Introduction To Fluid Machinery

Introduction to
Fluid Machinery
F L U I D M A C H I N E R Y
( M K E L 4 6 E )
P R E P A R E D B Y :
M . F E D E R I O
Definitions/Terminologies
o Fluid machinery is an umbrella term used to describe all machines
that convert energy with the help of a fluid.
o A fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a
fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa. The energy stored by a
fluid mass appears in the form of potential, kinetic and intermolecular
energy. The mechanical energy, on the other hand, is usually
transmitted by a rotating shaft.
o Machines using liquid (mainly water, for almost all practical purposes)
are termed as hydraulic machines.
The field of fluid machinery is a significant area of application of fluid
mechanics and thermodynamics.
o The fluid machines use either liquid or gas as the working fluid
depending upon the purpose.
o The machine transferring mechanical energy of rotor to the energy
of fluid is termed as a pump when it uses liquid, and is termed as a
compressor or a fan or a blower, when it uses gas.
o The compressor is a machine where the main objective is to increase
the static pressure of a gas. Therefore, the mechanical energy held
by the fluid is mainly in the form of pressure energy.
o Fans or blowers, on the other hand, mainly cause a high flow of gas,
and hence utilize the mechanical energy of the rotor to increase
mostly the kinetic energy of the fluid.
o For all practical purposes, liquid used by the turbines producing
power is water, and therefore, they are termed as water turbines or
hydraulic turbines . Turbines handling gases in practical fields are
usually referred to as steam turbine, gas turbine, and air turbine
depending upon whether they use steam, gas (the mixture of air and
products of burnt fuel in air) or air.
Classification of Fluid Machinery
Positive displacement Turbomachines
piston pump axial-flow (propeller pump)

peristaltic pump radial-flow (centrifugal pump)
gear pump mixed-flow (both axial and radial
two-lobe rotary pump flow)
screw pump
Positive Displacement
A constant flow rate fluid pumping device use to displace the
fluids(usually viscous & fragile) in the direction of pressure force.
It operates in such a way that it takes certain fixed amount of the
fluids and transfer it to desired place with the use of cavities (in some
type) arranged in a manner that having increasing area at suction
side(inlet) and decreasing at discharging side(outlet).
Positive Displacement
Turbomachines
Turbomachines describes as machines that transfer energy between
a rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors. While a
turbine transfers energy from a fluid to a rotor, a compressor transfers
energy from a rotor to a fluid. All rotodynamic machines have a
rotating component through which the fluid passes.
Rotodynamic machines are smooth and continuous in action with a

consequent pulsation free flow from pumps and smooth rotation from
turbines. In the event of pump discharge flow being suddenly stopped
there are no high shock loads. Positive displacement machines can
easily be damaged if a discharge valve is suddenly closed. Rotodynamic
pumps are ideal for high flow low discharge head duties and provide
compact reliable solutions.
Turbomachines
A fluid energy machine can belong to several groups. The decision about
which group the fluid energy machine is assigned to depends on the
perspective of the observer.
We can distinguish between driven machines and driving machines based on
the energy flow and the direction of energy transfer. Driving machines are
also known as prime movers.
Moreover, the following differentiations are made:
• depending on the physical properties of the fluid: compressible,
incompressible
• depending on the mode of operation: rotating or oscillating, normal
suction or self-priming, single-stage, multi-stage…
• depending on the direction of flow of the fluid: radial, axial
• depending on the design: reciprocating engine, membrane, gear
• depending on use: supply, drainage, circulation, site of operation…
• depending on the source of energy: thermal power, hydroelectric
power, wind energy, electrical energy
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Introduction to

piston pump axial-flow (propeller pump)

Rotodynamic machines are smooth and continuous in action with a

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