MTS 336 – Instrumentation and Measurements

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

▪ Dr. Muhammad Mubasher Saleem

Week No. 1
 Instructor’s Introduction (Education)

 BE, Electrical Engineering, UET Lahore, 2008

 MS, Electronics Engineering, GIK Institute, 2010

 PhD, Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, 2015

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Instructor’s Introduction (Teaching Experience)
 2010-2012: Lecturer, GIK Institute, Pakistan.
 2015-Till date: Assoc. Prof, CEME, NUST.
 Courses Taught
 Mechanical Vibrations (Undergraduate)
 Microprocessor Interfacing (Undergraduate)
 Computer Architecture (Undergraduate)
 Digital Integrated Circuit Design (Undergraduate)
 VLSI Design (Undergraduate)
 Digital Logic Design (Undergraduate)
 Data Acquisition and Control (Postgradute)
 Introduction to MEMS (Postgradute)

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MTS 336: Instrumentation & Measurements
▪ Credit Hour : 3-1
▪ Text Book :
▪ “Process Control Instrumentation Technology”
8th Edition by Curtis D. Johnson
▪ Reference Books:
▪ “Principles of Measurement Systems” by John P. Benetly
▪ “Sensors and Actuators control system Instrumentation”
by Clarence W. de Silva
▪ “Measurement and Instrumentation Principles”3rd Edition by
Butterworth by Heineman

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MTS 336: Instrumentation and Measurements
▪ Grading
▪ The grade of this course will be weighted average of following
activities.

Activities Percentage Marks

End Semester Exam 50%

Mid Term Exam 30%

75
Assignments 5%

Quizz 15%

Lab Work/Exam 25

5
 Course Outline
Sr. No Date Topic

1 Week 1-2 Introduction, Static Characteristics of Sensors

2 Week 3-4 Dynamic Characteristics of Sensors and Loading Effect

3 Week 5-6 Analog Signal Conditioning of Sensors

4 Week 7-8 Digital Signal Conditioning of Sensors

5 Week 9-10 Thermal and Mechanical Sensors

6 Week 11 Different Actuator Types and their Working

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 Course Outline
Sr. No Date Topic

7 Week 12-15 Discrete-State and Continuous Process Control Systems

8 Week 16 Motor and Drive Systems

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Questions ?

8
 What makes a machine a robot?

Sensing Planning Acting

information action
about the on the
environment environment

where
is the
truck?

where should I dig?

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 Why do robots need sensors?

Where am I? Will I hit something? Where is cropline?

Localization Obstacle Detection Autonomous Harvesting

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Year 2023; Forecast for Sensors & Actuators
Markets per Application

A $75B Market for Sensors and Actuators 11

Sensors for a Humanoid Robot

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 Sensors for a Autonomous Vehicle

There are
30 different
sensors in a
smart
vehicle

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Future of Machine Health Monitoring in
Manufacturing Industry

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Design a Sensor That Can Measure Force

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Example- Airbag Deployement System

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Example- Airbag Deployement System

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Example- Airbag Deployement System

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Example- Airbag Deployement System

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Example- Airbag Deployement System

Manufactured/Fabricated Capacitive
Micro-Accelerometer
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 A Typical Data Acquisition System
A data-acquisition system is the portion of a measurement system that quantifies
and stores data.

Transducer DAQ Hardware

Analog Input
ADC

Real World Process. Eg., Force, Digital

Analog Voltage/
Velocity, Light etc. Voltage/Current Current

DAC
Analog Output
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A Typical Measurement System

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The General Measurement
System

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 Significance of Measurement
▪ The primary objective in any measurement system is to establish the
value or the tendency of some variable.
▪ Measurement provides quantitative information on the actual state of
the physical variables and processes that otherwise could only be
estimated.

Input Output
Measurement
Process
System
True Measured value
Value of of variable
Observer
variable

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 Basic Définitions
▪ Process: A system which generates information, e.g. a chemical reactor, a car,
a human heart, or a weather system
▪ Observer: A person (or another system) that needs the information, e.g. a
plant operator, a driver (or engine control system), or a nurse
▪ Measurement system: A system that measures information carrying quantities,
processes them, and presents them to the observer

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 Structure of a Measurement System

1 2 3 4

Sensing Element Signal Conditioning Signal Processing Data Presentation

Element Element Element

True Value of Variable Measured Value of Variable

Input Output

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Sensor+Processing+Transmission = Smart Sensors
Noise

Noise

True value of
the variable SCE* Display/Recording
to be Sensor SPE* /
(VCE)* Analysis
measure
Output:
Transducer (Sensor + SCE)
v,i,f,
ON/OFF Measured
value of the
Transmitter (Sensor + SCE + SPE)
variable

*SCE: Signal Conditioning Element

*VCE: Variable Conversion Element
*SPE: Signal Processing Element

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 1 Sensing Element
▪ In contact with the process and gives output that depends
on the variable(s) to be measured.
▪ Thermocouple – voltage depends on temperature.
▪ Strain gauge – resistance depends on mechanical strain.
▪ Ultrasonic transducer – electrical output depends on mechanical forces
(vibrations) acting on the surface of the transducer.
▪ Some sensing elements (sensors) depend directly on the physical variable of
interest, while others have a more complex connection to the underlying
mechanisms.

1 2 3 4

Sensing Element Signal Conditioning Signal Processing Data Presentation

Element Element Element

True Value of Variable Measured Value of Variable

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Input Output
 2 Signal conditioning element
Converts sensor outputs to more suitable forms!
▪ Deflection bridge – converts impedance changes to voltage changes.
▪ Amplifier – amplifies millivolts to volts, for example.
▪ Oscillator – converts impedance changes to variable frequency
voltage.
▪ Filters – noise removal

1 2 3 4

Sensing Element Signal Conditioning Signal Processing Data Presentation

Element Element Element

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 3 Signal processing elements
▪ Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC) – samples a continuous voltage to a
digital signal for input to a computer, micro processor (μP), DSP, etc.
▪ Computer, μP, DSP – calculates the values of measured variables given
digital input.

1 2 3 4

Sensing Element Signal Conditioning Signal Processing Data Presentation

Element Element Element

True Value of Variable Measured Value of Variable

Input Output
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4 Data Presentation Element
Pointer scale
Analog indicator

LEDs
Displays

CRTs
Digital
Data Presentation
elements LCDs
Chart
Recorder
Electro-
luminescence
Recorder/Printers
Paperless
recorder

Laser
Printer

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Example : Weight Measurement

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System/Sensor Characteristics
❑ The system characteristics are to be known, to choose an instrument that
most suited to a particular measurement application.
▪ The performance characteristics may be broadly divided into two groups,
namely ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ characteristics.
▪ Static characteristics : the performance criteria for the measurement of
quantities that remain constant, or vary only quite slowly.
▪ Dynamic characteristics: the relationship between the system input and
output when the measured quantity (measurand) is varying rapidly.

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System/Sensor Characteristics
▪ Static characteristics Example
▪ The measurand (weight) is unchanging in time and the measurement system
instantaneously shows an equilibrium response to the measurand

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System/Sensor Characteristics
▪ Dynamic characteristics Example
▪ The measurand (water temperature) is changing in time and the
measurement system response is dependent on the rate of change of
temperature.

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