID/Malawi
FROM: WASH Team: Claudia Liebler
John Pettit
DATE: 2 January 1986
SUBJECT: Proposed Plan for WASH Consultancy with Malawi

Ministry of Works and Ministry of Health
I. INTRODUCTION
This document is the proposed plan for the WASH (Water and Sanitation for
Health) Project consultanq'with the Malawi Ministry of Works and Ministry of
Health. The WASH team of Claudia Liebler and John Pettit developed it as part
of its pre-departure planning work. This plan is a result of input from WASH
staff member Craig Hafner who visited mlawi in September to lay the ground
work for this consultancy and a follow-up visit made to Malawi by Team Leader
Claudia Liebler in December.
During this second visit, staff of the Rural Piped Water Project (Ministry of
Works) and the Health Education and Sanitation Program (Ministry of Health),
and of USAID/Malawi were interviewed and tentative agreements were reached
regarding the purpose, outcomes, approach, and action plan for the
consultancy. The time allocated for this consultancy includes a week for
preparation 6-10 January, a two week Training of Trainers and Team Building
Workshop for District Health Inspectors and Rural Piped Water Project
supervisors 13-24 January, and a three day planning effort for future
follow-up actions 27-29 January.
This plan represents our current thinking and is, of course, open for further
revision based on your input. We also intend to use parts of it in working
sessions with you and with the total training staff (8 Malawian professionals
from MOH and MOq and two American consultants from WASH).
II. INVOLVED PARTIES

There are four different groups who must be involved in this effort to be
successful:
-31
1. GOM Key Decision Makers
This group includes the principal secretaries (or their designees) of
the two involved ministries. Their input is most crucial in terms of
the goal of increased collaboration between the Ministry of Work's
Rural piped Water Project and the Ministry of Health's Health
Education and Sanitation Program intended to result in a stronger link
between improved accessibility and use of piped water and improved
health, at the local level.
2. Organizational Representative of HESP, the Rural Piped Water Project,

and USAID/Malawi
This group, including the three of you and the USAID/Malawi project
officer needs to provide us guidance and final approval of our
planning for this effort. Guidance is needed also on the outcomes,
approach, and schedule for the preparation week and for the workshop
itself as well as direction as to future goals for collaboration at
the operations level.
3. The Training Staff

This group of 8 is to form the training team along with the 2 WASH
consultants. They comprise the senior level staff of the HESP and the
Rural Piped Water Project. A major responsibility of this staff is to
assist in the preparation, delivery, and evaluation of the workshop.
4. The Workshop Participants
It is to this group that we must pay primary attention as far as the

achievement of the workshop outcomes is concerned. Together with the
training staff we must assure that the participants leave the workshop
with increased skills in planning and conducting training programs for
field staff and operational level plans for future increased
collaboration.
III. OVERALL PURPOSE AND INTENDED OUTCOMES OF CONSULTANCY

The overall purpose of this consultancy is to continue WASH's support of the
Rural Piped Water Project and the HESP. This will be achieved by addressing
the following outcomes:
o Increasing skills of the training staff and the workshop participants

to plan and conduct training programs for field staff that result in
increased on-the-job effectiveness.
o Developing and planning for an approach to increased collaboration
between the Rural Piped Water Project and the HESP resulting in a
stronger link at the village level between improved accessibility and
use of piped water and improved health.
-32
o Contributing to the building of a conitment to team work at the
operational level and to a vision of the benefits to villaqers that a
coordinated effort could bring.
IV. PROPOSED APPROACH AND OVERALL SCHEDULE
We have divided the consultancy into three major phases. Phase one is the
workshop preparation; phase two, the workshop delivery, and phase three, the
workshop evaluation and follow-up planning.
A. Phase One - January 6-12
This phase of workshop preparation involves Key Decision Makers,

Organizational Representatives and Training Staff in planning and working
sessions to produce:
o Guidance from Key Decision Makers on our approach to that portion of
the workshop that deals with future collaboration between the involved
ministries.
o Agreement on the part of the Organizational Representatives of the
implementation plan for the consultancy and the roles they will play.
o Clarifications and review with Training Staff about the purpose,
outcomes and approach of the workshop and the roles they will play.
o Final planning and preparation for the workshop.
This phase will be carried out through three related sets of activities:
(1) Initial entry and information gathering with Key Decision Makers
(2) Implementation planning with Organizational Representatives
(3) Workshop preparation working sessions with Training Staff
B. Phase Two - January 13-24
This phase is the actual implementation of the workshop. By its

conclusion, participants will:
(1)Be able to discuss principles of adult education and the role of a
trainer who teaches adults.
(2)Have increased their skill in using at least one training method such
as role play, case study or demonstration.
(3)Have planned and conducted a short training session using a training
method that help participants to become actively involved.
-33-
(4)Be able to adjust other sessions so that they create more
participation on the part of the learner.
(5)Have increased their confidence in standing in front of a group.
(6)Have developed an action plan for collaboration between HESP and the
Rural Piped Water Project at the operation level.
We have divided the workshop into six major modules:
(1)Opening of Workshop and Setting the Context (approximately 1 1/2 days)
(2)Introduction to Training (approximately 1 day)
(3)Commnication Skills for Trainers (approximately 1/2 day)
(4)Experiential Training Methods (approximately 2 days)
(5)Skill Practice (approximately 3 days)
(6)Team Building/Closure (approximately 2 days)
A brief description of each module follows:
(1) O ing of Workshop and Setting the Context
The purpose of this module is to help participants become acquainted
with each other, up-date everyone on past accomplishments and future
directions of HESP and the Rural Piped Water Project, involve
participants in developing a sense of future directions for the
projects and identifying the skills they would need as part of that
future vision, and to present and review the workshop plans, agenda
and schedule.
(2) Introduction to Training
The purpose of this module is to introduce participants to basic
theory concerning the training of adults, involve them in comparing
and contrasting various training approaches and give them an initial
opportunity to practice teaching a skill.
(3) Communication Skills for Trainers
The purpose of this module is to identify comunication skills
necessary to become an effective trainer and give participants an
opportunity to practice some of those skills.
(4) Experiential Training Methods
The purpose of this module is to identify methods available to
trainers, understand how to choose appropriate methods, and to focus
in depth on the use of three different methods most appropriate to
the setting of the participants.
-34
(5) Skill Practice
The purpose of this module is to give participants an opportunity to
practice planning and delivering two different sessions using new
methods and to receive suggestions for improvement from trainers and
colleagues. The sessions will be based on the up-coming training
events being planned by HESP and the Rural Piped Water Project.
(6) Team Building/Closure
The purpose of this module is to involve participants in developing
and planning for an approach that will result in future closer
collaboration between HESP and the Rural Piped Water Project, and to
formally close out the workshop.
C. Phase Three - January 24-29
This phase includes an evaluation of the workshop by the participants, a

de-briefing and evaluation of the workshop by the Training Team, a series
of planning sessions with HESP to develop an action plan for its up-coming
training programs in March/April 1986, and follow-up meetings with Key
Decision Makers and Organizational Representatives to plan future actions.
It will occur during the week following the completion of the workshop
(27-31 January).
We look forward to reviewing these plans with you. We're also attaching
for your information a copy of a memo we've produced for the permanent
secretaries of the two ministries. Thanks.
-35
APPENDIX C
Memorandum to Key Officials
-37
VV*V. AI WZ5 Tr
MEMORANDUM
TO: Officials of Malawi Ministry of Health

Ministry of Works
FROM: WASH Team: Claudia Liebler
John Pettit
DATE: 2 January 1986
SUBJECT: Request for Meeting

RE: WASH Consultancy With Rural Piped Water Project
and the Health Education and Sanitation Program
As part of our preparation for our work in Malawi, a couple of weeks ago, we
made tentative arrangements with USAID/Malawi to contact you on our behalf for
setting a meeting in the next few days. The purpose of this memo is two-fold.
First, to brief you on our current understanding of the purpose and intended
outcomes of the consultancy with the Health Education and Sanitation Program
(HESP) and the Rural Piped Water Project; and second, to propose a meeting to
gain your input regarding what you think is important for us to consider in
our work with your field staff, particularly concerning future collaboration
between the two projects.
Planning for this consultancy, which will culminate in a two week workshop
starting 13 January for the professional staff of the Rural Piped Water
Project and the HESP, has been going on since September, 1985 and included a
visit to Malawi by WASH team leader Claudia Liebler in December.
As we currently understand it, the overall purpose of this consultancy is to

continue WASH's support of the Rural Piped Water Project and the HESP by:
1. Increasing skills of the training staff and workshop participants to
plan and conduct training programs for field staff that result in
increased on-the-job effectiveness;
2. Developing and planning an approach to increased collaboration between
the Rural Piped Water Project and the HESP resulting in a stronger
link at the village level between improved accessibility and use of
piped water and improved health; and
3. Contributing to the building of a commitment to team work at the
operational level.
The WASH team has prepared a tentative plan for the workshop that attempts to
achieve the above outcomes. In order to gain your guidance concerning the
outcomes regarding future collaborative efforts between the two projects, we
propose to initially have a brief meeting with each of you individually.
These
-39
"'o, L, i .
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Page 2
meetings would most appropriately occur 6 or 7 January. We feel that each of

your inputs is vital at this point to ensure that the portion of the workshop
devoted to planning for future collaboration reflects the priorities of your
ministries.
We would also like to have a brief joint meeting just before we leave for the
workshop site, in which we would share what we'll have planned in response to
your intitial guidance. Obviously, we will want to meet with you at the
completion of the workshop to brief you on what occurred. We are looking
forward to our work with the Ministries of Health and Works and to our
meetings with you.
Although we realize this is short notice, we hope your schedule will permit
these meetings to occur, as we believe they are crucial if we are to do a good
job of reflecting you ministries' priorities for this work.
Thank you.
CL/tbc
cc: USAID/Malawi, Health Office
WASH
-40
APPENDIX D
Staff Training - Team Planning
-41
Team Planning Meeting #1
The first session began with a getting acquainted activity. Next, the purpose
of the consultancy, an overview of the preparation done to date, and the
objectives and schedule for the staff training and preparation period were
outlined and discussed.
This was followed by a presentation on each of the two projects by the

organizational representatives. These presentations emphasized the major
accomplishments and future role of the projects and the potential for future
collaboration.
With this vision of future collaboration in mind, small groups then met to
identify the role of a district health inspector or water supervisor and the
functions that must be performed to carry out the roles. These were reported
by each group and a discussion was held about what impact future collaboration
might have on current roles.
Next each member was asked to complete the following statement: "This workshop
will be successful if..... " Answers were collected and posted on flipcharts
and discussed.
Possible roles of the training team members were presented for reflection and
further discussion in a later session. A handout on experiential training was
distributed to be read by the next session and small groups were given an
assignment to identify what skills are needed by staff in order to reach the
future vision cf collaboration presented earlier by the organizational
representatives.
The second session began with a climate setter. The names of animals were
posted around the room and team members were asked to go to the animal which
most depicted their style as a trainer. Groups gathered around a particular
animal and reported on why they had chosen it.
Next the assignment given at the end of the first session was reviewed. A list
of skills needed by staff to reach the future vision of collaboration was
posted on a flipchart and discussed. The workshop objectives were reviewed and
compared with the skills list.
This was followed by a presentation of the six modules of the workshop. Trios
met to discuss the modules and identify questions about them. In the large
group questions were addressed and discussed.
Individuals were asked to reflect on what they thought participants were

expecting to happen in the workshop. Responses were shared and recorded on a
flipchart. Realistic and unrealistic expectations were identified and ways in
which the training staff could help participants adjust to the workshop
content and approach were discussed.
A presentation on the experiential learning cycle and how it would be used in

the workshop was made. Questions and answers followed.
-43
Next trios were formed to review the list of possible roles for the training
staff presented in the first session and to modify or add to the list. The
roles were discussed in a large group and individuals were asked to think
about what role they would like to play before the next session. The list
included:
o Assistant trainer: assist in delivery sessions
o Participant/observer: give ongoing feedback to staff on how

workshop is affecting participants
o Logistics manager: manage or assist in workshop logistics
o Workshop participant
o Materials designer: assist in developing and/or adapting materials

such as role plays and case studies to the Malawian context.
It was agreed that during staff meetings all staff would evaluate the
effectiveness of the day and review upcoming sessions for cultural
appropriateness and relevance to the job setting.
It was pointed out that the staff could influence the behavior of the workshop
participants by the manner in which it conducted itself. If the staff worked
well together it would help set the climate for participants to work together.
Specific ways to encourage intermingling between participants from the
Ministry of Works and the Ministry of Health and active involvement in
workshop activities were identified.
The session ended with the listing of decisions to be made and pre-workshop
tasks to be assigned in the last session. Two workshop coordinators -- one
from the Ministry of Health and one from the Ministry of Works -- were
selected.
The last session began with participants individually completing the following
sentence and sharing their responses in trios: "A strength of this team
is ...."
Trios reported their responses which were listed on a flipchart.
The workshop coordinators led the next activity of the session.
They facilitated staff decision making on workshop preparation items (for

example, arrangements for the opening ceremony) and assigned tasks to members.
Next workshop modules for which Malawian training staff preparation or input
was needed were identified and tasks clarified.
The first day's sessions were presented in depth and the list of possible
roles of training staff were reviewed in light of the specific sessions.
-44
Next the Malawian training team members met in one group and the Americans in
another to generate a list of expectations each group had of the other. The
lists were presented, clarified, and discussed. Finally the purpose, agenda,
and time for daily staff meetings were agreed on.
Training Staff Team Meetings
Part I: Evaluating Today -- 30 minutes
1. Review rating scale (which all staff members mark on the flipchart as
they enter the room)
How satisfied were you with how this day went?
1 2 3 4 5
Not at all Moderately Very
satisfied satisfied satisfied
2. General discussion of the following questions:
o What went well?

o What didn't go well?
o What do we need to do differently? (15 Min.)
3. How are we working as a team? (5 Min.)
4. Other issues we need to address. (5 Min.)
Part II: Reviewing Tomorrow -- 30 Minutes
1. Review of next day's design. (15 Min.)
2. Feedback from staff on content and cultural (10 Min.)

appropriateness.
3. Roles of training staff. (5 Min.)
-45
APPENDIX E
Training Staff
-47
FOR
THE RURAL PIPED WATER PROJECT
AND
THE HEALTH EDUCATION AND SANITATION PROGRAM
CHILEMA
January 13 to 24, 1986

TRAINING STAFF
NAME POSITION STATION AND ADDRESS
Claudia Liebler U.S. Trainer 1008 E. Capitol Street

Washington, D.C. 20003, USA
John J. Pettit U.S. Trainer 6200 Old Valley Court
Alexandria, VA 22310, USA
Alex B. Chiwongola Water Supervisor P.O. Box 11, Karonga
Newton Chaya Water Engineer P/BAG 390 Lilongwe
Yohane Nyasulu Principal Health M.O.H., Box 30377,

Coordinator Lilongwe 3
John G. Nkhoma Water Supervisor Mulanje Water Project
Box 97, Mulanje
Abu Chibwana Water Supervisor(R) Zomba Water Supply
P/BAG72, Zomba
Richard Mandebvu Senior Health Inspector Zomba General Hospital
Box 21, Zomba
Collin Tasaukadala Senior Health Inspector Kasungu District Hospital
P.O. Box 19, Kasungu
-49
APPENDIX F
Participants
-51
FOR
AND
THE HEALTH EDUCATION AND SANITATION PROGRAM
CHILEMA
January 13 to 24, 1986
PARTICIPANTS
NAME POSITION STATION AND ADDRESS
John D. Phiri Project Water Supervisor Box 2, Chitipa
Bernard Chimwala Water Supervisor Box 36, Champhira, Mzimba
Watson Namaombe Water Supervisor P.O. Mwasambo, Nkhota Kota
Enock Michel Goweni Water Supervisor Box 7, Chikwawa
Farneck Chaima Water Supervisor Box 97, Mulanje
Petro Kanaventi Water Supervisor P/B 13 Blantyre
W. Clement Panje Senior Instructor Works and Supplies Training

Centre P.B. 45, Zomba
E.E. Munyenyere Health Inspector Box 56, Mponela
Davies Alimoyo Water Supervisor P/BAG 1, Ntcheu
George A. Malema Distritt Health Inspector R.P.O. Box 50 Nkhotakota
Latimer K. Ngwira Water Supervisor Box 97, Mulanje
Brian M.C. Tembo Public Health Inspector Box 131, Chiiumba
Hector D.S. Kamkwamba Health Inspector Box 21, Domasi
F.C. Ngulube Senior Water Supervisor O/B 72, Zomba
Genner Chipwaila District Health Inspector Box 131, Mzimba
Porty L. Makondets Senior Water Supervisor Mwanza Valley Project

Box 7, Chikwawa
Vincent T.J. Kunkeani Public Health Inspector Box 15, Ngabu
Lawson Kanyimbiri District Public Health Box 136, Dedza

Inspector
Amose C. Kudzala Public Health Inspector Box 444, Thekerani
-53-
APPENDIX G
Workshop Design
-55
WORKSHOP DESIGN
Module One: Opening of Workshop and Setting the Context
The purpose of this module was to help participants become acquainted with
each other, update everyone on past accomplishments and future directions of
the Health Education and Sanitation Promotion Program and the Rural Piped
Water Project, involve participants in developing a sense of future directions
for the projects and in identifying the skills they would need as part of that
future vision, and present and review the workshop plans, agenda, and
schedule.
By the end of the module participants had
* become better acquainted with each other and more aware of the
resources available in their group,
9 learned the accomplishments, successes, and areas that need

strengthening of the Health TEducation and Sanitation Promotion
Program and the Rural Piped Water Project,
e developed their vision of the ideal village,
* identified the skills field workers need in order to help make the
ideal village happen, and
9 explained how training is conducted for field staff in the two

projects.
The course was formally opened in the morning by the assistant principal
secretary of the Ministry of Health in a short ceremony that included opening
comments by two senior participants and the WASH consultants. Following a
short tea break, the training staff introduced themselves and welcomed the
participants. There was then a getting acquainted exercise where participants
first met in pairs to introduce themselves and discuss the one thing they like
the most about their jobs. The first pair then joined another, introduced
themselves and talked about why they were looking forward to this workshop. In
order to begin identifying the resources in the group, participants paired up
again with someone they did not know and interviewed each other to find out
* their name, position, and station,

* the number of years they have worked in health or water,
* the one thing they are interested in sharing with the group,
* the one thing they are interested in learning from others, and
* what they like to do in their free time.
Each person then introduced his partner to the rest of the group. The morning
concluded with a brief overview of the purpose of the course and the scheduled
times. (The more in-depth schedule overview was done after the needs
assessment conducted on Tuesday morning.)
The afternoon session began with presentations by the senior representatives

of the Health Education and Sanitation Plomotion Program and the Rural Piped
-57
Water Project on their programs' achievements, areas for improvement, and
future directions. The participants then met in mixed small groups to develop
a group picture of their vision of the ideal village. The four pictures
included the following themes:
* available water sources,

* various practices that keep people healthy,
* community participation, and
* water collection and storage.
As the participants explained what was in each of their pictures they pointed
out how the water and health projects contribute to the realization of their
vision of the ideal village.
On Tuesday morning the next session began by linking back to the previous
discussion about how each of these projects contributes to the development of
the ideal village. This led into a brief lecturette/discussion that used the
following flowchart to show the inter-relationship between the improved
conditions of the ideal village, the job responsibilities of the field
workers, the various tasks field workers needed to do in order to carry out
their responsibilities, and the skills that field workers must have so they
can perfotm these tasks.
VISION OF
DEAL VILLAGE
eacResponsibilit
Following the lecturette, participants met in their own project groups in

order to develop tasks for certain selected field worker responsibilities.
After this each group focused on one or two tasks and identified various
skills required to carry them out. Next representatives from each of the
projects did a short presentation on how they trained their field workers.
-58
This was then followed with a discussion about the kind of skills the
participants needed in order to plan and conduct training for field workers.
The morning session concluded with the participants completing a self
assessment questionnaire designed to help them identify training skills that
they would like to improve during the workshop (see Appendix J).
Tuesday's afternoon session started with a presentation on the results of the

self-assessment questionnaire tabulated earlier that morning. This was done by
developing a group profile which the participants had a chance to examine and
discuss. Next, the workshop objectives and schedule were presented and linked
to the self-assessment data; the norms for the group were discussed and
various administrative details were settled.
Module 2: Introduction to Training
The purpose of this module was to introduce participants to basic theory

concerning the training of adults, involve them in comparing and contrasting
various training approaches, and give them an initial opportunity to practice
teaching a skill to a co-participant.
By the end of this module participants had
e developed a list of general principles to keep in mind when

teaching adults,
e identified three different approaches to training and their
characteristics,
* learned what the experiential learning cycle is and how a trainer

can use it, and
* analyzed a training session in terms of the four stages of the

experiential learning cycle.
The module began Tuesday afternoon with an exercise called training try-outs.
All persons had the opportunity to teach another in the group a skill they had
learned through life experience. They then identified how they learned best
and developed a list of principles to keep in mind when teaching adults.
Wednesday morning began with an activity during which participants examined

various quotations about development and related the meaning of the quotation
to principles of training adults. Next there was a lecturette on training
styles that was based on the training styles inventory. Then small groups met
to categorize each item listed in the inventory under one of the training
styles: directive, facilitative, or collaborative. This was followed by a
demonstration of the differences between a traditional or didactic teacher and
an experiential trainer. Discussion of the demonstration brought out personal
examples of participants' approaches to working with villagers.
Next the experiential learning cycle was introduced through a lecturette. In

order to give everyone an opportunity to practice identifying the four stages
of the cycle, one of the trainers conducted a mini-training session using a
case study. Subsequently, the other trainer assisted the participants in
-59
analyzing the session in a way that highlighted first the trainer's behavior
and then the participants' actions at each particular stage.
Module 3: Communication Skills for Trainers
The purpose of this module was to identify the communication skills necessary
to become an effective trainer and to give participants an opportunity to
practice some of those skills.
* demonstrated effective paraphrasing skills,
& demonstrated effective summarizing skills,
* understood the differences between open and closed questions and

their use in conducting training sessions, and
* gained the ability to analyze a group discussion and identify the

effective practices of a group discussion leader.
This module began Wednesday afternoon and concluded on Thursday morning. The
first part focused on paraphrasing and used a role play of a typical
interaction between a district health inspector and a health surveillance
assistant (field worker) or a water supervisor and a rural water operator
(field worker). After the session was introduced, participants paired up to
play one of the above roles. Five minutes into the role play the action was
stopped for a short lecturette on paraphrasing. When the role play continued
again the participants were asked to paraphrase whenever the trainer gave them
a signal. Thus, each role player had to listen closely in order to be prepared
to paraphrase accurately what the other person was saying.
On Thursday morning a similar process was used to develop the participants'

ability to summarize. Groups of six or seven participants met and held a
discussion. The action was stopped several times by the trainer at which point
the last person speaking was asked to summarize key points in the discussion
thus far. Then there was a lecturette-discussion on the use of questions, and
the merits of open versus closed questions. This was followed by an exercise
in which participants were able to practice turning closed questions into open
ended ones. Next there was a lecturette on how to lead a group discussion. A
small group met, and one person was selected to be a discussion leader. The
others formed a fishbowl and observed the discussion process. The discussion
was stopped several times to analyze what was happening and to allow another
person to take the role of discussion leader.
Module 4: Experiential Training Methods
The purpose of this module was to acquaint participants with experiential

training methods and to increase their skills in the use of thi.ee methods -
the demonstration, role play, and case study.
-60
* learned how to plan and conduct an interactive demonstration,
e understood the purpose and use of a case study and were able to
write one,
@ understood the purpose and use of a role play and were able to
outline a role play description, and
e learned how to write learning objectives for a training session.
This module began on Thursday afternoon with a module overview and rationale.
This session was devoted to demonstration, one of the primary teaching tools
used by rural water operators and district health inspectors to teach new
practices and skills.
The following themes were emphasized during the session:
* The purpose of a demonstration is to help people learn new

knowledge, skills, or attitudes.
* In order to assist the learners to learn, a demonstration must be

carefully planned and should follow the steps of ELC.
* Even an experienced demonstrator takes time to define the learning

objective to and plan what the learner will 6o at each stage of
the demonstration.
* An interactive demonstration, in which the learner participates by

practicing the skills that were demonstrated and/or by asking
questions during and after the demonstration, increases the
opportunities for learning.
The session began with a large group discussion on how and when the partici
pants use demonstration as a training tool. The brainstorming technique was
introduced and small organizational groupings of six to eight members were
formed. Each used the brainstorming technique to identify topics that could be
taught to field workers or villagers by demonstration. Twenty-five to thirty
topics were identified by both Ministry of Health and Ministry of Works
participants.
Next a checklist to evaluate the effectiveness of a demonstration was

distributed and critiqued by participants. Then participants met in
organizational groupings of four to five members to decide on a topic to
demonstrate. They planned the demonstration by determining:
* the results or outcomes of the demonstration (learning

objectives),
* the learning stages,
-61
* how to create active learner involvement at each stage, and
9 what key points to emphasize at each learning stage.
The session ended Oth a practice demonstration done by one of the Ministry of
Health groups. Participants critiqued the demonstration by using the checklist
introduced earlier.
Friday morning's session began with a large group discussion on key issues in
planning and conducting a demonstration. The group developed a list of common
problems in conducting demonstrations.
Next an Ministry of Works group conducted a practice demonstration which again

was critiqued by the participants using the above mentioned checklist. Then
small organizational groups met to review tne list of topics that could be
taught to others by demonstration that had been developed the previous day.
Their task was to identify which topics on the list were appropriate to teach
to field workers and which to villagers and to develop ideas for teaching
field workers how to conduct interactive demonstrations. Each group presented
its ideas. The session ended with participants identifying what they had
learned about dumonstration as a training method.
The Friday afternoon session was devoted to the case study. The session began
with a large group discussion on the case study as a training method. The
trainer reviewed with participants a session conducted during module two which
had used the case study method. A lecturette followed which defined the term
case study, described the method, and identified when it is a useful
technique.
Next a model case study was distributed and small groups of mixed participants
identified the characteristics of an effective case study. Each group
presented its findings and a list was developed. In the same groups
participants were then asked to use the brainstorming technique to develop a
list of topics that could be taught to field workers by using a case study.
The lists were posted and reviewed by the participants.
The handout, "Suggestions on Writing a Case Study", was distributed and read
by participants. Discussion and questions followed.
Working in pairs, participants chose a topic from the list generated earlier
and wrote a short case study. Each pair then exchanged its case study with
that of another pair to make useful suggestions on how to improve it. After
participants identified what they had learned about writing case studies, they
completed an evaluation of week one.
Module four was continued on Monday morning of week two. This session was
devoted to writing learning objectives and to role play as a training
technique.
The session began with feedback to the participants on the results of their
individual evaluations of week one. This was followed by an overview of the
week. Next a lecturette was presented on the purpose of learning objectives
and how to write them. Three rules for writing learning objectives were given
-62
and participants critiqued ten learning objectives posted on a flipchart,
identifying which were adequate, which were not, and why.
Next typed copies of the case studies that participants had developed in the
previous session were distributed and the authors were asked to develop
learning objectives fo; their particular case study.
In the large group several objectives were reported out, posted on a

flipchart, and critiqued by trainers and participants. This was followed by a
presentation on the three domains of learning -- skills, knowledge, and
attitudes or values. Participants reviewed a list of learning objectives
posted on a flipchart to identify on which of the three domains each was
focused.
Then, in a large group participants brainstormed a list of training methods

and a lecturette/discussion on guidelines for choosing the most appropriate
method was presented.
The session continued with an introduction to role play as a training method

followed by a demonstration of a training session using a role play conducted
by one of the trainers. The participant group was divided in half. One group
observed the session and noted what the trainer did. The other group
participated in the session. The observers were asked to identify the steps
the trainer took to conduct the session. The large group discussed and
analyzed the session, focusing on the behavior of the trainer.
Next, in the large group a discussion was held to identify situations in water
and health training when role plays can be used. This was followed by a small
group task during which participants described a situation that could be used
for a role play, defined what participants should learn from the role play,
and outlined the description for each role.
Finally, participants identified what they had learned about role plays and
how they could use role plays when training others.
Module 5: Skill Practice
The purpose of this module was to give participants an opportunity to practice

planning and delivering two different sessions using the above methods and to
receive suggestions for improvement from trainers and colleagues. The sessions
were based on the upcoming training events being planned by the Health
Education and Sanitation Promotion Program and the Rural Piped Water Project.
" written two training designs,
" prepared for and conducted two training sessions, and
* received feedback on how they conducted their sessions and made

appropriate changes.
-63
This module began Monday mid-afternoon with an overview of how the skill
practice was going to be conducted. The participants were divided into four
or-five person design teams composed of people from the same ministry. Each
team then signed up to prepare a session for one of the posted curriculum
topics (Appendix K). Their task was to use the following outline for planning
their session.
1. What do you want people to learn about the topic?
2. Is the learning objective about skills, knowledge, or attitudes?
3. Write one or two learning objectives.
4. Use either case study, demonstration, role play, or small group

discussion as the method of choice.
5. Think about how you will conduct the session and write down how
you will do each of the following:
a. Set the climate.

b. Talk about the learning objectives.
c. Conduct e experience.
d. Process a experience.
e. Help participants to generalize about what they have
gone through.
f. Ask participants how they will apply what they have
learned from the session.
The teams continued preparing for practice training into the evening. They
also had additional time on Tuesday morning to complete their preparations.
Then the teams were put into two separate tracks, with those doing the
training going to the other track to conduct their session. At the end of a
practice session the WASH trai ners working with each track led a discussion
and review of what a particular team did well and where they needed to
improve. In a large group discussion that included everyone the following
learnings were noted:
1. It is important to clarify objectives.
2. There is a relationship between conclusions and objectives.
3. Questions maximize participation.
4. It is important to define and specify an appropriate objective.
5. There is a relationship between objective and method.
6. Effective planning is important.
7. There is a need for collaboration between trainers.
8. When you are preparing your subject, think about the steps in the
Experiential Learning Cycle.
-64
9. In setting the climate, introductions should be short.
10. Climate setting should have some questions related to the topic.
11. Full preparation is needed, and a systematic approach helps.
12. Time management is important.

13. A trainer should know the subject to avoid mental breakdown.
during the second round of practice training the new teams were mixed so there
were representatives from both ministries on each team. (A list of topics
covered by those teams is included in Appendix L).
Module 6: Team Building and Closing
The purpose of this module 7'qs to involve participants in developing recom

mendations that would result in future closer collaboration between the HESP
Program and the Rural Piped Water Project and formally to close out the
workshop.
By the end of this module the participants had
* gathered data about each other's views on collaboration,
* met in separate task forces in order to develop a series of

recommendations on how both projects might collaborate,
9 discussed their recommendations with the chief medical officer
(CMO) from the Ministry of Health and the principal secretary (PS)
from the Ministry of Works, and
* reviewed all course material and planned for upcoming training
events.
The module began late Wednesday afternoon when the mixed teams from round two
of the practice training became four separate task forces. In order to get
some idea about how they viewed collaboration they divided up responsibility
for gathering data from each other on the following issues.
" How would you rate the opportunities for collaboration between
the health surveillance assistants and the rural water operators?
1 2 3 4 5
See no See some See many
opportunities opportunities opportunities
" How many participants know of at least one specific example of how
coordination has occurred in the past?
-65
* Where do most opportunities for collaboration occur?
- At the planning stage of a water project.

- At the tap ceremony.
- At the monitoring stage.
- At the evaluation stage.
* What do you think is the most important result or benefit of
collaboration?
o Who benefits most from closer collaboration?
- The field worker.

- The supervisors.
- The villagers.
- The Ministry of Health.
- The Ministry of Works.
o How many participants would like to see some further strengthening

of the link between rural water operators and health surveillance
assistants?
o How much influence can DHIs and water supervisors have on their
field staff to bring about closer collaboration?
1 2 3 4 5
No Average High
influence influence influence
On Thursday morning the data from the above questions were tabulated, put on a
flipchart, and discussed with the total group. Next the task forces met and
developed the following recommendations.
The participants were unanimous in their endorsement of more field collabora

tion. In terms of project-level activities, they saw health surveillance
assistants and rural water operators collaborating at four different stages.
o The initial entry into a village:
- Do fact finding together.

- Share information.
- Plan together.
- Hold meetings together.
o The planning stage of a project:
- Decide together.
- Share resources.
- Draw up a calendar of events together.
-66
e The project implementation/construction stage:
- Conduct joint village committee meetings.

- Do joint planning of programs.
- Carry out joint workshops, seminars, and training of local
committees.
- Share materials and resources.
- Give each other moral support.
* The project monitoring stage:
- Share equally the results of fund raising from the Ministry of

Health and the Ministry of Works.
- Hold regular meetings and seminars for health surveillance
assistants, health assistants, and rural water operators.
- Provide transport for carrying out joint inspections.
In the early afternoon, the participants prepared the room for the visit by
the two senior officials from the Ministries of Health and Works. They arrived
at 3:00 p.m. and the following agenda was implemented:
MEETING AGENDA
* Welcome speech: Chaya (3 minutes)
* Most interesting aspects of workshop to me: Brian and Nkhoma (3

minutes)
9 Presentation of selected data collected from participants:
Chipwaila (3 minutes)
* Recommendation reports: Mandowa, Panje, George, and Lawson (15
minutes)
- 3 minutes for each task force

- response from PS/CMO after each report
* Presentation by CMO/PS
e Closure: Yohane
* Tea
Friday began by reviewing the previous day's meeting with the PS and CMO.
There was also a lot of discussion about what to do with the recommendations
and how best to follow them up. Later there was time for a structured review
of the course when each person had a chance to
e raise questions about the course material,

9 figure out where they needed help the most, and
* plan for their upcoming training events.
Finally the participants completed the course evaluation and participated in
an informal closing ceremony.
-67
APPENDIX H
Materials Used in the Chilema
Training of Trainers Workshop
-69
1. Boot, Maria T. Making the Links: Guides to Hygiene Education in Community
Water Supply and Sanitation. The Hague: International Reference Center,
1984.
2. CARE. Health Education - Small Talks. Sierra Leone. 1979.
3. DeVries, James. "Extension Training and Dialogue: A New Approach for

Tanzania." Journal of Adult Education. Dar Es Salaam.
4. Gormley, Wilma J. and James A. McCaffery. Guidelines for Processing Role

Plays. Alexandria, VA: Training Resources Group, Inc., 1982.
5. _ "Co-Training". Alexandria, VA:

Training Resources Group, Inc.
6. "Guidelines for Choosing Techniques." Adapted and reprinted from Malcolm

Knowles: Modern Practice of Adult Education (New York: Association Press,
1970) p. 292.
7. Ingalls, John D. A Trainer's Guide to Andragogy: Its Concepts, Experience
and Application. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973.
8. International Reference Center. Manual for User Education. The Hague: IRC,
1984.
9. John A. Burns School of Medicine. Health Manpower Development Staff. 1982.
Introduction to Training: A Workbook for Community Health Workers.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
10. Karlin, Barry and Raymond B. Isely. Developing and Using Audiovisual
Materials in Water Supply and Sanitation Programs. WASH Technical Report
No. 30. Arlington, VA: WASH Project, 1984.
11. LeClere, Marie and Keith Sherer. A Workshop Design for Latrine
Construction - A Training Guide. WASH Technical Report No. 25. Arlington,
VA: WASH Project, 1984.
12. McCaffery, James. "Experiential Approach." Journal for Cross Cultural
Effectiveness (Forthcoming Summer 1986).
13. McCoy, Louise. "Supplement to WASH Field Report No. 99. Training in Health
Education and Sanitation Promotion for Rural Water Projects in Malawi."
Arlington, VA: WASH Project, 1983.
14. Pettit, John and Daniel Edwards. "Supervising Communication Skills." In
Training for Development - A Five Day Program of Training Modules for
Supervisors and Managers in Agricultural Organizations. Training Resources
Group, Inc., Alexandria, VA: 1983.
15. Training Resources Group, Inc. "Training Inventory". Alexandria, VA: TRG,
Inc., 1983, 1985.
16. Waterhouse, Philip. Managing the Learning Process. New York: Nichols,
1983.
-71
APPENDIX I
Participant Evaluation Forms
-73
Thi5- axuc-:_tjin.ivc providos '.L6 vjth c~ i ~L-Scri-,ation * can uso3 to
in..a' e t1;v of~ticz~
~ tlhe -.:orkzhop. Wo wuld appreciate ycur
thcv.~tful Cons it. t ioil in !--akcin, zijecific co:.';ients to tell uO w..hy
az.tiVity d-2 Cor 'VC 1no0t 1uo103ful.
19 Your instruct,;r 'v;ill *.izbtl-, l;ee"'s ac-Livitic_' in order. !"lease

write th;;nj: on the b.rzbelow and rato tneir u~lefulnuss by circling
,%n...oebr or. s~~c 6le,
Tot or e i.y Very

s 1faf u1 Usoful
ACTIVITY 3; 1 2 35
A~CTIITY 4:_ 1 2 34 5
ACTPI': 1 2 35
.,OTIVI~I'Y 6:1 34 5
.C TIP 7. - - 1 2 4 5
J2 102 2' 34 5
-75
TRAINING OF TIIAINL;LS WORKSCHOP
POR
AND
HEALT11 EDUCATION AND SANITATION PROGRAMIE
CHIIMA, MALAWI
JANUARY 13 to 24, 1986
FINAL EVALALTION
A. JETCTIV
Please rate the deoree to which the workshop helped you to meet
each of the objectives:
1. Be able to discuss principles of adult education and
the role of
a trainer who teaches adults.
Objective Objective met

not met 1 2 3 4 very successfully
Comments:
2.Mave incruasod their skill in using at least one training

method
such as role play, catc study, demonstration or group discussion s
Objective Objective met

not met 1 2 3 4 5 very successfully
Comments:
3oHavo planned and conducted a short traininZ session usine.

a
training method that holp participants to become actively
involved.
Objoclive Objective
not met 1 2 3 4 5 met very successfully
Comments:
4.Have increased thcir confidonce in standing in front of

a group.
Objective Objective
not mot 1 2 3 4 5 mt very successfully
Comments:
5. Have developed ideas for oollaboration between HESP and the

Rural Piped Water Project at the operation level.
Objective Objective
not met 1 2 3 4 5 not very successfully
Comments:
-77
B. 4IkIODS
Which of the training methods used were
helpful to your learning?
Not Moderately Most

Helpful Helpful Helpful
1 2 3 4 5
'1)Lecture
1 2 3 4 5
2) Large aoup discusion
1 2 3 4 5
3) Case Study
1 2 3 4 5
4) Sole PIa 1 2 3 4 5
5) Practice Training 1
6
2 3 4 5
) mall Group 'Tasks 1 2 3 4 5
Comments:
Cor;'OP.MHOP CONClpTS (w._IIS)

How did you find the concepts discussion
in this workshop?
To simple About right Too complex
Comments:__
2, How related to your work were the issues

and problems discussed?
Not Related Ioderately related Very related
1 2 3 4 5
Comments:
3# What is the one tiing you pian to do differently/better

as a direct
result of this work shop?
D. TRI Nh
MS
What did the trainers do which was
most holpful or least helpful
to your learning?
CLAUDIA LIEBLER
J01; FTTIT
"D
COLBCRATION
I* How useful were the disoussions and
planning activities about
collaboration:
Not useful Moderately useful Very useful
1 2 3 4 5
Comm.ents:
-78
OVIEPJILLJATI.FACTIICT
1. Please indicate your overall satisfaction with
the
workshop
Not at all Moderately Very
satisfied satisfiod satisfied
1 2 3 4 5
CO1,NTS:
2. Would you reconuend this course to other people?
Yes No
Who would you rec,- mend for this course'?
G. FCLLOVM UP:
What additional training is needed for:
You
Your subordinates.
-79
APPENDIX J
Participant Self-Assessment QOoesionnaire
-81
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-83
APPENDIX K
Topics for Practice Training Round One
-85
WATER SECTION
What we will have to train people to do to reach vision:
1. Community approach
2. Communication with leaders
3. Committee meetings
4. Tap opening ceremony
5. Community organization and motivation
6. User education
7. Monitoring system
8. Monitoring programme
9. Reporting system
10. Training staff how to train repair teams
11. Installation of water meters

12. Coordination with health, agriculture, education, etc.
-87
HEALTH SECTION
What we will have to train people to do to reach vision:
1. Community mobilization
2. Village health committee formation
3. Plan and run village health course
4. Design teaching materials
5. Problem analysis and village inspection
6. Relationship between water-related disease and sanitation
7. Prevention of water contaminatica (storage, etc.)
8. Data collecting and report writing
9. Construction of washing slabs, vips
10. Maintenance of taps, pumps, wells, boreholes, springs
11. Importance of coordination with water field workers (teamwork)
-88
APPENDIX L
Topics for Practice Training Round Two
-89
WATER TOPICS FOR RWO REFRESHER COURSES
1. Training RWOs how to Team A Chinongola
train repair teams Makondetsa
Genner
Chibwana
2. Tap opening ceremony Team B Goweni
Ngulube
Hector
Collin
3. Monitoring system Team C Chaiama
Amos
Ngwira
Brian
4. User education Team C Alimoyo
Lawson
Chaya
Kaneventi
HESP TOPICS FOR HSA TRAINING
1. Relationship between Team E George
water-realted disease Nkhoma
and sanitation Richard
Chimwala
Dawson
2. Use and/or construction Team F Munyenyere
of washing slabs Panje
Namaombe
Mandowa
3. Prevention of water Team G
contamination
4. Problem analysis and Team H

village inspection
TRAINING ROOM ASSIGNMENTS
TIME HALL CLASSROOM
11:00 - 12:15 Team A Team B

12:15 - 1:30 LUNCH BREAK
1:30 - 2:45 Team C Team D
2:45 - 4:00 Team F Team E
-91

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I1 Vt', 1 hVAI/,'

AND COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS

1611 N. Kent Street, Room 1002

Telephone: (703) 243-8200

ll~l! ll rp" d" Wn.,Prepared for

TRAINING OF TRAINERS WORKSHOP AND COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS

Prepared for the USAID Mission to Halawi

Water and Sanitation for Health Project

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................... .. .........

8.1 Take Some Viable Next Steps Regarding Collaboration ............ 19

Photo 1. Participants doing demonstration

Ministry of Works: Mr. Newton Chaya, Water Engineer

Ministry of Health: Mr. Richard Mandebvu, Senior Health Inspector

Finally, the workshop participants themselves were an enthusiastic and

The following is a summary of the consultants' findings and recommendations.

2. There is a high level of receptivity on the part of key officials and

4. Training events, such as the workshop at Chilema, are an excellent forum

7. The design of a training-of-trainers workshop must consider the job

4. Plan follow-up training of trainers workshops.

5. Create opportunities for participants trained at Chilema to use their

Photo 2. Participant giving instructions for small group

@ Increased skills of district health inspectors and Rural Piped

* An approach to increased collaboration between the Rural Piped

This training of trainers workshop was unique in several ways:

9 It brought together for the first time field supervisors of two

* It provided an opportunity for participants to present their

e The timing of the workshop allowed for application of the skills

Photo 3. Mixed small groups of participants meet to develop

APPROACH TO THE CONSULTANCY

1. Government of Malawi Key Decision Makers

This group included the principal secretaries (or their

2. Organizational Representatives of the Health Education and

This group needed to provide the consultants guidance and final

3. The Training Staff

4. The Workshop Participants

It is to this group that the WASH consultants paid primary

The team-planning meeting covers two dimensions: task

* develop awareness and sensitivity to cultural characteristics

4.2 Meetings with Key Decision Makers

4.3 Working Sessions with Organizational Representatives

4.4 Staff Training and Preparation

* solicit additional data on the job settings of the participants,

• orient the staff to the workshop design and approach,

* test the design for cultural and job relevance,

* identify ways in which staff could play leadership roles, while

* begin the collaboration effort by building a strong team of

* decide when and how to monitor the workshop, and

e make sure that all logistical arrangements were in place.

Photo 4. Participant training teams prepare their session

" discuss principles of adult education and the role of a trainer

Job Job Training

The collaborative aspect of the workshop required that attention be given to

None of the participants had been exposed to experiential training methodology

The training staff also were participants in the workshop.

5.1.4 Training Staff Team Meetings

1. Opening of Workshop and Setting the Context (1 1/2 Days)

Photo 5. Participant team leading large group discussion

Photo 7. Participant team selecting objectives for their

STAGE THREE: WORKSHOP EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP

6.2 Highlights of Participant Evaluation Results

8.2 Use an Action-Planning Process to Operationalize Participant Recommenda