Chapter 2

Assembly Language
Lecture 1
Outline
n Introduction to the course
q General information
q Syllabus
q Course arrangment
q General rules
n Why Assembly?
n Blast from the past
n Layered Perspective of Computing
n Data Representation
q Base 2, 8, 10, 16 Number systems
n Boolean operations and algebra

Outline
q Syllabus
q Course arrangment
q General rules

n Why Assembly?

History of Computing
Blast from the past
n Once upon a time
Abacus
• The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating

tool of unknown origin used since ancient times, it is traditionally made
with a frame holding wires or rods on which movable beads are placed.
The beads stand for digits, and they are moved as calculations are
performed.
Blast from the past
Slide rule
• A slide rule is a hand-operated mechanical calculator consisting of slidable

rulers for evaluating mathematical operations such as multiplication,
division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. It is one of the simplest analog
computers.
Blast from the past cont.2
n 20th Century (Electronic)
Half Adder
Vacuum Tube
vacuum tube: is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum
between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nA_tgIygvNo&ab_channel=RobRobinette
n Memory ?!!
Punched Card
A punched card is a piece of card stock that stores digital data using punched holes.
Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated
machines.
Blast from the past
n Everything is there now, let’s start to code ?!!!

Intel Machine Language Assembly Language
A1 00000000 mov eax, A

F7 25 00000004
03 05 00000008
= mul B
add eax, C
E8 00500000 call WriteInt
C++ language
cout<<(A*B+C)
Notes
• In the Past, the processor came with a sheet used to learn which code belong to which arithmetic
operation such as: addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
• For example, if we want to add two numbers, we write something like:
add==> 03 000, 001

03 represent the addition operation
000 represent the first number
001 represent the second number
• To perform the multiplication operation, we must use another code, and therefore the sheet must always be
used.
Of course, using sheet with various arithmetic operations is a very difficult thing.
• Example: If we have a memory called eax and a value called A, we use Mov to insert the value A into the eax
memory.
mul is used for multiplication operations

add eax , c: use to add C in memory eax
All these operations can be done and print it by using just one command in C++ programing
Count << (A*B+C)
Outline
q Syllabus
q Course arrangment
q General rules
n Why Assembly?
Why Assembly
n Communicate with hardware (drivers, embedded

systems)
n Games, Graphics
n Some thing High level programming can’t do

(context switch)
n Better understanding of programming (reverse

engineering)
Outline
q Syllabus
q Course arrangment
q General rules
n Why Assembly?
Layered Architecture
Computers are complicated
Layers à abstraction (Hiding the complexity of layers below)

We also layer programming languages!
Program execution:
Interpretation
Compilation (Translation)
Every CPU has a built-in interpreter for its own "instruction set"
(ISA, Instruction Set Architecture; the binary language it is
programmed in)
Machine Levels
High Level
Level 4
Language
Level 3 Assembly Language
Instruction Set
Level 2 Architecture (ISA)
Level 1 Digital Logic

C++ Concepts
• Programmer (with an editor)
Visual
Studio
• Produces a CProgram
• C Compiler (translator)
Microsoft C
Compiler • Produces assembly language (object file)
• Microsoft Assembler "MASM" (translator)

• Produces Intel Binary code
• Intel x86 CPU (e.g., Intel Core i5)

x86 • Executes (interprets) Intel Binary Instructions
Notes
• What is a program: The program is a set of instructions located
in a text file that is transformed into assembly language and then
into an object file that contains the machine code by using
assembler.
• When writing any program in the C language, it is saved in a .C

file and can be opened by using editor. Secondly, Compiler: The
Compiler translates the .C file into another language, where the
file is converted to assembly language, then to machine code,
then to exe file.
• Then comes the linker, which links some files and thus turns the
program into an exe file.
Java – Different Concepts
• Programmer
JEdit •Produces a Java Program
•Java Compiler (translator)

Javacc •Produces Java Byte Code (class file)
•JVM (Java Virtual Machine – Interpreter)

Java •Runs the byte code to produce output
Notes
Do all programming languages work the same way as C?
The answer is no. At one of the stages of the C program, the program is
converted into an object file, which contains machine code inside it, and
the machine code is linked to the processor only. This means that if a
compiler is made on the C program inside a device that contains a
processor such as: Intel processor, the C program will work on another
device that contains only Intel processor and will not work on another
operating system such as: Linux or Mac. If we want to run this program
on another operating system such as Linux, we must take the source
code of the C program and complier it again using the existing complier
on the Linux system.
Notes
• To solve this problem, Java program was used, where instead of
converting the program instructions to assembly language. It will be
converted into a class file, and then we can run the program on any
other device or operating system by using Java Virtual Machine.
The Key Concepts
1. A High-Level Language (C, C++, Fortran, Cobol)
High Level
is compiled (translated) into Assembly
Language
Language
Assembly
2. The Assembly Language (for a specific CPU) Language
is assembled into binary machine language Instruction Set

Architecture (ISA)
3. The binary machine language is interpreted by
Digital Logic
one of the CPUs in the computer
4. The CPU (Intel, AMD, etc.) uses digital logic

circuits to do the interpretation and generate
the results
Linking and Loading
n Assembling (running MASM) does not actually create
a program that can be executed …
n There are (at least) 4 basic steps that need to be

performed within the program:
q Assembling – translate code into binary
q Linking – join all the parts together and resolve names
q Loading – move the program into memory
q Execution – run the program
Notes
• Function: is a block of code which only runs when it is
called. You can pass data, known as parameters, into a
function. Functions are used to perform certain actions,
and they are important for reusing code: Define the
code once and use it many times.
Or
• Function: It is a code located in another file, and this

code is repeated more than once, so we put it in a
separate file, and when used, we write only the name of
the function and mention its location.
Notes
#include <stdio.h> Standard input out library
int main() {
int x=5; Translate the instructions into Assembly codes then to
int y= 10 machine code
printf (x+y); printf it’s a Function

Linking will link the machine code comes from
return 0; previous Instractions with machine code for printf
} function and put in exe file
.exe
1. x = 5 counter take the order from memory to processor
2. y = 10 counter take the order from memory to processor
3. x+y counter take the order from memory to processor
Assembly Language
n Designed for a specific family of CPUs (i.e., Intel x86)
n Consists of a mnemonic (simplified command word)

followed by the needed data
q Example: mov eax, A
q Move into register eax the contents of the location called A
n Generally each mnemonic (instruction) is equivalent to

a single binary CPU instruction
Notes
• Uses of assembly language
• Assembly language is still used until now. For example, when

connecting a new piece of hardware, it is defined on your computer
using a driver, which is a program written in C language or Assembly
language.
• Assembly language can also be used to increase game performance by

erasing some unnecessary instructions located in the machine code or
object file.
• It can also be used to solve the problem of requesting the serial number
in some programs by hacking the serial number instructions of these
programs through their object file.
CPU Instruction Set
n Appendix B: (Intel IA-32) we will not cover all
n Varies for each CPU
n Intel machines use an approach known as CISC

q CISC = Complex Instruction Set Computing
q Lots of powerful and complex (but slow) instructions
n Opposite is RISC (Reduced) with only a few very

simple instructions that run fast

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Assembly Language

n Boolean operations and algebra

n Blast from the past

n Boolean operations and algebra

• The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating

• A slide rule is a hand-operated mechanical calculator consisting of slidable

n 20th Century (Electronic)

n Everything is there now, let’s start to code ?!!!

A1 00000000 mov eax, A

• For example, if we want to add two numbers, we write something like:

add==> 03 000, 001

mul is used for multiplication operations

n Communicate with hardware (drivers, embedded

n Some thing High level programming can’t do

n Better understanding of programming (reverse

Layers à abstraction (Hiding the complexity of layers below)

Level 3 Assembly Language

Level 1 Digital Logic

• Microsoft Assembler "MASM" (translator)

• Intel x86 CPU (e.g., Intel Core i5)

• When writing any program in the C language, it is saved in a .C

•Java Compiler (translator)

•JVM (Java Virtual Machine – Interpreter)

is assembled into binary machine language Instruction Set

4. The CPU (Intel, AMD, etc.) uses digital logic

n There are (at least) 4 basic steps that need to be

• Function: It is a code located in another file, and this

printf (x+y); printf it’s a Function

n Designed for a specific family of CPUs (i.e., Intel x86)

n Consists of a mnemonic (simplified command word)

n Generally each mnemonic (instruction) is equivalent to

• Assembly language is still used until now. For example, when

• Assembly language can also be used to increase game performance by

n Appendix B: (Intel IA-32) we will not cover all

n Varies for each CPU

n Intel machines use an approach known as CISC

n Opposite is RISC (Reduced) with only a few very

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