DAY THREE

Scalar
and Vector
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Scalar and Vector Quantities u Multiplication or Division of a u Relative velocity
u Laws of Vector Addition Vector by a Scalar u Motion in a Plane
u Substraction of Vectors u Product of Vects u Projectile Motion
u Resolution of vector

Scalar and Vector Quantities

A scalar quantity is one whose specification is completed with its magnitude only.
e.g. mass, distance, speed, energy, etc.
A vector quantity is a quantity that has magnitude as well as direction. Not all physical
quantities have a direction. e.g. velocity, displacement, force, etc.

Position and Displacement Vectors

A vector which gives position of an object with reference to the origin of a coordinate
system is called position vector.
The vector which tells how much and in which direction on object has changed its
position in a given interval of time is called displacement vector.

General Vectors and Notation

l
Zero Vector The vector having zero magnitude is called zero vector or null vector. It
is written as 0. The initial and final points of a zero vector overlap, so its direction is
arbitrary (not known to us).
l
Unit Vector A vector of unit magnitude is known as an unit vector. Unit vector for A
is A$ (read as A cap).
A=AA Direction

Magnitude
l
Orthogonal Unit Vectors The unit vectors along X -axis,s, Y-axis Y
and Z-axis are denoted by $i, $j and k$ . These are the orthogonal unit j
vectors. i
X
$i = x , $j = y , k$ = z
k
x y z Z
l
Parallel Vector Two vectors are said to be parallel, if they Thus, vector subtraction is
have same direction but their magnitudes may or may not really a special case of vector A B
be equal. addition. The geometric
l
Antiparallel Vector Two vectors are said to be anti-parallel construction for subtracting
two vectors is shown in the A – B –B
when
(i) both have opposite direction above figure.
(ii) one vectors is scalar non zero negative multiple of If θ be the angle between A
another vector. and B,
l
Collinear Vector Collinear vector are those which act along then | A − B| = A2 + B2 − 2 AB cos θ
same line.
l
Coplanar Vector Vector which lies on the same plane are If the vectors form a closed n sided polygon with all the sides
called coplanar vector. in the same order, then the resultant is zero.
l
Equal Vectors Two vectors A and B are equal, if they have
the same magnitude and the same direction. Multiplication or Division of a
Laws of Vector Addition Vector by a Scalar
The multiplication or division of a vector by a scalar gives a
1. Triangle Law vector. For example, if vector A is multiplied by the scalar
If two non-zero vectors are represented by the two sides of a number 3, the result, written as 3A, is a vector with a magnitude
triangle taken in same order than the resultant is given by the three times that of A, pointing in the same direction as A. If we
closing side of triangle in opposite order, i.e. multiply vector A by the scalar − 3, the result is − 3 A , a vector
R=A+B with a magnitude three times that of A, pointing in the direction
The resultant R can be calculated as opposite to A (because of the negative sign).
| A + B| = R = A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos θ
Product of Vectors
A +B The two types of products of vectors are given below
B sin θ
R= B
α θ
A B cos θ
Scalar or Dot Product
If resultant R makes an angle α with vector A, then The scalar product of two vectors A and B is defined as the
B sin θ product of magnitudes of A and B multiplied by the cosine of
tan α = smaller angle between them. i.e. A ⋅ B = AB cos θ
A + B cos θ

2. Parallelogram Law Properties of Dot Product

B C l
Dot product or scalar product of two
According to parallelogram law of B
vector addition, if two vector acting vectors gives the scalar two vectors given
on a particle are represented in Q R the scalar quantity.
magnitude and direction by two β l
It is commutative in nature.
adjacent side of a parallelogram, then α i.e. A ⋅ B = B ⋅ A .
the diagonal of the parallelogram P A θ
l
Dot product is distributive over the
represents the magnitude and direction O A
addition of vectors. B cos θ
of the resultant of the two vector acting i.e. A ⋅ (B + C) = A ⋅ B + A ⋅ C Component of
as the particle. $i ⋅ i$ = $j ⋅ $j = k$ ⋅ k$ = 1, because angle vector B along A
l

i.e. R = P+Q between two equal vectors is zero.

Magnitude of the resultant R is given by l
If two vectors A and B are perpendicular vectors, then
| R | = P2 + Q2 + 2 PQ cos θ A ⋅ B = AB cos 90 ° = 0 and $i ⋅ $j = $j ⋅ k$ = k$ ⋅ i$ = 0
Q sin θ P sin θ
tan α = ⇒ tan β =
P + Q cos θ Q + P cos θ The Vector Product
The vector product of A and B, written as A × B, produces a
Subtraction of Vectors third vector C whose magnitude is C = AB sin θ. where, θ is the
Vector subtraction makes use of the definition of the negative smaller of the two angles between A and B.
of a vector. We define the operation A − B as vector − B added Because of the notation, A × B is also known as the cross
to vector A. A − B = A + ( − B) product, and it is spelled as ‘A cross B’.
Properties of Cross Product Relative Velocity
l
Vector or cross product of two vectors gives the vector The time rate of change of relative position of one object with
quantity. respect to another is called relative velocity.
l
Cross product of two vectors does not obey the
commutative law. i.e. A × B ≠ B × A ; Different Cases
Here, A × B = − B × A Case I If both objects A and B move along parallel straight
l
Cross product of two vectors is distributive over the lines in the opposite direction, then relative velocity of B
addition of vectors. w.r.t. A is given as,
A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C vBA = vB − (− v A ) = vB + v A
l
Cross product of two equal vectors is given by A × A = 0 If both objects A and B move along parallel staight lines in the
Similarly, i$ × i$ = (1 × 1 × sin 0 ° ) n$ = 0 same direction, then
$j × $j = (1 × 1 × sin 0 ° ) n$ = 0 v AB = v B − v A
k$ × k$ = (1 × 1 × sin 0 ° ) n$ = 0 Case II Crossing the River To cross the river over shortest
distance, i.e. to cross the river straight, the man should swim
l
Cross product of two perpendicular vectors is given as upstream making an angle θ with OB such that, OB gives the
A × B = ( AB sin 90 ° ) n$ = ( AB) n$ direction of resultant velocity ( vmR ) of velocity of swimmer v M
l
For two vectors A = a $i + a $j + a k$
x y z and velocity of river water v R as shown in figure. Let us
consider
and B = b x i$ + b y $j + b z k$ .
A vR B
$i $j k$
A × B = ax a y az
bx b y bz vm vmR
θ
l
Cross product of vectors $i , $j and k$ are following cyclic rules
as follows $i × $j = k,
$ $j × k$ = $i and k$ × $i = $j O
vR
j In ∆OAB, sin θ = and vmR = v2m − v2R
vm
The time taken to cross the river given by
d d
i ⊕ t1 = =
vmR v − v2
2
m R

Case III To cross the river in possible shortest time The

k man should go along OA. Now, the swimmer will be going
Cyclic representation for unit vectors $i , $j and k$ along OB, which is the direction of resultant velocity v mR of
vm and vR .
NOTE • Vector triple product is given by AB vR
A × (B × C) = B (A ⋅ C) − C (A ⋅ B) In ∆OAB, tan θ = =
OA vm

Resolution of a Vector and vmR = v2m + v2R

The process of splitting of a single Y A vR B
vector into two or more vectors in x
different direction is resolution of a A
vectors. Consider a vector A in the X - d vm –vmR
A
Y plane making an angle θ with the y v θ
X -axis. The X and Y components of
A are Ax and A y respectively. downstream
θ upstream O
O X
Thus A = A = ( A cos θ)i$
x xi Ax
Time of crossing the river,
along X -direction
d OB x2 + d 2
A y = A yj = ( A sin θ)$j along Y-direction t = = =
vm vmR v2m + v2R
From triangle law of vector addition
The boat will be reaching the point B instead of point A. If
|A|= | A xi + A yj| = A2x + A2y
AB = x,
Ay  Ay  v x dv
and tan θ = = θ = tan −1   then, tan θ = R = ⇒ x= R
Ax  Ax  vm d vm
 gx2
Motion in a Plane l
Equation of trajectory, y = u
2u2 O X
Let the object be at position A y y
2 B 2h
and B at timing t 1 and t 2 , where A l
Time of flight, T =
y P
OA = r1 , and OB = r2 1 g h x vx
β
Suppose O be the origin for r1 r2 2h
measuring time and position of
l
Horizontal range, R = u vy v
g Y
the object (see figure). A B
O x1 x2 l
Velocity of projectile at any
l
Displacement of an object time, v = u2 + g2t 2
form position A to B is
AB = r = r2 − r1 = ( x2 − x1 )i − ( y2 − y1 ) j
r −r
Projectile Motion Up an Inclined Plane
l
Velocity, v = 2 1 Let a particle be projected
t2 − t1
up with speed u from an Y P
X
in α
l
A particle moving in X -Y plane (with uniform velocity) inclined plane which u gs t=T
–
then, its equation of motion for X and Y axes are makes an angle α with the a x=
v = v $i + v $j, r = x $i + y $j and r = x$i + y$j horizontal and velocity of ay = g cos α
x y 0 0 0
projection makes an angle θ
α g
x = x0 + vx t , y = y0 + v y t θ with the inclined plane. O t = 0
l
A particle moving in xy-plane (with uniform acceleration),
then its equation of motion for X and Y-axes are 2u sin θ
l
Time of flight on an inclined plane T =
vx = ux + ax t , v y = u y + a yt g sin α
1 1
x = x 0 + ux t + ax t 2 , y = y0 + u yt + a yt 2 u2 sin2 θ
2 2 l
Maximum height, h =
2 g cos α
a = a i$ + a i$
x y
2u2 sin θ cos (θ + α )
l
Horizontal range, R =
g cos2 α
Projectile Motion l
Maximum range occurs when θ =
π α
−
Projectile is an object which Y 2 2
once projected in a given
u cos θ u2
A l
Rmax = when projectile is thrown upwards.
uy = u sin θ

direction with given velocity g(1 + sin α )

and is then free to move under u
gravity alone. The path u2
h l
Rmax = when projectile is thrown downwards.
described by the projectile is g (1 − sin α )
θ
called its trajectory.
X
Let a particle is projected at an O ux = u cos θ D B
angle θ from the ground with R Projectile Motion Down
initial velocity u. an Inclined Plane
Resolving u in two components, we have A projectile is projected down the plane from the point O with
ux = u cos θ, u y = u sin θ, ax = 0, a y = − g. an initial velocity u at an angle θ with horizontal. The angle of
g inclination of plane with horizontal α. Then,
l
Equation of trajectory, y = x tan θ − x2 α
2u2 cos2 θ x sin
u g
u2 sin2 θ θ α)
=
l
Vertical height covered, h = –
2g O 0°
(9 g sin (90°– α)
s α
α

co
u sin 2θ
2
= g cos α
°–

g
90

l
Horizontal range, R = OB = ux T , R = α A
α
g A

Projectile Motion in Horizontal 2u sin(θ + α )

l
Time of flight down an inclined plane, T =
Direction From Height ( h) g cos α
Let a particle be projected in horizontal direction with speed u u2
l
Horizontal range, R = [sin (2θ + α ) + sin α ]
from height h. g cos2 α
 DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 Which of the following statement is true? 11 If a vector 2 $i + 3 $j + 8 k$ is perpendicular to the vector
(a) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a 4$j − 4$i + αk$ , then value of α is
1 1
process (a) − 1 (b) (c) − (d) 1
(b) A scalar quantity is one that can never be negative 2 2
values 12 At what angle should the two forces 2P and 2P act, so
(c) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from one that the resultant force is P 10?
point to another in space
(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 120°
(d) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers with
different orientations of the axes 13 A boat is sent across a river with a velocity of 8 km/h. If
the resultant velocity of boat is 10 km/h, then velocity of
2 If two vectors are equal in magnitude and their resultant
river is
is also equal in magnitude to one of them, then the angle
(a) 10 km/h (b) 8 km/h (c) 6 km/h (d) 4 km/h
between the two vectors is
(a) 60° (b) 120° (c) 90° (d) 0° 14 The velocity of a projectile at the initial point A is
( 2$i + 3$j ) m/s. Its velocity (in m/s) at point B is
3 If A = 3 $i + 4 $j and B = 7 $i + 24 $j, the vector having the j NEET 2013
same magnitude as B and parallel to A is
Y
(a) 5 $i + 20 $j (b) 15 $i + 10 $j (c) 20 $i + 15 $j (d) 15 $i + 20 $j
4 Six vectors a through f have the magnitudes and
directions as shown in figure. Which statement is true?
j
CBSE AIPMT 2010
b B X
a c A
d e
f (a) −2 $i − 3 $j (b) −2 i + 3 j (c) 2 i − 3 j (d) 2 i + 3 j
(a) b + c = f (b) d + c = f 15 The x and y coordinates of the particle at any time are
(c) a + e = f (d) b + e = f x = 5 t − 2 t 2 and y = 10 t respectively, where x and y are
5 The component of vector A = 2 $i + 3 $j along the vector in metres and t in seconds. The acceleration of the
$i + $j is particle at t = 2 s is j
NEET 2017

(a)
5
(b) 10 2 (c) 5 2 (d) 5 (a) 0 (b) 5 $i m/s 2 (c) −4 $i m/s 2 (d) −8 $i m/s 2
2
16 A particle has initial velocity ( 3i$ + 4$j ) and has
6 A and B are two vectors and θ is the angle between acceleration ( 0.4 i$ + 0.3 $j ) . Its speed after 10 s is
them, if | A × B | = 3 ( A ⋅ B ), the value of θ is j
CBSE AIPMT 2010
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 90°
(a) 7 unit (b) 7 2 unit (c) 8.5 unit (d) 10 unit
7 Given A = 4$i + 6$j and B = 2$i + 3$j. Which of the following
17 A particle is moving such that its position coordinates
is correct?
( x , y ) are (2 m, 3 m) at time t = 0, (6 m, 7 m) at time
(a) A × B = 0 (b) A ⋅ B = 24
| A| 1 t = 2 s and (13 m, 14 m) at time t = 5 s. Average velocity
(c) = (d) A and B are anti-parallel vector ( vav ) from t = 0 to t = 5 s is
|B| 2
1 7 11 $ $
(a) (13 $i + 14 $j ) (b) ($i + $j ) (c) 2 ($i + $j ) (d) (i + j )
8 If A = 4$i + 4$j + 4k$ and B = 3$i + $j + 4k,
$ then angle between 5 3 5
vectors A and B is 18 The horizontal range and maximum height attained by a
(a) 180° (b) 90° (c) 45° (d) 0° projectile are R and H, respectively. If a constant
9 If two vectors 2 $i + 3$j + k$ and −4$i − 6$j − λk$ are parallel to horizontal acceleration a = g /4 is imparted to the
projectile due to wind, then its horizontal range and
each other, then value of λ is
maximum height will be
(a) zero (b) −2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(b)  R +  , 2H
H H
(a) (R + H ),
10 If A ⋅ B = A × B, then the angle between A and B is 2  2
(a) 45° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 90° (c)(R + 2H ), H (d) (R + H ), H
19 A projectile is thrown in the upward direction making an 22 The horizontal range and maximum height of a projectile
angle of 60° with the horizontal direction with a velocity of are equal. The angle of projection is j CBSE AIPMT 2012
147 m/s. Then, the time after which its inclination with the
(a) θ = tan  
−1 
1 −1
(b) θ = tan (4)
horizontal is 45°, is  4
(a) 15 s (b) 10.98 s (c) 5.49 s (d) 2.745 s (c) θ = tan−1 (2) (d) θ = 45 °
20 The velocity of a particle is v = v 0 + gt + at . If its position is
3
23 A missile is fired for maximum range with an initial
x = 0 at t = 0, then its displacement after unit time (t = 1) is
velocity of 20 m/s. If g = 10 m/s 2, the range of missile is
g
(a)v 0 = +a (b) v 0 = 2g + 3a j CBSE AIPMT 2011
2
g a (a) 50 m (b) 60 m
(c)v 0 + + (d) v 0 + g + a
2 3 (c) 20 m (d) 40 m
21 A projectile is fired from the surface of the earth with a 24 A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v making
velocity of 5 m/s and angle θ with the horizontal. Another an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The magnitude of
projectile fired from another planet with a velocity of 3 angular momentum of projectile about the point of
m/s at the same angle follows a trajectory which is projection when the particle is at its maximum height h is
identical with the trajectory of the projectile fired from the mvh
(a)zero (b)
earth. The value of the acceleration due to gravity on the 2
planet is (in m/s 2) (given, g = 9.8 m/s 2) j CBSE AIPMT 2014 mvh 2
(c) (d) None of these
(a) 3.5 (b) 5.9 (c) 16.3 (d) 110.8 2

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at a point 6 A boat takes 2 h to travel 8 km and back in still water. If
is 16 N. The resultant of these forces is perpendicular to the velocity of water 4 km/h, the time taken for going up
the smaller forces and has a magnitude of 8 N. If the stream 8 km and coming back is
smaller forces of magnitude x, then the value of x is (a) 2 h (b) 2 h 40 min (c) 1 h 20 min
(a) 2 N (b) 4 N (c) 6 N (d) 7 N (d) Cannot be estimated with the
information given B
2 If the magnitude of sum of two vectors is equal to the
magnitude of difference of the two vectors, the angle 7 A man wants to reach point B on the
between these vectors is j NEET 2016, CBSE AIPMT 1991 opposite bank of a river flowing at a u→
45°
(a) 90° (b) 45° (c) 180° (d) 0° speed as shown in figure. What
minimum speed relative to water A
3 The value of n so that vectors 2 $i + 3 $j − 2 k$ , 5 $i + n $j + k$ should the man have, so that he can
and − $i + 2 $j + 3 k$ may be coplanar, will be reach point B ?
(a) 18 (b) 28 (c) 9 (d) 36 (a) u 2 (b) u / 2 (c) 2u (d) u / 2

4 A projectile is given an initial velocity of (i + 2j ) m/s, when 8 A particle starting from the origin (0, 0) moves in a
i is along the ground and j is along the vetical. straight line in the XY -plane. Its coordinates at a later
If g = 10 m/s 2, the equation of its trajectory is time are ( 3, 3). The path of the particle makes with the
(a) y = x − 5 x 2 (b) y = 2 x − 5 x 2 X -axis an angle of
(c) 4 y = 2 x − 5 x 2 (d) 4 y = 2 x − 25 x 2 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 0°
5 A police jeep is chasing a culprit going on a motorbike. 9 A ball is rolled off along the edge of the table with
The motorbike crosses a turning at a speed of 72 km/h. horizontal with velocity 4 m/s. It hits the ground after time
The jeep follows it at a speed of 90 km/h, crossing the 0.4 s. Which of the following statement is wrong.
turning 10 s later than the bike. Assuming that they travel (g = 10 m/s 2)
at constant speeds, how far from the turning will the jeep
(a) The height of table is 0.8 m.
catch up with the bike? (in km)
(b) It hits the ground of an angle of 60° with the vertical.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) It covers a horizontal distance 1.6 m from the table.
(d) It hits the ground with vertical velocity 4 m/s.
10 A ship A is moving Westwards with a speed of 10 km/h 12 The position vector of a particle R as a function of time is
and ship B 100 km South of A, is moving Northwards with given by R = 4 sin ( 2πt ) i$ + 4 cos ( 2πt ) $j
a speed of 10 km/h. The time after which the distance
between them becomes shortest, is j CBSE AIPMT 2015 where R is in metre, t is in seconds and $i and $j denote
(a) 0 h (b) 5 h (c) 5 2 h (d) 10 2 h unit vectors along x and y-directions, respectively. Which
one of the following statements is wrong for the motion of
11 Two particles A and B, move with constant velocities v1
particle? j CBSE AIPMT 2015
and v 2. At the initial moment, their position vectors are r1
and r2 respectively. The condition for particles A and B (a) Acceleration is along − R
for their collision is j CBSE AIPMT 2015 v2
(b) Magnitude of acceleration vector is , where v is the
r1 − r2 v − v1 R
(a) = 2 (b) r1 ⋅ v1 = r2 ⋅ v 2 velocity of particle
| r1 − r2 | | v 2 − v1 |
(c) Magnitude of the velocity of particle is 8 m/s
(c) r1 × v1 = r2 × v 2 (d) r1 − r2 = v1 − v 2
(d) Path of the particle is a circle of radius 4 m

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (b) 3 (d) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (a)
11 (c) 12 (a) 13 (c) 14 (c) 15 (c) 16 (b) 17 (d) 18 (d) 19 (c) 20 (c)
21 (a) 22 (b) 23 (d) 24 (b)

SESSION 2 1 (c) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (b) 10 (b)
11 (a) 12 (c)

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 5 Component of A along $i + $j 9 The coefficients of i, j, k should be a
1 A scalar quantity has same value for B (2$i + 3$j ) ⋅ ($i + $j ) 5 constant ratio.
⇒ A ⋅ B$ = A ⋅ = = 2 3 1
observers with different orientation of |B| 2 2 or = = or λ = −2
the axes. Since, value of scalar is −4 −6 λ
independent of the direction of its 6 Given, | A × B | = 3 (A ⋅ B ) 10 Given, A ⋅ B = A × B
observation. ⇒ AB sin θ = 3 AB cos θ ⇒ AB cos θ = AB sin θ ⇒ cos θ = sin θ
2 Given, R = A = B ⇒ tanθ = 3 ⇒ θ = 60° ⇒ tanθ = 1 ⇒ θ = 45°
∴ R2 = R2 + R2 + 2RR cos θ
7 A × B = (4 $i + 6$j ) × (2$i + 3$j ) 11 Let, a = 2 $i + 3 $j + 8k$ ,
1 b = 4 $j − 4 $i + α k$ = –4 $i + 4 $j + α k$
or cos θ = − ; = 12($i × $j ) + 12($j × i)
2 Given, a ⊥ b ⇒ a ⋅ b = 0
∴ θ = 120° = 12($i × $j ) − 12($i × $j ) = 0 ⇒ (2 $i + 3 $j + 8k$ ) (− 4 $i + 4 $j + α k$ ) = 0
3 A vector parallel to A will be Again, A ⋅ B = (4 $i + 6$j ) ⋅ (2 $i + 3 $j ) ⇒ −8 + 12 + 8α = 0 ⇒ 8α = − 4
n A or (3 n $i + 4 n $j ) = 8 + 18 = 26 ⇒ α =−
1
Now, | nA | = | B | is given |A| 16 + 36 1 2
Again, = ≠
Hence, |B| 4+ 9 2 12 Resultant, R = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos θ
n 9 + 16 = 49 + 576 1
Also, B= A Given, R = P 10, A = 2P , B = 2P
or n=5 2
∴ nA = 15$i + 20 $j ⇒ A and B are parallel and not ∴ P 10 = 4P 2 + 2P 2 + 4 2 P 2 cos θ
anti-parallel.
4 When two non-zero vectors are ⇒ P 10 = 6 P 2 + 4 2 P 2 cos θ
represented by the two adjacent sides 8 A ⋅ B = AB cos θ
On, squaring both sides, we have
of a parallelogram, then the resultant is Given, A = 4 $i + 4 $j − 4k$ , B = 3 $i + $j + 4k$
given by the diagonal of the 10 P 2 = 6 P 2 + 4 2 P 2 cos θ
⇒ A ⋅ B = (4 $i + 4 $j − 4k$ ) ⋅ (3 $i + $j + 4k$ )
parallelogram passing through the point 4 P 2 = 4 2P 2 cos θ
of intersection of the two vectors = 4 × 3 + 4 − 16 = 0 1
b + e = f. ⇒ A ⋅ B = 0 ⇒ cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 90° ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = 45°
2
13 Given, AB = Velocity of boat = 8 km/h 19 Horizontal component of velocity at 24 The angular momentum of a particle is
AC = Resultant velocity of boat = 10 km/h angle 60° = Horizontal component of given by
velocity at 45° r
B C i.e. u cos 60° = v cos 45°
θ
1 1 147
or 147 × = v × or v = m/s r
v cos 45°
2 2 2 h
θ Vertical component of θ
O
147 3 L =r × mv
A u y = u sin 60° = m
2 ∴ L = mvr sin θ
∴ BC = Velocity of river = AC − AB
2 2
Vertical component of From figure,
= (10) − (8) = 6 km/h
2 2 147 1 147
v y = v sin 45° = × = m L = r m (v cos 45° ) sin θ
2 2 2 mv mvh
14 From the figure, the x- component = (r sin θ) =
but v y = u y + at 2 2
remain unchanged, while the 147 147 3
y-component is reverse. Then, the ∴ = − 9. 8 t or t = 5.49 s
velocity at point B is ( 2$i − 3$j ) m/s.
2 2 SESSION 2
20 Velocity v = v 0 + gt + at 2 1 Given, x + y = 16
15 Given, x = 5t − 2t 2 dx
Velocity of the particle, = v 0 + gt + at 2
dt
dx d
vx = = (5t − 2t 2 ) = 5 − 4t Integrate on both sides,
dt dt y
∫ dx = ∫ v 0dt + ∫ gtdt + ∫ at
2 8N
dt
d
Acceleration, ax = v x = − 4 ms −2
dt 1 2 at 3
x = v 0t +gt + +C
Also, y = 10t 2 3
dy Given, x = 0 at t = 0 x
Velocity, vy = = 10 Also, y 2 = 82 + x2
dt ∴ C =0
dv y 1 1 or y 2 = 64 + (16 − y )2 [Q x = 16 − y ]
∴ Acceleration, a y = =0 x = v 0 t + gt 2 + at 3
2 3 or y 2 = 64 + 256 + y 2 − 32 y
dt
∴ Net acceleration of the particle, 1 1 or 32 y = 320 or y = 10 N
At t = 1 second, x = v 0 + g + a
2 3 ∴ x + 10 = 16 or x = 6 N
a net = ax $i + a y$j = (−4 ms −2 ) i$
gx2 2 Suppose two vectors are P and Q.
or a net = − 4 i$ ms −2 21 y = x tan θ −
2u cos 2 θ
2 It is given that| P + Q | = | P − Q |
16 Given, initial velocity (u ) = 3i$ + 4$j For equatorial trajectories for same angle Let angle between P and Q is φ.
Final velocity (v) = ? of projection ∴ P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos φ
Acceleration (a ) = (0.4 i$ + 0.3 $j ) 8 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2PQ cos φ
= constant
Time (t) = 10 s u2 ⇒ 4PQ cos φ = 0
9.8 g ′ ⇒ cos φ = 0 [Q P , Q ≠ 0]
From first equation of motion, ⇒ = 2
v = u + at 52 3 π
9.8 × 9 ⇒ φ= = 90°
v = 3$i + 4$j + 10 (0.4i$ + 03
. $j ) g′ = = 3.528 m/s2 2
25
v = 7i + 7 j ⇒ |v| = 7 2
$ $ 3 For given vectors to be coplanar,
= 3.5 m/s2 A ×B × C = 0
( x2 − x1 ) $i + ( y 2 − y 1 ) $j
17 Velocity, v av =
t2 − t1 22 Given, Range (R) = maximum height (H) A = 2 $i + 3 $j − 2k$ ⇒ B = 5$i + n$j + k$
(13 − 2) $i + (14 − 3) $j u2 (2sin θ cos θ) u2 sin2 θ ∴ C = − $i + 2 $j + 3k$
= Also, R = ,H =
5− 0 g 2g 2 3 −2
11 $i + 11 $j 11 $ $ u2 (2sin θ cos θ) u2 sin2 θ 5 n 1 =0
= = (i + j ) ∴ =
5 5 g 2g −1 2 3
2u y u2y sin θ ⇒ 2(3 n − 2) − 3(15 + 1) − 2 (10 + n ) = 0
18 T = , H = and R = u x T ⇒ 2cos θ =
g 2g 2 ⇒ 6 n − 4 − 45 − 3 − 20 − 2n = 0
⇒ tanθ = 4 ⇒ 4 n = 72, n = 18
When a horizontal acceleration is also
given to the projectile u y, T and H will ⇒ θ = tan −1 (4) 4 The equation of trajectory of a particle,
remains unchanged while the range will fired, with an initial velocity u at an
23 Maximum range of projectile is given by angle of projection θ,
become 2
u
1 R max = gx2
R ′ = u x T + aT 2 g y = x tan θ − 2
2 2u cos 2 θ
Given, u = 20 m/s and g = 10 m/s2
1 g  4u y 
2
gx2
=R+ =R+ H (20)2 400 = x tan θ − 2 sec2 θ
2 4  g 2  ∴ R max = = = 40 m 2u
10 10 gx2
and maximum height will be H. = x tan θ − 2 (1 + tan2 θ)
2u
 Now, magnitude of velocity vector Resultant of v and u should be along AB. 1 PS
⇒ =
u = $i + 2$j ⇒ u = (1)2 + (2)2 = 5 m/s Components of v b (absolute velocity of 2 100
boatman) along x and y directions are, 100 100 2
and angle of projection is given by
v x = u − v sin θ PS = = = 50 2
$j component 2 2 2
tan θ = = =2 and v y = v cos θ
i$ component 1 Relative velocity between A and B is
vy
Further, tan 45° = v BA = v 2A + v 2B = 10 2
tanθ = 2 vx
So, from eq (i), we have v cos θ 50 2
or 1 = t =
10 × x2 u − v sin θ 10 2
y = 2x − (1 + 4) = 2 x − 5x2
2× 5 u ⇒ t = 5h
v =
5 v p = 90 km/h = 25m/s sin θ + cos θ 11 For two particles A and B move with
v c = 72 km/h = 20 m/s u constant velocities v 1 and v 2 . Such that
=
2 sin (θ + 45° ) two particles to collide, the direction of
In 10 s culprit reaches point B from A.
Distance covered by culprit, the relative velocity of one with respect
v is minimum at,
S = vt = 20 × 10 = 200 m to other should be directed towards the
θ + 45° = 90° or θ = 45°
At time t = 10 s, the police jeep is 200 m relative position of the other particle.
u
and v min = r − r2
behind the culprit. 2 i.e. 1 → direction of relative
Relative velocity between jeep and |r1 − r2|
culprit is 25 − 20 = 5 m/s 8 Draw the situation Y position of 1 w.r.t. 2.
S 200 as shown. OA v − v2
Time = = = 40 s A Similarly, 1 → direction of
v 5 represents the
(√3,3) |v1 − v2|
[Relative velocity is considered] path of the particle
velocity of 2 w.r.t. 1.
starting from
In 40 s, the police jeep will move from A So, for collision of A and B, we get
origin O(0, 0). θ B
to a distance S X r1 − r2 v − v1
Draw a O (0,0) = 2
where, S = vt = 25 × 40 = 1000 m |r1 − r2| |v2 − v1|
perpendicular
= 1 km away from point A to X -axis. Let path of the
The jeep will catch up with the bike 12 (i) The position vector of a particle R as
particle makes an angle θ with the
1 km far from the turning. X -axis, then a function of time is given by
tanθ = slope of line OA R = 4 sin (2 πt ) $i + 4 cos (2 πt )j$
6 Boat covers distance of 16 km in a still
water in 2 h AB 3 x-component,
= = = 3 or θ = 60°
16 OB 3 x = 4 sin 2 πt
i.e. vB = = 8 km/h …(i)
2
Now, velocity of water v W = 4 km/h
9 Height of table y-component,
h=
1 2 1
gt = × 10 × (0.4)2 = 0.8 m y = 4cos 2 πt …(ii)
Time taken for going upstream
8 8 2 2 Squaring and adding both equations,
t1 = = = 2h Horizontal distance covered = u x t
vB − vW 8− 4 we get
= 4 × 0.4 = 1.6 m x2 + y 2 = 42 [sin2 (2 πt ) + cos 2 (2 πt )]
As water current oppose the motion of
Vertical velocity on reaching ground i.e. x2 + y 2 = 42 i.e. equation of
boat, therefore time taken for going
downstream v y = u y + a yt = 0 + 10 × 0.4 = 4 m/s
circle and radius is 4 m.
8 8 8 Horizontal velocity on reaching ground
t2 = = = h v c = u x = 4 m/s (ii) Acceleration vector,
vG + v W 8 + 4 12
If θ is the angle at which the ball hits the v2
[water current helps a= (− R$ ), while v is velocity of a
ground with the vertical, then R
the motion of boat] v 4
tanθ = x = = 1 ⇒ θ = 45° particle.
∴Total time = t 1 + t 2 vy 4 (iii) Magnitude of acceleration vector,
=  2 +
8
 h v2
 12  10 a=
N R
= 2 h 40 min
(iv) As, we have v x = + 4 (cos 2 πt ) 2 π
7 Let v be the speed of boatman in still and v y = − 4 (sin 2 πt ) 2 π
water, W
O Net resultant velocity,
E
B VA= 10 km/h
v = v 2x + v 2y
P 45° 100 km
v VB = 10 km/h = (8 π)2 (cos 2 2 π t + sin2 2 π t )
vb
45° S
θ v = 8π [Q cos 2 2 πt + sin2 2 πt = 1]
PS
A u sin 45° = So, option (c) is incorrect.
OS