WEEK 4 Lessons 1 To 3 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
WEEK 4 Lessons 1 To 3 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
WEEK 4 Lessons 1 To 3 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
• A period of continuous activity which is necessary for the survival of all eukaryotic
organisms.
• Occurs in somatic/body cells.
• Produces daughter cells with a full diploid chromosomes.
• Also a means of asexual reproduction in some organisms (protozoans and algae).
• Four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
MEIOSIS
• Chromatin
• - a substance within a chromosome
consisting of DNA and protein
• - Under the microscope in its extended
form, chromatin looks like beads on a
string. The beads are called nucleosomes.
Each nucleosome is composed of DNA
wrapped around eight proteins called
histones.
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
• Chromosomes
• - In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA
molecule is packaged into thread-like
structures called chromosomes. Each
chromosome is made up of DNA tightly
coiled many times around proteins called
histones that support its structure.
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
• Chromosomes
• - Each chromosome has a constriction point
called the centromere, which divides the
chromosome into two sections, or “arms.” The
short arm of the chromosome is labeled the “p
arm.” The long arm of the chromosome is labeled
the “q arm.” The location of the centromere on
each chromosome gives the chromosome its
characteristic shape, and can be used to help
describe the location of specific genes.
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
• Chromatids
• - A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies
(chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a
chromosome, with both copies joined together
by a common centromere. In other words, a
sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half'
of the duplicated chromosome. A pair of sister
chromatids is called a dyad.
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
• Centromere
• - In eukaryotes, a centromere is a region of DNA that
is responsible for the movement of the replicated
chromosomes into the two daughter cells during
mitosis and meiosis.
• structure in a chromosome that holds together the two
chromatids (the daughter strands of a replicated
chromosome). The centromere is the point of
attachment of the kinetochore, a structure to which the
microtubules of the mitotic spindle become anchored.
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
• Centrosome
• - A centrosome is an organelle that is found
close to the nucleus within the cytoplasm of cells.
... Each centrosome consists of two centrioles
that are orientated at right-angles to each other.
Each centriole is a cylindrical array of 9
microtubules.
• Another name for centrosome is
"microtubule-organizing center." The centrioles
function as compression-resisting girders of the
cytoskeleton.
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
• Mitotic spindle
• - During mitosis, the spindle fibers are called the
mitotic spindle. ... Long protein fibers called
microtubules extend from the centrioles in all
possible directions, forming what is called a
spindle. Some of the microtubules attach the
poles to the chromosomes by connecting to
protein complexes called kinetochores.
WHAT’S THE WORD AGAIN?
• Mitotic spindle
• - Long protein fibers called microtubules extend
from the centrioles in all possible directions,
forming what is called a spindle. ... Some of the
microtubules attach the poles to the
chromosomes by connecting to protein
complexes called kinetochores.
METAPHASE
• Spindle fibers are fully developed.
• Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
• 2 pairs of centrioles align at opposite poles of the cell.
• Polar fibers continue to extend from the poles to the
center of the cell.
• Chromosomes start to move randomly until they attach
to the polar fibers from both sides of the centromeres.
• Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate at right angles
to the spindle poles
ANAPHASE
• Characterized by the separation of the chromosomes.
• Begin to move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
• Spindle fibers not connected to chromatids lengthen and
elongate the cell.
• Centromeres start to move apart.
• Sister chromatids separate from each other and each is
considered a “full chromosome”.
• Spindle apparatus moves the daughter chromosomes
toward the poles at the opposite ends of the cell.
• As telophase comes closer, the two cell poles also move farther
apart. At the end of anaphase, each pole contains a complete
set of chromosomes.
TELOPHASE
• The complete sets of chromosomes during telophase
are cordoned off into new distinct nuclei of the
daughter cells.
• Polar spindle fibers continue to lengthen and the
nuclei are prominent along the opposite poles.
• Nuclear envelopes of the two nuclei start to reappear.
They were derived from the parent cell’s nuclear
envelope and pieces of the endomembrane system.
• Nucleolus starts to reappear in each cell.
• Chromatin fibers of chromosomes uncoil.
• After these changes, the cell finally divides into two
new cells.
CYTOKINESIS
• Follows right after the process of mitosis and completes the full stage of
the cell cycle.
• Occurs when cytoplasm from the original cell divides and forms 2 new
cells.
• Each newly-formed cell contains one of the 2 nuclei formed during mitosis.
• The process also separates the organelles and other cytoplasmic
inclusions such as ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies and mitochondria.
• In most cases, the two new cells formed are equal in size.
• Cell membrane forms a cleavage furrow in animal cells pulled inward by
tiny filament.
• In plant cells, cell plate form between two nuclei. This is produced by the
Golgi body which supplies the new plasma membrane.
• A new cell wall then forms on both sides of the cell plate, creating two
cells from one.
MEIOSIS I
• Has the following phases.
• 1. Prophase I
• II. Metaphase I
• III. Anaphase I
• IV. Telophase I
PROPHASE I
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to disappear.
• Cell shows visible chromosomes that are already replicated
even during the preceding S phase.
• Spindle fibers become visible.
• Each chromosome is composed of 2 sister chromatids held
together by a centromere (also called dyad).
• Crossing over takes place between 2 non-sister chromatids
along a point called chiasma (pl. chiasmata)
• The other two remain uncrossed.
• Crossing over results in genetic recombination and accounts
for genetic variation.
PROPHASE I
• Characterized by synapses or homologous pairing
of chromosomes or pairing of homologous
chromosomes.
• Homologous chromosomes have the same length,
staining pattern, and position of the centromere.
• Homologous chromosomes are important because they
allow for the recombination and random segregation of
genetic material from the mother and father into new cells.
• If a cell divides every 4 hours, how many cells will be produced after 8 hours?
• If human cells have 48 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each cell receive after
mitosis? After meiosis?
• Why do some eggs have two egg yolks?
• What is the function of the cell plate?
• If a cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, how many cells will be formed after
the process? How many chromosomes will each cell have?
SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS :