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    Alkalinity

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    Microtesting lab
    This document outlines the procedure for determining alkalinity in a water sample. It involves titrating an aliquot of the sample with sulfuric acid to pH 8.3 to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity due to carbonates, and then to pH 3.7 to measure total alkalinity due to carbonates and bicarbonates. The volume of acid used is then used to calculate the alkalinity concentrations in mg/L. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids and is due to compounds like bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides of calcium, sodium, and potassium.

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    Alkalinity

    Uploaded by

    Microtesting lab
    9 views2 pages
    This document outlines the procedure for determining alkalinity in a water sample. It involves titrating an aliquot of the sample with sulfuric acid to pH 8.3 to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity due to carbonates, and then to pH 3.7 to measure total alkalinity due to carbonates and bicarbonates. The volume of acid used is then used to calculate the alkalinity concentrations in mg/L. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids and is due to compounds like bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides of calcium, sodium, and potassium.

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    This document outlines the procedure for determining alkalinity in a water sample. It involves titrating an aliquot of the sample with sulfuric acid to pH 8.3 to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity due to carbonates, and then to pH 3.7 to measure total alkalinity due to carbonates and bicarbonates. The volume of acid used is then used to calculate the alkalinity concentrations in mg/L. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids and is due to compounds like bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides of calcium, sodium, and potassium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views2 pages

    Alkalinity

    Uploaded by

    Microtesting lab
    This document outlines the procedure for determining alkalinity in a water sample. It involves titrating an aliquot of the sample with sulfuric acid to pH 8.3 to measure phenolphthalein alkalinity due to carbonates, and then to pH 3.7 to measure total alkalinity due to carbonates and bicarbonates. The volume of acid used is then used to calculate the alkalinity concentrations in mg/L. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids and is due to compounds like bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides of calcium, sodium, and potassium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Alkalinity (Phenolphthalein and Total)

    A) Aim: Determination of Alkalinity in Water sample

    B) Normative Reference: IS 3025 (P23): 1986 RA 2014

    C) Principle: -
    Alkalinity of water is the capacity of that water to accept protons. It may be defined as the
    quantitative capacity of an aqueous medium to react with hydrogen ions to pH 8.3
    (phenolphthalein alkalinity) and then to pH 3.7 (Total alkalinity or Methyl Orange alkalinity).
    The equation in its simplest form is as follows:
    phenolphthalein alkalinity = CO3-- + H+ = HCO3

    From pH 8.3 to 3.7, the following reaction may occur

    HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3

    D) Apparatus and Equipment: -

     Beakers: The size will depend upon the electrode and the size of the sample to be
    used for determination of alkalinity.
     Pipettes (volumetric)
     Flasks (volumetric): 1000mL, 200mL, 100mL

    E) Chemicals / Reagents: -

    1. Standard H2SO4, 0.02 N: Prepare 0.1N H2SO4 by diluting 3mL conc. H2SO4 to 1000mL.
    Standardize it against standard 0.1N Na2CO3 solution. Dilute appropriate volume of
    H2SO4 to 1000mL to obtain standard 0.02 H2SO4.
    2. Phenolphthalein indicator: Dissolved 0.5g in 500mL 95% ethyl alcohol.
    Add 500mL distilled water. Add drop wise 0.02N NaOH till faint pink colour appears (pH
    8.3).
    3. Methyl orange indicator: Dissolve 0.5g and dilute to 1000mL with CO2 free distilled
    water (pH 4.3-4.5). OR
    Bromocresol green indicator: Dissolve 0.1g bromocresol green, sodium salt, in 100mL
    distilled water (pH 4.5).

    F) Procedure:
    A) Sampling: Sampling and storage shall be done as prescribed in IS 3025 (P1): 1986
    ‘Methods and sampling and test (Physical and chemical) for water and wastewater: part 1
    sampling first revision:
    B) Analysis:

    1. Take 25 or 50mL sample in a conical flask and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
    indicator.
    2. If pink color develops titrate with 0.02N H2SO4 till disappears or pH is 8.3.
    3. Note the volume of H2SO4 required. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange to the same flask,
    and continue titration till yellow color changes to orange.
    4. Note the volumes of H2SO4 required.
    5. In case pink color does not appear after addition of phenolphthalein continue titrate
    by adding 2-3 drops of methyl orange. Note the volumes of H2SO4 required.

    G) Calculation:

    Phenolphthalein alkalinity (mg/L) = (A x N x 50000) / Volume of sample

    Total Alkalinity (mg/L) = (A+B) x N x 50000 / Volume of sample

    Where, A = ml of standard Sulphuric acid used to titrate to pH 8-3,


    B = ml of standard Sulphuric acid used to titrate from pH 8-3 to pH 3-7,
    N = normality of acid used, and V = volume in ml of sample taken for test.

    Three types of alkalinities, i.e., hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate are easily calculated from
    the table given as under:

    Once carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities are known, then their conversions to milligrams CO3
    – or HCO3 - /L are possible.

    mg CO3 --/L = Carbonate alkalinity mg CaCO3/L x 0.6 mg HCO3 = Bicarbonate alkalinity mg CaCO3/L
    x 1.22 from above, molar concentration may be obtained as follows:

    [CO3 --] = mg/L CO3 / 60000 [HCO3 -] = mg/L HCO3 - / 61000

    H) Conclusion:

    Alkalinity of water is its capacity to neutralize a strong acid and it is normally due to the presence
    of bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide compound of calcium, sodium and potassium.

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